{"id":592,"date":"2026-09-04T11:30:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T11:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-des-attitudes-dysfonctionnelles-das\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T11:30:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T11:30:58","slug":"echelle-des-attitudes-dysfonctionnelles-das","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-des-attitudes-dysfonctionnelles-das","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles (DAS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles<\/strong> (<em>Dysfunctional Attitude Scale<\/em> ou <strong>DAS<\/strong>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e initialement par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arlene_Weissman\">Arlene N. Weissman<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron T. Beck<\/a> en 1978, constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments psychom\u00e9triques les plus embl\u00e9matiques et rigoureusement valid\u00e9s dans le champ de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_clinique\">psychologie clinique<\/a> et des th\u00e9rapies cognitivo-comportementales (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9rapie_cognitivo-comportementale\">TCC<\/a>). Con\u00e7ue pour op\u00e9rationnaliser la composante cognitive structurelle du mod\u00e8le diath\u00e8se-stress de la d\u00e9pression de Beck, la DAS mesure l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 des croyances conditionnelles, des sch\u00e9mas cognitifs rigides et des postulats silencieux (<em>silent assumptions<\/em>) portant sur la valeur personnelle, le perfectionnisme, la performance, l&rsquo;approbation sociale et le contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n<p>Dans sa forme standard de 40 items (Forme A et Forme B), l&rsquo;instrument \u00e9value l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 de ces distorsions cognitives au moyen d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89chelle_de_Likert\">Likert<\/a> en 7 points (allant de 1 = \u00ab Totalement d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \u00e0 7 = \u00ab Totalement en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb). L&rsquo;analyse structurale r\u00e9v\u00e8le principalement deux dimensions factorielles robustes : le <em>Perfectionnisme \/ Besoin de r\u00e9ussite<\/em> (li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;autonomie et aux exigences de performance) et le <em>Besoin d&rsquo;approbation \/ D\u00e9pendance interpersonnelle<\/em> (li\u00e9 \u00e0 la sociotropie et \u00e0 la validation par autrui). Dot\u00e9e d&rsquo;une consistance interne remarquable (coefficient alpha de Cronbach variant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,85 et 0,93) et d&rsquo;une excellente sensibilit\u00e9 au changement th\u00e9rapeutique, la DAS demeure l&rsquo;\u00e9talon-or international pour \u00e9valuer la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive d\u00e9pressog\u00e8ne et quantifier l&rsquo;impact des restructurations cognitives.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles, DAS, Aaron T. Beck, vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive, d\u00e9pression, th\u00e9rapie cognitivo-comportementale, sch\u00e9mas cognitifs, perfectionnisme, besoin d&rsquo;approbation, psychom\u00e9trie.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Arlene N. Weissman, Ph.D.<\/strong><br \/>D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Center for Cognitive Therapy, Perelman School of Medicine, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Pennsylvania\">University of Pennsylvania<\/a>, Philadelphie, Pennsylvanie, \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aaron T. Beck, M.D. (1921\u20132021)<\/strong><br \/>Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychiatrie, D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania ; Fondateur du Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Philadelphie, Pennsylvanie, \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles est d&rsquo;identifier, d&rsquo;isoler et de quantifier la teneur des <em>croyances fondamentales sous-jacentes<\/em> et des r\u00e8gles de vie rigides qui pr\u00e9disposent un individu \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper et \u00e0 maintenir des \u00e9pisodes d\u00e9pressifs majeurs. Dans la perspective cognitiviste, ces attitudes ne sont pas de simples sympt\u00f4mes \u00e9piph\u00e9nom\u00e9naux de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat d\u00e9pressif, mais repr\u00e9sentent des structures cognitives stables (sch\u00e9mas latents) qui filtrent le traitement de l&rsquo;information environnementale.