{"id":9579,"date":"2026-09-23T13:38:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T13:38:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-lieu-de-controle-de-rotter-ie-scale\/"},"modified":"2026-09-23T13:38:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T13:38:36","slug":"echelle-de-lieu-de-controle-de-rotter-ie-scale","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-lieu-de-controle-de-rotter-ie-scale","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de lieu de contr\u00f4le de Rotter (\u00c9chelle I-E)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de lieu de contr\u00f4le de Rotter<\/strong> (couramment d\u00e9sign\u00e9e sous le nom d&rsquo;<em>\u00c9chelle I-E<\/em> pour <em>Internal-External Locus of Control Scale<\/em>) constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments psychom\u00e9triques les plus influents et largement valid\u00e9s de la psychologie de la personnalit\u00e9 et de la psychologie sociale. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_Rotter\">Julian B. Rotter<\/a> en 1966 dans le cadre de sa th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social (<em>Social Learning Theory<\/em>), cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value les attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es d&rsquo;un individu quant \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine causale des renforcements qu&rsquo;il re\u00e7oit dans sa vie quotidienne, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse de r\u00e9compenses, de r\u00e9ussites ou de sanctions.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument repose sur une conceptualisation bidimensionnelle continue opposant deux p\u00f4les cognitifs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le lieu de contr\u00f4le interne (Internal Locus of Control) :<\/strong> la conviction profonde que les \u00e9v\u00e9nements, succ\u00e8s ou \u00e9checs r\u00e9sultent directement des actions personnelles, des comp\u00e9tences, de l&rsquo;effort consenti et de l&rsquo;initiative propre du sujet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le lieu de contr\u00f4le externe (External Locus of Control) :<\/strong> la croyance selon laquelle les issues de la vie d\u00e9pendent principalement de forces ext\u00e9rieures \u00e9chappant au contr\u00f4le de l&rsquo;agent, telles que la chance, le destin, le hasard ou des figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 toutes-puissantes (<em>powerful others<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de 29 paires d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es selon un format \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 (<em>forced-choice format<\/em>), l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle int\u00e8gre 23 items critiques mesurant l&rsquo;orientation I-E et 6 items leurres (<em>filler items<\/em>) con\u00e7us pour masquer l&rsquo;objectif r\u00e9el du test et att\u00e9nuer le biais de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_desirability_bias\">d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale<\/a>. Le score global varie de 0 \u00e0 23, chaque point refl\u00e9tant le choix d&rsquo;une alternative externe ; par cons\u00e9quent, un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u00e9note un locus de contr\u00f4le externe marqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente des indices de coh\u00e9rence interne acceptables compte tenu de son \u00e9tendue conceptuelle globale (coefficients alpha de Cronbach se situant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre .65 et .79) et une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest substantielle oscillant entre .55 et .83 selon les intervalles de r\u00e9\u00e9valuation. Bien que Rotter ait postul\u00e9 une unidimensionnalit\u00e9 des attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es, des analyses factorielles ult\u00e9rieures ont mis en lumi\u00e8re une structure multifactorielle sous-jacente distinguant notamment la ma\u00eetrise personnelle, l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie sociopolitique et la croyance en la chance. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d\u00e9montre une excellente validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive dans des domaines aussi diversifi\u00e9s que l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux comportements de sant\u00e9, la r\u00e9ussite acad\u00e9mique, la r\u00e9silience organisationnelle et la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l&rsquo;influence sociale.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Lieu de contr\u00f4le, locus de contr\u00f4le, \u00e9chelle I-E, Julian Rotter, attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es, th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social, causalit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue, d\u00e9terminisme psychologique, renforcement, psychom\u00e9trie.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue, test\u00e9e et publi\u00e9e par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Julian B. Rotter, Ph.D. (1916\u20132014) :<\/strong> Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Connecticut\">Universit\u00e9 du Connecticut<\/a> (Storrs, Connecticut, \u00c9tats-Unis) et ant\u00e9rieurement professeur \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ohio_State_University\">Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00c9tat de l&rsquo;Ohio<\/a> (Columbus, Ohio, \u00c9tats-Unis). Pr\u00e9sident \u00e9m\u00e9rite de l&rsquo;<em>American Psychological Association<\/em> (Division 8 et 12) et r\u00e9cipiendaire de l&rsquo;<em>APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions<\/em> en 1989.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collaborateurs initiaux du programme de recherche :<\/strong> E. Jerry Phares, Douglas Crowne et William H. James (Ohio State University), qui ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration des premi\u00e8res batteries exp\u00e9rimentales d&rsquo;items d\u00e8s 1957.