{"id":571,"date":"2026-09-04T10:45:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T10:45:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/questionnaire-sur-les-cognitions-liees-au-deuil-gcq\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T10:45:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T10:45:29","slug":"questionnaire-sur-les-cognitions-liees-au-deuil-gcq","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=questionnaire-sur-les-cognitions-liees-au-deuil-gcq","title":{"rendered":"Questionnaire sur les cognitions li\u00e9es au deuil (GCQ)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Questionnaire sur les cognitions li\u00e9es au deuil<\/strong> (<em>Grief Cognitions Questionnaire<\/em>, GCQ) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation con\u00e7u pour mesurer la pr\u00e9sence et l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 des <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distorsion_cognitive\">cognitions inadapt\u00e9es<\/a> et des interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques associ\u00e9es au <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deuil\">deuil compliqu\u00e9<\/a> ou au <em>trouble du deuil prolong\u00e9<\/em> (TDP \/ <em>Prolonged Grief Disorder<\/em>). D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par Paul A. Boelen et ses collaborateurs en 2003 au sein du d\u00e9partement de psychologie clinique de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Utrecht, cet outil a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour op\u00e9rationnaliser les composantes cognitives du mod\u00e8le cognitivo-comportemental du deuil pathologique. Le GCQ est compos\u00e9 de <strong>38 items<\/strong> \u00e9valu\u00e9s au moyen d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de Likert en 6 points allant de 0 (\u00ab Fortement en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb) \u00e0 5 (\u00ab Fortement d&rsquo;accord \u00bb), g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un score total compris entre 0 et 190, ainsi que <strong>9 scores factoriels distincts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ces neuf sous-\u00e9chelles capturent des dimensions fondamentales de la d\u00e9tresse cognitive post-deuil : les croyances n\u00e9gatives globales sur soi (4 items), les croyances n\u00e9gatives globales sur le monde et la vie (4 items), les croyances n\u00e9gatives concernant l&rsquo;avenir (5 items), les interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques des r\u00e9actions de deuil (4 items), l&rsquo;auto-accusation et la culpabilit\u00e9 (5 items), les croyances relatives \u00e0 l&rsquo;incompr\u00e9hension et au jugement d&rsquo;autrui (4 items), les croyances n\u00e9gatives sur le maintien du deuil comme signe d&rsquo;attachement (3 items), la menace pour l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 et le soi en l&rsquo;absence du d\u00e9funt (4 items), et enfin les croyances n\u00e9gatives relatives au manque de soutien et \u00e0 la m\u00e9fiance envers autrui (5 items).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, le GCQ d\u00e9montre une <strong>coh\u00e9rence interne exceptionnelle<\/strong>, avec un coefficient alpha de Cronbach global g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 .90 (variant souvent entre .94 et .97 dans la litt\u00e9rature clinique) et des coefficients de sous-\u00e9chelles oscillant entre .72 et .90. La validit\u00e9 convergente est solidement \u00e9tablie par de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives avec l&rsquo;<em>Inventory of Complicated Grief<\/em> (ICG), les \u00e9chelles de d\u00e9pression (BDI-II), d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (BAI) et de stress post-traumatique (PCL-5). L&rsquo;outil pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement une excellente sensibilit\u00e9 au changement th\u00e9rapeutique lors de protocoles de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9rapie_cognitivo-comportementale\">th\u00e9rapie cognitivo-comportementale<\/a> (TCC) centr\u00e9e sur le deuil prolong\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Deuil prolong\u00e9, deuil compliqu\u00e9, cognitions inadapt\u00e9es, th\u00e9rapie cognitivo-comportementale, psychom\u00e9trie, interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques, auto-accusation, deuil traumatique, \u00e9valuation clinique, restructuration cognitive.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>Le <em>Grief Cognitions Questionnaire<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement conceptualis\u00e9 et valid\u00e9 par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs n\u00e9erlandais sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans la psychopathologie du deuil et le psycho-traumatisme :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Paul A. Boelen, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeur de psychologie clinique, D\u00e9partement de psychologie clinique, Facult\u00e9 des sciences sociales et comportementales, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Utrecht, Utrecht, Pays-Bas ; chercheur senior \u00e0 Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, Pays-Bas. <em>Courriel institutionnel :<\/em> P.A.Boelen@uu.nl<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hennie Kip, M.Sc.<\/strong> \u2014 D\u00e9partement de psychologie clinique, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Utrecht, Pays-Bas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jolanda Voorsluijs, M.Sc.