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan clinique, la DAS remplit trois fonctions majeures :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9valuation diagnostique et formulation de cas :<\/strong> Elle permet au th\u00e9rapeute d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir une cartographie pr\u00e9cise des sch\u00e9mas d&rsquo;inadaptation du patient, notamment les croyances inconditionnelles du type \u00ab Tout ou rien \u00bb (\u00ab Si je ne r\u00e9ussis pas tout parfaitement, je suis un rat\u00e9 complet \u00bb) ou les exigences absolues d&rsquo;approbation (\u00ab Je ne peux \u00eatre heureux que si tout le monde m&rsquo;admire \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesure d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 th\u00e9rapeutique :<\/strong> Utilis\u00e9e en pr\u00e9-traitement, post-traitement et lors des suivis longitudinaux, la DAS \u00e9value si la psychoth\u00e9rapie a v\u00e9ritablement modifi\u00e9 les sch\u00e9mas cognitifs profonds ou si elle n&rsquo;a produit qu&rsquo;un soulagement symptomatique superficiel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tection de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9siduelle :<\/strong> Les scores r\u00e9siduels \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la DAS apr\u00e8s r\u00e9mission d&rsquo;un \u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif constituent un puissant pr\u00e9dicteur de rechute et de r\u00e9currence d\u00e9pressive, justifiant un travail prophylactique approfondi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans la recherche translationnelle et exp\u00e9rimentale, la DAS constitue un outil pivot pour tester les mod\u00e8les cognitifs diath\u00e8se-stress (interaction entre sch\u00e9mas cognitifs pr\u00e9existants et \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie stressants sp\u00e9cifiques, tels que les ruptures relationnelles ou les \u00e9checs professionnels).<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par la DAS correspond aux <strong>attitudes dysfonctionnelles<\/strong>, d\u00e9finies par Beck comme des r\u00e8gles inflexibles, irr\u00e9alistes et absolutistes servant de crit\u00e8res d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation et d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation du monde. Ces attitudes reposent sur des postulats conditionnels (\u00ab Si&#8230; alors&#8230; \u00bb) et des imp\u00e9ratifs cat\u00e9goriques (\u00ab Je dois&#8230; \u00bb, \u00ab Il faut&#8230; \u00bb) qui rendent l&rsquo;estime de soi extr\u00eamement fragile et tributaire des contingences externes.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument explore plusieurs sous-dimensions interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>Perfectionnisme et exigences de r\u00e9ussite (Autonomie dysfonctionnelle)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension capture l&rsquo;assimilation erron\u00e9e de la valeur humaine globale \u00e0 la performance objective et au succ\u00e8s sans faille. Elle implique une pens\u00e9e dichotomique o\u00f9 toute imperfection partielle \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 un an\u00e9antissement personnel. Les individus adh\u00e9rant \u00e0 cette dimension estiment que la moindre erreur ruine l&rsquo;ensemble de leur valeur (par exemple, item 9 : <em>\u00ab If I fail at my work, then I am a failure as a person \u00bb<\/em> ; item 14 : <em>\u00ab If I fail partly, it is as bad as being a complete failure \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Besoin d&rsquo;approbation et d\u00e9pendance affective (Sociotropie dysfonctionnelle)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante op\u00e9rationnalise la subordination de l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre \u00e9motionnel \u00e0 l&rsquo;amour, \u00e0 l&rsquo;admiration et \u00e0 la validation continue d&rsquo;autrui. La personne per\u00e7oit le d\u00e9saccord, la critique ou le rejet comme une preuve irr\u00e9futable de son indignit\u00e9 fondamentale (par exemple, item 7 : <em>\u00ab My value as a person depends greatly on what others think of me \u00bb<\/em> ; item 23 : <em>\u00ab I am nothing if a person I love doesn&rsquo;t love me \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Attentes d&rsquo;omnipotence et d&rsquo;hypercontr\u00f4le<\/h3>\n<p>Les attitudes li\u00e9es au contr\u00f4le traduisent la croyance selon laquelle l&rsquo;individu doit \u00eatre capable de ma\u00eetriser l&rsquo;ensemble des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de sa vie et de r\u00e9soudre instantan\u00e9ment toute difficult\u00e9 sans aide ext\u00e9rieure, sous peine d&rsquo;\u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme faible ou inf\u00e9rieur (par exemple, item 18 : <em>\u00ab If a person asks for help, it is a sign of weakness \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>La DAS s&rsquo;ancre directement dans la <strong>th\u00e9orie cognitive de la d\u00e9pression<\/strong> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron T. Beck<\/a> (1967, 1976). Ce mod\u00e8le structure l&rsquo;architecture cognitive humaine en trois niveaux hi\u00e9rarchiques :<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This questionnaire lists different attitudes or beliefs which people sometimes hold. Read each statement carefully and decide how much you agree or disagree with the statement. For each statement, choose the rating which best describes how you think.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 7-point Likert scale: 1 = Totally agree, 2 = Agree very much, 3 = Agree slightly, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Disagree slightly, 6 = Disagree very much, 7 = Totally disagree (Note: often reverse-scored such that 7 indicates greater dysfunction\/agreement with dysfunctional attitudes)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Items are scored from 1 to 7. Adaptive\/rational items (items 2, 6, 12, 17, 24, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40) are reverse scored (or non-adaptive items are reverse-scored depending on coding direction) so that higher total scores reflect more dysfunctional\/rigid cognitive attitudes.