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E de Rotter est de quantifier les variations interindividuelles relatives aux <em>croyances de contr\u00f4le des renforcements<\/em>. L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique de ces attentes permet d&rsquo;expliquer comment et pourquoi les \u00eatres humains interpr\u00e8tent diff\u00e9remment un m\u00eame renforcement objectif et d\u00e9veloppent des patrons comportementaux distincts face aux d\u00e9fis de l&rsquo;existence.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications en recherche et en clinique<\/h3>\n<p>Depuis sa formulation initiale en 1966, l&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 mobilis\u00e9 dans plusieurs milliers d&rsquo;investigations empiriques et d&rsquo;applications pratiques transversales :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Psychologie de la sant\u00e9 et m\u00e9decine comportementale :<\/strong> Les sujets caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par un locus interne adoptent significativement plus de conduites de pr\u00e9vention (d\u00e9pistages r\u00e9guliers, observance m\u00e9dicamenteuse, cessation tabagique, modifications du r\u00e9gime alimentaire) car ils per\u00e7oivent leur \u00e9tat physiologique comme modifiable par leurs propres d\u00e9cisions. \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, un locus externe est corr\u00e9l\u00e9 \u00e0 la passivit\u00e9 face \u00e0 la maladie et \u00e0 un sentiment accru d&rsquo;impuissance acquise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychopathologie et psychoth\u00e9rapie :<\/strong> En th\u00e9rapie cognitive et comportementale (TCC), la mesure du locus de contr\u00f4le \u00e9claire les sch\u00e9mas cognitifs d\u00e9pressifs ou anxieux. Les patients pr\u00e9sentant une externalit\u00e9 excessive attribuent leurs r\u00e9ussites \u00e0 la chance et leurs \u00e9checs \u00e0 des fatalit\u00e9s incurables, un sch\u00e9ma que le clinicien s&rsquo;attache \u00e0 r\u00e9attribuer via la restructuration cognitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychologie organisationnelle et du travail :<\/strong> Le locus de contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9dit la satisfaction professionnelle, le style de leadership, la propension \u00e0 l&rsquo;entrepreneuriat et la r\u00e9sistance au stress professionnel (burnout). Les travailleurs internes recherchent davantage d&rsquo;autonomie et g\u00e8rent plus efficacement les transitions de carri\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comportement du consommateur et d\u00e9cisions financi\u00e8res :<\/strong> Les individus internes planifient leur \u00e9pargne \u00e0 long terme, recherchent des informations comparatives avant un achat et font preuve d&rsquo;une imperm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 relative aux manipulations persuasives fond\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;argument d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 ou la preuve sociale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit de <strong>lieu de contr\u00f4le<\/strong> ne d\u00e9crit pas une typologie rigide ou une entit\u00e9 psychopathologique binaire, mais un continuum cognitivo-motivationnel sur lequel se distribuent les individus. Il mesure la <em>g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisabilit\u00e9 transsituationnelle<\/em> de la causalit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue.<\/p>\n<h3>Le p\u00f4le d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 (Internal Locus of Control)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 renvoie \u00e0 la perception d&rsquo;un lien de d\u00e9pendance direct et causal entre la conduite d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e par l&rsquo;individu et les cons\u00e9quences qui en d\u00e9coulent. L&rsquo;individu interne postule que son devenir d\u00e9pend de ses propres vertus cognitives, de son travail acharn\u00e9, de sa vigilance et de sa pr\u00e9voyance. Sur le plan comportemental, cette disposition s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;une vigilance accrue envers les signaux de l&rsquo;environnement susceptibles de guider les actions futures, d&rsquo;un engagement actif dans la r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes et d&rsquo;une r\u00e9tention sup\u00e9rieure des informations pertinentes.<\/p>\n<h3>Le p\u00f4le d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 (External Locus of Control)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 refl\u00e8te la croyance que les renforcements surviennent ind\u00e9pendamment des efforts ou des comp\u00e9tences personnelles. Les cons\u00e9quences positives ou n\u00e9gatives sont attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 quatre agents r\u00e9gulateurs majeurs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La chance ou le hasard (Chance\/Luck) :<\/strong> Les issues sont vues comme al\u00e9atoires, impr\u00e9visibles et non reproductibles par l&rsquo;effort syst\u00e9matique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le destin ou la fatalit\u00e9 (Fate) :<\/strong> Une conception pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9e de l&rsquo;existence o\u00f9 les choix personnels ne constituent que des illusions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les autrui puissants (Powerful Others) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;id\u00e9e que les gouvernants, les sup\u00e9rieurs hi\u00e9rarchiques, les enseignants ou les figures parentales exercent une autorit\u00e9 absolue et arbitraire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La complexit\u00e9 du monde :<\/strong> La croyance que l&rsquo;environnement politique et social est trop vaste et obscur pour que le citoyen ordinaire puisse y exercer la moindre influence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E s&rsquo;enracine rigoureusement dans la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_learning_theory\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/a> formul\u00e9e par Julian Rotter (1954). Cette approche rompt \u00e0 la fois avec le b\u00e9haviorisme radical de Skinner \u2014 qui consid\u00e9rait le renforcement comme agissant m\u00e9caniquement sur l&rsquo;organisme \u2014 et avec la psychanalyse orthodoxe focalis\u00e9e sur les pulsions inconscientes.