<\/strong> \u2014 D\u00e9partement de psychologie clinique, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Utrecht, Pays-Bas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jos van den Bout, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie clinique et de psychopathologie, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Utrecht, Pays-Bas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>La perte d&rsquo;un \u00eatre cher constitue l&rsquo;une des exp\u00e9riences de vie les plus d\u00e9stabilisantes sur le plan \u00e9motionnel. Si la majorit\u00e9 des individus endeuill\u00e9s traversent une p\u00e9riode d&rsquo;affliction aigu\u00eb qui s&rsquo;estompe progressivement au fil du temps sans intervention sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e, environ 10 % d\u00e9veloppent un tableau clinique chronique et invalidant, d\u00e9sign\u00e9 sous le terme de <strong>trouble du deuil prolong\u00e9<\/strong> (reconnu dans la CIM-11 et le DSM-5-TR). L&rsquo;objectif premier du GCQ est de rep\u00e9rer, quantifier et caract\u00e9riser pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les <strong>sch\u00e9mas cognitifs dysfonctionnels<\/strong> et les <strong>croyances inadapt\u00e9es<\/strong> qui entravent le processus naturel d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la perte et p\u00e9rennisent la souffrance psychologique.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications cliniques<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la pratique clinique, le GCQ remplit une triple fonction :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9valuation diagnostique et fonctionnelle :<\/strong> Il permet au psychologue ou au psychiatre d&rsquo;identifier la nature exacte des blocages cognitifs. Certains patients sont domin\u00e9s par une culpabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9vorante (auto-accusation), tandis que d&rsquo;autres sont paralys\u00e9s par la peur de sombrer dans la folie s&rsquo;ils laissent libre cours \u00e0 leurs \u00e9motions (interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques de la d\u00e9tresse).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Planification individualis\u00e9e du traitement :<\/strong> Le profil factoriel obtenu guide directement les modules d&rsquo;intervention en TCC. Par exemple, des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur la dimension \u00ab Pr\u00e9servation du deuil \u00bb indiquent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;aborder les croyances selon lesquelles att\u00e9nuer sa peine reviendrait \u00e0 trahir ou oublier le d\u00e9funt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesure des r\u00e9sultats th\u00e9rapeutiques (<em>Treatment Monitoring<\/em>) :<\/strong> Administr\u00e9 avant, pendant et apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;intervention, le questionnaire fournit une mesure objective de la restructuration cognitive et de la r\u00e9duction des distorsions post-perte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Applications en recherche<\/h3>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale et translationnelle, le GCQ est un instrument de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour mod\u00e9liser les m\u00e9diateurs cognitifs entre l&rsquo;exposition au deuil et les sympt\u00f4mes comorbides (d\u00e9pression majeure, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e, somatisation). Il est syst\u00e9matiquement employ\u00e9 dans les essais contr\u00f4l\u00e9s randomis\u00e9s (ECR) \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des th\u00e9rapies cognitives, des interventions d&rsquo;exposition narrative et des th\u00e9rapies bas\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;acceptation et l&rsquo;engagement (ACT) appliqu\u00e9es au deuil pathologique.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le GCQ repose sur l&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation de neuf dimensions cognitives intriqu\u00e9es qui refl\u00e8tent l&rsquo;alt\u00e9ration de l&rsquo;image de soi, de la vision du monde, de la projection vers le futur et de la r\u00e9gulation affective cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la perte.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Croyances n\u00e9gatives globales sur le Soi (<em>Global Negative Beliefs about the Self<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value le sentiment d&rsquo;indignit\u00e9, de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance et d&rsquo;\u00e9chec personnel survenu apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9c\u00e8s. L&rsquo;endeuill\u00e9 int\u00e8gre la perte comme une preuve de son incomp\u00e9tence fondamentale ou de sa nullit\u00e9. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Depuis sa mort, je me sens totalement sans valeur \u00bb (Item 1).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Croyances n\u00e9gatives globales sur le Monde et la Vie (<em>Global Negative Beliefs about the World\/Life<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit mesure l&rsquo;effondrement du sentiment de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ontologique, la perception du monde comme un environnement injuste, dangereux et d\u00e9nu\u00e9 de sens. La perte d\u00e9truit la croyance en un monde pr\u00e9visible et bienveillant. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Depuis sa mort, le monde est un endroit absolument dangereux pour moi \u00bb (Item 2).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Croyances n\u00e9gatives concernant l&rsquo;Avenir (<em>Negative Beliefs about the Future<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle quantifie le d\u00e9sespoir prospectif, l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 envisager une perspective d&rsquo;\u00e9panouissement ou de paix int\u00e9rieure, et l&rsquo;anticipation d&rsquo;une souffrance perp\u00e9tuelle. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Je n&rsquo;ai plus aucune confiance dans l&rsquo;avenir \u00bb (Item 3).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques des r\u00e9actions de deuil (<em>Catastrophic Misinterpretations of Grief Reactions<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Inspir\u00e9e des mod\u00e8les cognitifs de l&rsquo;attaque de panique de Clark, cette dimension capte la peur m\u00e9tacognitive de perdre le contr\u00f4le, de devenir fou ou de subir une d\u00e9gradation physique irr\u00e9versible sous le coup de l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 affective. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Si je laisse libre cours \u00e0 mes \u00e9motions, je vais devenir fou \u00bb (Item 4).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Auto-accusation et Culpabilit\u00e9 (<em>Self-Blame\/Guilt<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce domaine \u00e9value la responsabilit\u00e9 illusoire que s&rsquo;attribue l&rsquo;endeuill\u00e9 quant aux circonstances du d\u00e9c\u00e8s, \u00e0 son incapacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger le proche ou \u00e0 des manquements r\u00e9trospectifs. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab C&rsquo;est de ma faute s&rsquo;il\/elle est mort(e) \u00bb (Item 5).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Croyances relatives aux r\u00e9actions d&rsquo;Autrui (<em>Beliefs about Others\/Appropriateness of Grief<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Mesure le sentiment d&rsquo;incompr\u00e9hension sociale, la perception que l&rsquo;entourage juge la peine disproportionn\u00e9e ou exige que l&rsquo;endeuill\u00e9 \u00ab passe \u00e0 autre chose \u00bb pr\u00e9matur\u00e9ment. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Les autres trouvent mon deuil exag\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00bb (Item 15).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Pr\u00e9servation du deuil comme preuve d&rsquo;amour (<em>Negative Beliefs about Cherishing Grief<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante explore l&rsquo;assimilation de la douleur affective \u00e0 la loyaut\u00e9 envers le d\u00e9funt. L&rsquo;individu croit que ressentir moins de tristesse \u00e9quivaudrait \u00e0 un abandon affectif ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;oubli de la personne disparue. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab En restant triste, je montre \u00e0 quel point il\/elle comptait pour moi \u00bb (Item 16).<\/p>\n<h3>8. Menace pour l&rsquo;Identit\u00e9 \/ Soi sans le D\u00e9funt (<em>Threat to Self\/Identity without Deceased<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value la fusion identitaire avec la personne d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e. L&rsquo;endeuill\u00e9 \u00e9prouve la sensation qu&rsquo;une part vitale de lui-m\u00eame a disparu, entra\u00eenant une d\u00e9sagr\u00e9gation de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 personnelle. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab Une partie vitale de moi-m\u00eame est morte avec lui\/elle \u00bb (Item 17).<\/p>\n<h3>9. M\u00e9fiance et manque de soutien social per\u00e7u (<em>Negative Beliefs about Others&rsquo; Support\/Trust<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit capture le sentiment d&rsquo;isolement existentiel, l&rsquo;amertume face au manque pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 de sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 ou d&#8217;empathie d&rsquo;autrui et la rupture du lien de confiance interpersonnel. <em>Exemple d&rsquo;item :<\/em> \u00ab On ne peut plus faire confiance \u00e0 personne \u00bb (Item 18).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement du GCQ s&rsquo;ancre directement dans le <strong>mod\u00e8le cognitivo-comportemental du deuil compliqu\u00e9<\/strong> formul\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9rapie_cognitivo-comportementale\">Paul A. Boelen, Jos van den Bout et Marcel A. van den Hout<\/a> (2006), lui-m\u00eame tributaire des th\u00e9ories cognitives fondamentales d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron T. Beck<\/a> sur la d\u00e9pression et des travaux d&rsquo;Ehlers et Clark sur le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trouble_de_stress_post-traumatique\">trouble de stress post-traumatique<\/a> (TSPT).<\/p>\n<p>Selon ce cadre th\u00e9orique, l&rsquo;ajustement adaptatif apr\u00e8s une perte n\u00e9cessite trois processus majeurs :<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Below is a list of beliefs that people can hold after the death of a loved one. Please read each statement carefully and indicate the extent to which you agree with each statement by choosing the appropriate number.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 6-point Likert scale (0 = Disagree strongly, 1 = Disagree, 2 = Disagree slightly, 3 = Agree slightly, 4 = Agree, 5 = Agree strongly)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Items are summed to produce a total score (ranging from 0 to 190) and 9 subscale scores: Global Negative Beliefs about the Self (items 1, 10, 19, 28), Global Negative Beliefs about the World\/Life (items 2, 11, 20, 29), Negative Beliefs about the Future (items 3, 12, 21, 30, 35), Catastrophic Misinterpretations of Grief Reactions (items 4, 13, 22, 31), Self-Blame\/Guilt (items 5, 14, 23, 32, 36), Beliefs about Others\/Appropriateness of Grief (items 6, 15, 24, 33), Negative Beliefs about Cherishing Grief (items 7, 16, 25), Threat to Self\/Identity without Deceased (items 8, 17, 26, 37), and Negative Beliefs about Others&#039; Support\/Trust (items 9, 18, 27, 34, 38). No items are reverse-scored.