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is difficult to be happy unless one is good-looking, intelligent, rich and creative.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Happiness is more a matter of my mental attitude towards myself, than the way other people feel about me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People will probably think less of me if I make a mistake.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not do well all the time, people will not respect me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Taking even a moderate risk is foolish because the chances of the outcome being bad are so great.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should have a reasonable likelihood of success before undertaking anything.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My value as a person depends greatly on what others think of me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not do as well as other people, it means I am an inferior human being.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I fail at my work, then I am a failure as a person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you cannot do something well, there is little point in doing it at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Making a mistake is tantamount to being a failure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If someone disagrees with me, it probably indicates he does not like me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If someone does not love me, it probably means I am not lovable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I fail partly, it is as bad as being a complete failure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person ought to be able to solve his problems quickly and without a great deal of effort.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I cannot do something well, there is no point in doing it at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I cannot be happy unless most people I know admire me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person asks for help, it is a sign of weakness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not set the highest standards for myself, I am likely to end up a second-rate person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person is not successful, then life is without any meaning.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Turn to others for help and they will respect you less.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I cannot do something to perfection, I might as well not do it at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am nothing if a person I love doesn&#039;t love me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not perform well, other people will think less of me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is awful to be disapproved of by people important to you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you don&#039;t have other people to lean on, you are bound to be sad.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I must be a useful, productive person or life has no purpose.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People will reject you if they know your weaknesses.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My life is in my hands.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What other people think of me is not essential for my happiness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is best to give up your own interests in order to please other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can find happiness without being loved by someone else.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person I care about does not care for me, it is awful.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person avoids problems, the problems will usually go away.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can be happy even if I miss out on many of the good things in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What other people think about me is very important.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person should be able to control what happens to him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is shameful to display one&#039;s weaknesses.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person should be liked by everyone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If other people know what you are really like, they will think less of you.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Selon le <em>mod\u00e8le diath\u00e8se-stress<\/em>, ces sch\u00e9mas demeurent latents (inactifs) en p\u00e9riode euthymique, mais peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9activ\u00e9s d\u00e8s lors que l&rsquo;individu est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u00e9v\u00e9nement de vie correspondant s\u00e9mantiquement \u00e0 son axe de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 (une d\u00e9ception professionnelle pour un profil perfectionniste autonome, ou une rupture amoureuse pour un profil d\u00e9pendant sociotrope). Une fois activ\u00e9s, ces sch\u00e9mas biaisent l&rsquo;ensemble de la cognition et g\u00e9n\u00e8rent la <em>triade cognitive n\u00e9gative<\/em> (vision n\u00e9gative de soi, du monde et du futur).