<\/p>\n<p>Au c\u0153ur de la mod\u00e9lisation de Rotter se trouve la formule de pr\u00e9diction comportementale :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center; font-style:italic; font-size:1.1em; margin:1.5em 0;\">BP = f(E &amp; RV)<\/p>\n<p>O\u00f9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>BP (Behavior Potential) :<\/strong> Le potentiel comportemental, soit la probabilit\u00e9 qu&rsquo;un comportement donn\u00e9 se manifeste dans une situation sp\u00e9cifique relativement \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres alternatives comportementales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>E (Expectancy) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;attente subjective, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire la probabilit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue par le sujet qu&rsquo;un comportement sp\u00e9cifique m\u00e8nera \u00e0 un renforcement donn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>RV (Reinforcement Value) :<\/strong> La valeur du renforcement, repr\u00e9sentant le degr\u00e9 de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour ce r\u00e9sultat comparativement \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres gratifications potentielles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lorsque l&rsquo;individu se trouve confront\u00e9 \u00e0 des situations nouvelles, ambig\u00fces ou complexes o\u00f9 les renforcements pass\u00e9s n&rsquo;offrent pas de rep\u00e8re imm\u00e9diat, il s&rsquo;appuie sur des <em>attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es<\/em> (<em>Generalized Expectancies<\/em>). Le lieu de contr\u00f4le constitue pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l&rsquo;une de ces attentes ma\u00eetresses : il s&rsquo;agit de la croyance cumulative et transf\u00e9rable selon laquelle les renforcements de la vie sont, en r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, soit sous l&#8217;empire de ses actions personnelles, soit assujettis aux forces contextuelles externes.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un examen empirique exhaustif durant plus de cinq d\u00e9cennies, documentant des formes multiples de validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations initiales de Rotter (1966) ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les individus obtenant de faibles scores d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 (donc internes) consacraient plus de temps \u00e0 m\u00e9moriser des indices strat\u00e9giques lors de t\u00e2ches de r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes lorsqu&rsquo;ils \u00e9taient inform\u00e9s que l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve reposait sur l&rsquo;habilet\u00e9 plut\u00f4t que sur le hasard. D\u00e8s lors que l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme un jeu de pure chance, les diff\u00e9rences de performance entre internes et externes disparaissaient, confirmant que le construit cible bien la contingence per\u00e7ue du contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle corr\u00e8le positivement avec d&rsquo;autres construits associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la r\u00e9silience et \u00e0 l&rsquo;autonomie cognitive :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lations positives mod\u00e9r\u00e9es avec l&rsquo;<em>auto-efficacit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em> de Bandura (<em>r<\/em> = -.35 \u00e0 -.50 lorsque l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 est mesur\u00e9e, signalant une concordance avec l&rsquo;internalit\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives avec l&rsquo;impuissance apprise (<em>learned helplessness<\/em>) de Seligman et les \u00e9chelles de r\u00e9signation d\u00e9pressive.<\/li>\n<li>Relations convergentes avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de motivation intrins\u00e8que de Deci et Ryan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Rotter a sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7u l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E pour qu&rsquo;elle soit distincte de l&rsquo;intelligence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et de la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale. Les corr\u00e9lations observ\u00e9es entre le score I-E et les tests de quotient intellectuel ou d&rsquo;aptitudes scolaires (comme le SAT) sont quasi nulles (<em>r<\/em> fluctuant entre -.07 et .09). Bien que Crowne et Marlowe aient not\u00e9 une l\u00e9g\u00e8re sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (<em>r<\/em> variant de -.15 \u00e0 -.25 avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale de Marlowe-Crowne), l&rsquo;inclusion syst\u00e9matique des items leurres a permis de contenir ces biais \u00e0 un niveau psychom\u00e9triquement n\u00e9gligeable.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9trologiques de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E de Rotter ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablies sur des \u00e9chantillons normatifs universitaires et communautaires comptant des milliers de participants.<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la monographie s\u00e9minale de 1966, Rotter rapporte des coefficients split-half de Spearman-Brown compris entre .65 et .79 selon les sous-groupes examin\u00e9s. Les coefficients alpha de Cronbach calcul\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature ult\u00e9rieure se situent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans la fourchette de .68 \u00e0 .76. Bien que ces valeurs soient mod\u00e9r\u00e9es au regard des standards stricts de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique individuelle, elles sont jug\u00e9es tout \u00e0 fait satisfaisantes pour une \u00e9chelle mesurant une attente globale et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne couvrant une multitude de domaines existentiels (politique, travail, relations interpersonnelles, r\u00e9ussite acad\u00e9mique).