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since he\/she died, I feel completely worthless.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since he\/she died, the world is a totally unsafe place for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have no confidence at all in the future.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I let go of my emotions completely, I will go crazy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is my fault that he\/she is dead.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Other people cannot understand how terrible this is for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I am no longer sad, I will lose him\/her completely.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Without him\/her, I am nothing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are not genuinely interested in my grief.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since he\/she died, I am a failure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since he\/she died, life is totally meaningless to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I will never be able to handle this grief.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I really confront my feelings, I will lose complete control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I should have done more to prevent his\/her death.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Other people find my grief exaggerated.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">By remaining sad, I show how much he\/she meant to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A vital part of myself has died with him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You cannot trust anyone anymore.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of his\/her death, I have become an incomplete person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The world is an unfair place.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can never become happy again.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My grief will eventually make me physically ill.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am to blame for what happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Others think that I should have gotten over it by now.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I must not forget him\/her, and therefore I have to keep feeling this pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since his\/her death, I don&#039;t know who I am anymore.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In the end, you are all alone in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am a bad person because I couldn&#039;t protect him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nothing in this world has any value anymore.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My life will always remain empty and useless.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I talk about my feelings, I will completely break down.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I had done things differently, he\/she would still be alive.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Others try to avoid me because of my grief.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People only care about themselves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I will never find peace again.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have failed toward him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Without his\/her presence, I cannot function.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People let you down when you need them most.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Dans le deuil prolong\u00e9, des <em>croyances n\u00e9gatives globales<\/em> et des <em>interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques<\/em> cr\u00e9ent un cercle vicieux. Lorsque la d\u00e9tresse \u00e9motionnelle est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme le signe d&rsquo;un effondrement psychiatrique imminent (\u00ab Je vais devenir fou \u00bb) ou d&rsquo;une faute morale (\u00ab Si je cesse d&rsquo;avoir mal, je l&rsquo;oublie \u00bb), l&rsquo;individu met en place des strat\u00e9gies de contr\u00f4le inadapt\u00e9es : \u00e9vitement des rappels de la perte, rumination anxieuse, retrait social ou maintien d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 de l&rsquo;affliction. Ces comportements d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement emp\u00eachent l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration cognitive de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la mort, perp\u00e9tuant ainsi l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de deuil aigu.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques du GCQ ont fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses validations empiriques au sein de cohortes cliniques et non-cliniques dans divers pays (Pays-Bas, \u00c9tats-Unis, Allemagne, Chine, etc.).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente est d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations statistiquement significatives et \u00e9lev\u00e9es avec les mesures standardis\u00e9es de la psychopathologie post-deuil :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sympt\u00f4mes de deuil prolong\u00e9 :<\/strong> Corr\u00e9lations positives substantielles avec l&rsquo;<em>Inventory of Complicated Grief<\/em> (ICG) et le <em>Traumatic Grief Inventory<\/em> (TGI) (coefficients <em>r<\/em> variant de .60 \u00e0 .78, <em>p<\/em> &lt; .001).