<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de la DAS ont fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses investigations empiriques transversales, longitudinales et interculturelles.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente de la DAS est d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations positives fortes et significatives avec d&rsquo;autres indices de d\u00e9tresse psychologique et de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive, notamment l&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire de d\u00e9pression de Beck<\/strong> (<em>Beck Depression Inventory<\/em>, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inventaire_de_d%C3%A9pression_de_Beck\">BDI-II<\/a>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0{,}55\">$r = 0{,}55$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}70\">$0{,}70$<\/span>), l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9sespoir de Beck (<em>Beck Hopelessness Scale<\/em>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0{,}45\">$r = 0{,}45$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}60\">$0{,}60$<\/span>) et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression de Hamilton (HAM-D). Des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives robustes sont observ\u00e9es avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;estime de soi de Rosenberg (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = -0{,}50\">$r = -0{,}50$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"-0{,}65\">$-0{,}65$<\/span>).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument discrimine avec succ\u00e8s les populations cliniques d\u00e9pressives des groupes t\u00e9moins non cliniques, les patients d\u00e9pressifs pr\u00e9sentant des scores moyens significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que les individus sains ou souffrant de troubles anxieux purs non comorbides. De plus, la DAS montre une sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour diff\u00e9rencier les styles cognitifs \u00e0 haut risque suicidaire.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les \u00e9tudes longitudinales men\u00e9es par Weissman, Beck, et ult\u00e9rieurement par Clark, Steer ou Segal, les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la DAS mesur\u00e9s au terme d&rsquo;une th\u00e9rapie cognitivo-comportementale ou d&rsquo;un traitement pharmacologique pr\u00e9disent de fa\u00e7on ind\u00e9pendante le d\u00e9lai et le taux de r\u00e9cidive d\u00e9pressive sur des p\u00e9riodes de suivi de 12 \u00e0 24 mois, confirmant son statut d&rsquo;indicateur de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive durable.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de multiples \u00e9chantillons cliniques et non cliniques.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des items de la DAS-40 est excellente. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Weissman et Beck (1978), le coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> \u00e9tait de <strong>0,90<\/strong> pour la Forme A et de <strong>0,89<\/strong> pour la Forme B chez des \u00e9tudiants universitaires, et atteignait <strong>0,93<\/strong> dans des \u00e9chantillons de patients psychiatriques ambulatoires et hospitalis\u00e9s. Les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent majoritairement entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}40\">$0{,}40$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}72\">$0{,}72$<\/span>, attestant d&rsquo;une forte coh\u00e9rence du construit.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest varie en fonction de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat thymique de la population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>En population non clinique sur un intervalle de 6 \u00e0 8 semaines, le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation test-retest se situe entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0{,}73\">$r = 0{,}73$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0{,}84\">$r = 0{,}84$<\/span>, d\u00e9montrant la stabilit\u00e9 de trait des attitudes dysfonctionnelles.<\/li>\n<li>En population clinique trait\u00e9e, la corr\u00e9lation test-retest diminue mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0{,}50\">$r = 0{,}50$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}65\">$0{,}65$<\/span>), refl\u00e9tant la sensibilit\u00e9 attendue de l&rsquo;instrument aux restructurations cognitives induites par la psychoth\u00e9rapie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>Depuis les travaux initiaux de Weissman (1978), la structure dimensionnelle de la DAS a fait l&rsquo;objet de multiples analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) dans la litt\u00e9rature internationale (notamment par Cane, Olinger, Gotlib, &amp; Kuiper, 1986 ; Power et al., 1994 ; Beck, Brown, Steer, &amp; Weissman, 1991).