<\/p>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La stabilit\u00e9 temporelle de l&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;av\u00e8re particuli\u00e8rement robuste sur des p\u00e9riodes br\u00e8ves \u00e0 moyennes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sur un intervalle d&rsquo;un mois, les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest se situent entre .60 et .83 (Rotter, 1966 ; Harrow &amp; Ferrante, 1969).<\/li>\n<li>Sur des p\u00e9riodes s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de six mois \u00e0 deux ans, les corr\u00e9lations oscillent entre .49 et .65, refl\u00e9tant la relative constance des traits d&rsquo;attente tout en laissant place aux fluctuations induites par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements majeurs de vie (ex. r\u00e9cessions \u00e9conomiques, maladies chroniques).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>Bien que Julian Rotter ait initialement con\u00e7u l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E comme une mesure unidimensionnelle repr\u00e9sentant une orientation cognitive d&rsquo;ensemble, l&rsquo;application de techniques d&rsquo;analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) et confirmatoire (AFC) a profond\u00e9ment nuanc\u00e9 cette hypoth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n<h3>La d\u00e9composition multifactorielle de Mirels (1970)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tude pionni\u00e8re de Herbert L. Mirels (1970) a identifi\u00e9 une structure bifactorielle invariante chez les hommes comme chez les femmes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Ma\u00eetrise personnelle (Personal Mastery \/ Personal Control) :<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe les items portant sur la croyance en l&rsquo;impact direct de son propre travail, de ses efforts et de ses comp\u00e9tences sur les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de sa propre vie (ex. items 11, 15, 23, 28).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Contr\u00f4le politique et socioculturel (Political \/ Social System Control) :<\/strong> Ce facteur agr\u00e8ge les items relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;influence qu&rsquo;un individu ou le citoyen moyen peut exercer sur les institutions gouvernementales, la politique nationale et les affaires internationales (ex. items 3, 12, 17, 22, 29).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mod\u00e9lisations ult\u00e9rieures et multidimensionnalit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Les travaux subs\u00e9quents de psychom\u00e9triciens tels que Gurin et al. (1969), puis la th\u00e9orisation tripartite de Hanna Levenson (1973), ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 regroupait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 deux construits distincts : la croyance en la <em>chance\/au hasard<\/em> (instable et impr\u00e9visible) et la croyance envers des <em>autrui tout-puissants<\/em> (organis\u00e9s, stables mais ext\u00e9rieurs). Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Rotter, ces dimensions saturent simultan\u00e9ment, ce qui explique la coh\u00e9rence interne mod\u00e9r\u00e9e de l&rsquo;instrument total mais consacre sa richesse \u00e9cologique.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation de la personnalit\u00e9 (attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es de renforcement).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format des r\u00e9ponses :<\/strong> Format \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 (<em>forced-choice format<\/em>). Pour chaque item num\u00e9rot\u00e9, le r\u00e9pondant est contraint de choisir exclusivement entre deux propositions incompatibles (\u00ab a \u00bb ou \u00ab b \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 29 paires d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Items critiques (\u00e9valu\u00e9s) :<\/strong> 23 items concourant au calcul du score (items 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Items leurres (non cot\u00e9s) :<\/strong> 6 items destin\u00e9s \u00e0 neutraliser l&rsquo;orientation vers le contenu du test et la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (items 1, 8, 14, 19, 24, 27).<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e8gles de cotation :<\/strong> L&rsquo;examinateur attribue 1 point pour chaque alternative orient\u00e9e vers l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 choisie par le participant. Les alternatives externes sont : 2.a, 3.b, 4.b, 5.b, 6.a, 7.a, 9.a, 10.b, 11.b, 12.b, 13.b, 15.b, 16.a, 17.a, 18.a, 20.a, 21.a, 22.b, 23.a, 25.a, 26.b, 28.b, 29.a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tendue du score global :<\/strong> De 0 \u00e0 23 points. Un score bas (0 \u00e0 8) indique un locus de contr\u00f4le fortement interne ; un score m\u00e9dian (9 \u00e0 14) d\u00e9note une flexibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;attribution ; un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 (15 \u00e0 23) indique un locus de contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9domin\u00e9 par l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation :<\/strong> 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 1966.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur et permissions :<\/strong> L&rsquo;article original de Julian B. Rotter ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 en 1966 dans les <em>Psychological Monographs: General and Applied<\/em> par l&rsquo;American Psychological Association (APA), l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est tomb\u00e9e dans le domaine de la recherche acad\u00e9mique non commerciale. L&rsquo;utilisation du questionnaire \u00e0 des fins de recherche fondamentale, d&rsquo;enseignement universitaire et de diagnostic clinique non lucratif est libre et sans frais de redevance (<em>open-access for educational and research purposes<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> Acc\u00e8s libre et gratuit. Aucun achat de mat\u00e9riel propri\u00e9taire n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;administration ou la cotation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Les travaux acad\u00e9miques fondateurs et les m\u00e9ta-analyses majeures relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle I-E incluent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crowne, D. P., &amp; Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. <em>Journal of Consulting Psychology<\/em>, 24(4), 349\u2013354. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0047358\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0047358<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gurin, P., Gurin, G., Lao, R. C., &amp; Beattie, M. (1969). Internal-external control in the outer city. <em>Journal of Social Issues<\/em>, 25(3), 29\u201353. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00605.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00605.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Harrow, M., &amp; Ferrante, A. (1969). Locus of control in psychiatric patients. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 33(5), 582\u2013589. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0028271\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0028271<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 41(3), 397\u2013404. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0035357\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0035357<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mirels, H. L. (1970). Dimensions of internal versus external control. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 34(2), 226\u2013228. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0029005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0029005<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1954). <em>Social learning and clinical psychology<\/em>. Prentice-Hall. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10788-000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10788-000<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. <em>Psychological Monographs: General and Applied<\/em>, 80(1), 1\u201328. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 43(1), 56\u201367. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0076301\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0076301<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Twenge, J. M., Zhang, L., &amp; Im, C. (2004). It&rsquo;s beyond my control: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of elementary, high school, and college students&rsquo; locus of control, 1960\u20132002. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Review<\/em>, 8(3), 308\u2013325. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_5<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This is a measure of personal beliefs: the purpose is to find out how certain important events in our society affect different people. Each item consists of a pair of alternatives lettered a or b. Please select the one statement of each pair (and only one) which you more strongly believe to be the case as far as you&#039;re concerned. Be sure to select the one you actually believe to be more true rather than the one you think you should choose or the one you would like to be true. This is a measure of personal belief: obviously there are no right or wrong answers.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> Forced-choice format (Choose either &#039;a&#039; or &#039;b&#039; for each pair)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Score 1 point for each external alternative chosen. Higher total scores reflect a more external locus of control (range 0 to 23). Items 1, 8, 14, 19, 24, and 27 are filler items and are not scored. The external alternatives for the 23 scored items are: 2.a, 3.b, 4.b, 5.b, 6.a, 7.a, 9.a, 10.b, 11.b, 12.b, 13.b, 15.b, 16.a, 17.a, 18.a, 20.a, 21.a, 22.b, 23.a, 25.a, 26.b, 28.b, 29.a.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Children get into trouble because their parents punish them too much.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The trouble with most children nowadays is that their parents are too easy with them.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Many of the unhappy things in people&#039;s lives are partly due to bad luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>People&#039;s misfortunes result from the mistakes they make.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. One of the major reasons why we have wars is because people don&#039;t take enough interest in politics.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There will always be wars, no matter how hard people try to prevent them.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. In the long run people get the respect they deserve in this world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Unfortunately, an individual&#039;s worth often passes unrecognized no matter how hard he tries.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. The idea that teachers are unfair to students is nonsense.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most students don&#039;t realize the extent to which their grades are influenced by accidental happenings.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Without the right breaks one cannot be an effective leader.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Capable people who fail to become leaders have not taken advantage of their opportunities.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. No matter how hard you try some people just don&#039;t like you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>People who can&#039;t get others to like them don&#039;t understand how to get along with others.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Heredity plays the major role in determining one&#039;s personality.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is one&#039;s experiences in life which determine what they&#039;re like.