<\/p>\n<h3>Structure bi-factorielle dominante<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que des mod\u00e8les \u00e0 3 ou 7 facteurs aient \u00e9t\u00e9 ponctuellement propos\u00e9s, un consensus majeur s&rsquo;est d\u00e9gag\u00e9 autour d&rsquo;une structure \u00e0 <strong>deux facteurs principaux<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Perfectionnisme \/ Exigences de performance (Achievement \/ Perfectionism) :<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe les items relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation rigide conditionn\u00e9e par le succ\u00e8s, le refus absolu de l&rsquo;\u00e9chec et la recherche d&rsquo;une performance irr\u00e9prochable (ex. items 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19, 22). Il explique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 25 % et 35 % de la variance totale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : D\u00e9pendance \/ Besoin d&rsquo;approbation (Dependency \/ Need for Approval) :<\/strong> Ce facteur agr\u00e8ge les items li\u00e9s \u00e0 la crainte du rejet, \u00e0 la survalorisation du jugement d&rsquo;autrui et au sentiment d&rsquo;inexistence sans affection ext\u00e9rieure (ex. items 3, 7, 13, 17, 23, 25, 28, 39). Il explique entre 10 % et 18 % de la variance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires indiquent que ce mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique bi-factoriel pr\u00e9sente des indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation satisfaisants (RMSEA &lt; 0,06 ; CFI &gt; 0,90 ; TLI &gt; 0,90), justifiant \u00e0 la fois le calcul d&rsquo;un score global et de sous-scores factoriels distincts.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom du test :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles (<em>Dysfunctional Attitude Scale<\/em> \u2014 DAS-40).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auteurs :<\/strong> Arlene N. Weissman et Aaron T. Beck (1978).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Forme et modalit\u00e9 :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 40 items standardis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (authentique) :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert en 7 points :<br \/>\n    <code>1 = Totally agree, 2 = Agree very much, 3 = Agree slightly, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Disagree slightly, 6 = Disagree very much, 7 = Totally disagree (Note: often reverse-scored such that 7 indicates greater dysfunction\/agreement with dysfunctional attitudes)<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation et inversion :<\/strong> Les items sont cot\u00e9s de 1 \u00e0 7. Les items adaptatifs \/ rationnels (notamment les items 2, 6, 12, 17, 24, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40 selon le sch\u00e9ma de codage utilis\u00e9) font l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une inversion de cotation afin qu&rsquo;un score total plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te syst\u00e9matiquement une plus grande rigidit\u00e9 et intensit\u00e9 des attitudes cognitives dysfonctionnelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score total :<\/strong> Le score total s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonne th\u00e9oriquement de 40 \u00e0 280 points. Des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s indiquent une vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive d\u00e9pressog\u00e8ne s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement :<\/strong> 1978 (Forme A et Forme B pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;AERA).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Arlene N. Weissman et Aaron T. Beck, University of Pennsylvania.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation de la DAS-40 \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique et scientifique non commerciale est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accord\u00e9e \u00e0 titre gratuit, sous r\u00e9serve de citer explicitement les publications princeps des auteurs. Pour une utilisation commerciale ou institutionnelle \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, une autorisation formelle aupr\u00e8s des d\u00e9tenteurs de droits (ou du Beck Institute) peut \u00eatre requise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Gratuit dans le cadre universitaire et de recherche clinique standard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Beck, A. T. (1967). <em>Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row.<\/p>\n<p>Beck, A. T. (1976). <em>Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders<\/em>. International Universities Press.<\/p>\n<p>Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., &amp; Weissman, A. N. (1991). Factor analysis of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a clinical population. <em>Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 3(3), 478\u2013483. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.3.3.478\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.3.3.478<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., &amp; Emery, G. (1979). <em>Cognitive therapy of depression<\/em>. Guilford Press.<\/p>\n<p>Cane, D. B., Olinger, L. J., Gotlib, I. H., &amp; Kuiper, N. A. (1986). Factor structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a student population. <em>Journal of Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 42(2), 307\u2013309. <a https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(198603)42:2307::aid-jclp22704202163.0.co;2-m\u00a0\u00bb%20target=\u00a0\u00bb_blank\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(198603)42:2&lt;307::aid-jclp2270420216&gt;3.0.co;2-m\/a\/ppClark,%20D.