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. I have often found that what is going to happen will happen.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Trusting to fate has never turned out as well for me as making a decision to take a definite course of action.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. In the case of the well prepared student there is rarely if ever such a thing as an unfair test.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Many times exam questions tend to be so unrelated to course work that studying is really useless.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work, luck has little or nothing to do with it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. The average citizen can have an influence in government decisions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>This world is run by the few people in power, and there is not much the little guy can do about it.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. When I make plans, I am almost certain that I can make them work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is not always wise to plan too far ahead because many things turn out to be a matter of good or bad fortune anyhow.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. There are certain people who are just no good.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There is some good in everybody.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. In my case getting what I want has little or nothing to do with luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Many times we might just as well decide what to do by flipping a coin.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Who gets to be the boss often depends on who was lucky enough to be in the right place first.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Getting people to do the right thing depends upon ability, luck has little or nothing to do with it.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are the victims of forces we can neither understand, nor control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>By taking an active part in political and social affairs the people can control world events.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Most people don&#039;t realize the extent to which their lives are controlled by accidental happenings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There really is no such thing as &#039;luck.&#039;<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. One should always be willing to admit mistakes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is usually best to cover up one&#039;s mistakes.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. It is hard to know whether or not a person really likes you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>How many friends you have depends upon how nice a person you are.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. In the long run the bad things that happen to us are balanced by the good ones.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most misfortunes are the result of lack of ability, ignorance, laziness, or all three.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. With enough effort we can wipe out political corruption.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is difficult for people to have much control over the things politicians do in office.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Sometimes I can&#039;t understand how teachers arrive at the grades they give.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There is a direct connection between how hard I study and the grades I get.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. A good leader expects people to decide for themselves what they should do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A good leader makes it clear to everybody what their jobs are.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Many times I feel that I have little influence over the things that happen to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is impossible for me to believe that chance or luck plays an important role in my life.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. People are lonely because they don&#039;t try to be friendly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There&#039;s not much use in trying too hard to please people, if they like you, they like you.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. There is too much emphasis on athletics in high school.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Team sports are an excellent way to build character.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. What happens to me is my own doing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Sometimes I feel that I don&#039;t have enough control over the direction my life is taking.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">a. Most of the time I can&#039;t understand why politicians behave the way they do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">b.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>In the long run the people are responsible for bad government on a national as well as on a local level.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de lieu de contr\u00f4le de Rotter (\u00c9chelle I-E) : fondements th\u00e9oriques, propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, cotation et les 29 items authentiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[165,1271,2],"tags":[2917,10649,10648,7695,1093,1094,1163,16],"class_list":["post-9579","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-devaluation","category-psychologie-de-la-personnalite","category-psychometrie","tag-apprentissage-social","tag-attentes-generalisees","tag-echelle-i-e","tag-julian-rotter","tag-lieu-de-controle","tag-locus-de-controle","tag-personnalite","tag-psychometrie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/9579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9579"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/9579\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}