%20A.,%20&#038;%20Beck,%20A.%20T.%20(2010).%20emCognitive%20therapy%20of%20anxiety%20disorders:%20Science%20and%20practice\/em.%20Guilford%20Press.\/ppSegal,%20Z.%20V.,%20Gemar,%20M.,%20&#038;%20Williams,%20S.%20(1999).%20Differential%20cognitive%20response%20to%20a%20mood%20challenge%20following%20successful%20cognitive%20therapy%20or%20pharmacotherapy%20for%20unipolar%20depression.%20emJournal%20of%20Abnormal%20Psychology\/em,%20108(1),%203\u201310.%20a%20href=\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.3<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Weissman, A. N., &amp; Beck, A. T. (1978). <em>Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: A preliminary investigation<\/em>. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>Response Scale:<\/strong><br \/>\n  7-point Likert scale: 1 = Totally agree, 2 = Agree very much, 3 = Agree slightly, 4 = Neutral, 5 = Disagree slightly, 6 = Disagree very much, 7 = Totally disagree (Note: often reverse-scored such that 7 indicates greater dysfunction\/agreement with dysfunctional attitudes)<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 20px; padding-left: 10px;\">\n<li>It is difficult to be happy unless one is good-looking, intelligent, rich and creative.<\/li>\n<li>Happiness is more a matter of my mental attitude towards myself, than the way other people feel about me.<\/li>\n<li>People will probably think less of me if I make a mistake.<\/li>\n<li>If I do not do well all the time, people will not respect me.<\/li>\n<li>Taking even a moderate risk is foolish because the chances of the outcome being bad are so great.<\/li>\n<li>People should have a reasonable likelihood of success before undertaking anything.<\/li>\n<li>My value as a person depends greatly on what others think of me.<\/li>\n<li>If I do not do as well as other people, it means I am an inferior human being.<\/li>\n<li>If I fail at my work, then I am a failure as a person.<\/li>\n<li>If you cannot do something well, there is little point in doing it at all.<\/li>\n<li>Making a mistake is tantamount to being a failure.<\/li>\n<li>If someone disagrees with me, it probably indicates he does not like me.<\/li>\n<li>If someone does not love me, it probably means I am not lovable.<\/li>\n<li>If I fail partly, it is as bad as being a complete failure.<\/li>\n<li>A person ought to be able to solve his problems quickly and without a great deal of effort.<\/li>\n<li>If I cannot do something well, there is no point in doing it at all.<\/li>\n<li>I cannot be happy unless most people I know admire me.<\/li>\n<li>If a person asks for help, it is a sign of weakness.<\/li>\n<li>If I do not set the highest standards for myself, I am likely to end up a second-rate person.<\/li>\n<li>If a person is not successful, then life is without any meaning.<\/li>\n<li>Turn to others for help and they will respect you less.<\/li>\n<li>If I cannot do something to perfection, I might as well not do it at all.<\/li>\n<li>I am nothing if a person I love doesn&rsquo;t love me.<\/li>\n<li>If I do not perform well, other people will think less of me.<\/li>\n<li>It is awful to be disapproved of by people important to you.<\/li>\n<li>If you don&rsquo;t have other people to lean on, you are bound to be sad.<\/li>\n<li>I must be a useful, productive person or life has no purpose.<\/li>\n<li>People will reject you if they know your weaknesses.<\/li>\n<li>My life is in my hands.<\/li>\n<li>What other people think of me is not essential for my happiness.<\/li>\n<li>It is best to give up your own interests in order to please other people.<\/li>\n<li>I can find happiness without being loved by someone else.<\/li>\n<li>If a person I care about does not care for me, it is awful.<\/li>\n<li>If a person avoids problems, the problems will usually go away.<\/li>\n<li>I can be happy even if I miss out on many of the good things in life.<\/li>\n<li>What other people think about me is very important.<\/li>\n<li>A person should be able to control what happens to him.<\/li>\n<li>It is shameful to display one&rsquo;s weaknesses.<\/li>\n<li>A person should be liked by everyone.<\/li>\n<li>If other people know what you are really like, they will think less of you.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des attitudes dysfonctionnelles (DAS) de Weissman et Beck (1978) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9valuant les croyances rigides et la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 cognitive \u00e0 la d\u00e9pression.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1202,3,2],"tags":[1598,1599,1597,484,16,289,1600],"class_list":["post-592","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-cognitive","category-psychologie-clinique","category-psychometrie","tag-aaron-beck","tag-attitudes-dysfonctionnelles","tag-das","tag-depression","tag-psychometrie","tag-tcc","tag-vulnerabilite-cognitive"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/592","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=592"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/592\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=592"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=592"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=592"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}