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Symptomatologie d\u00e9pressive :<\/strong> Corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes avec l&rsquo;inventaire de d\u00e9pression de Beck (BDI-II) (<em>r<\/em> = .55 \u00e0 .70).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et d\u00e9tresse post-traumatique :<\/strong> Corr\u00e9lations significatives avec les scores de la PCL-5 et de l&rsquo;IES-R (<em>r<\/em> = .45 \u00e0 .65).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante et diff\u00e9rentielle<\/h3>\n<p>Le GCQ d\u00e9montre une excellente validit\u00e9 discriminante en diff\u00e9renciant nettement les personnes pr\u00e9sentant un deuil normal\/int\u00e9gr\u00e9 des patients r\u00e9pondant aux crit\u00e8res diagnostiques du trouble du deuil prolong\u00e9. De plus, les analyses de r\u00e9gression multiple hi\u00e9rarchique ont prouv\u00e9 que les scores du GCQ expliquent une part de variance unique et significative des sympt\u00f4mes de deuil prolong\u00e9, m\u00eame apr\u00e8s avoir contr\u00f4l\u00e9 l&rsquo;impact de la d\u00e9pression, de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, du temps \u00e9coul\u00e9 depuis le d\u00e9c\u00e8s, de l&rsquo;\u00e2ge et de la cause de la mort (violente vs naturelle).<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Le GCQ pr\u00e9sente des indices de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et de coh\u00e9rence m\u00e9trique d&rsquo;un niveau remarquable \u00e0 travers les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9tudes internationales :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne globale :<\/strong> Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach (&alpha;) pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale de 38 items se situe syst\u00e9matiquement entre <strong>.93 et .97<\/strong>, t\u00e9moignant d&rsquo;une excellente homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 conceptuelle. Le coefficient Om\u00e9ga de McDonald (&omega;) confirme cette robustesse avec des valeurs similaires (&gt; .94).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong> Les indices de Cronbach pour les 9 facteurs s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent comme suit dans les cohortes princeps et de r\u00e9plication :\n<ul>\n<li>Soi global : &alpha; = .84 \u2013 .89<\/li>\n<li>Monde \/ Vie : &alpha; = .78 \u2013 .86<\/li>\n<li>Avenir : &alpha; = .83 \u2013 .88<\/li>\n<li>Interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques : &alpha; = .77 \u2013 .85<\/li>\n<li>Auto-accusation \/ Culpabilit\u00e9 : &alpha; = .81 \u2013 .87<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9actions d&rsquo;autrui : &alpha; = .72 \u2013 .81<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9servation du deuil : &alpha; = .75 \u2013 .83<\/li>\n<li>Menace identitaire : &alpha; = .80 \u2013 .86<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e9fiance \/ Soutien d&rsquo;autrui : &alpha; = .79 \u2013 .85<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Dans les groupes t\u00e9moins sans intervention clinique \u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 un intervalle de 4 \u00e0 8 semaines, les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) et de Pearson se maintiennent entre <strong>.80 et .89<\/strong>, attestant d&rsquo;une grande stabilit\u00e9 temporelle des croyances en l&rsquo;absence de th\u00e9rapie active.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle du GCQ a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement \u00e9prouv\u00e9e par analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) :<\/p>\n<h3>Structure exploratoire initiale (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Lors des \u00e9tudes initiales de Boelen et collaborateurs (2003), une analyse en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax) a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e sur un \u00e9chantillon d&rsquo;individus endeuill\u00e9s. Les r\u00e9sultats ont confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de 9 facteurs distincts ayant des valeurs propres sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 1.0 (crit\u00e8re de Kaiser) et expliquant ensemble plus de 62 % de la variance totale. Chaque item a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une saturation factorielle primaire substantielle (sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 .50) sur son facteur th\u00e9orique d&rsquo;appartenance, avec des saturations crois\u00e9es minimes (&lt; .30).<\/p>\n<h3>Validation confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires men\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons cliniques ind\u00e9pendants ont compar\u00e9 plusieurs mod\u00e8les concurrents : un mod\u00e8le unifactoriel, un mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre et le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 9 facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s. Le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 <strong>9 facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s<\/strong> a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l&rsquo;ajustement le plus optimal aux donn\u00e9es empiriques, satisfaisant aux crit\u00e8res statistiques usuels :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&chi;&sup2;\/dl &lt; 2.5<\/li>\n<li>RMSEA (<em>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation<\/em>) &le; .055 (IC \u00e0 90 % : [.048 &#8211; .062])<\/li>\n<li>CFI (<em>Comparative Fit Index<\/em>) &ge; .94<\/li>\n<li>TLI (<em>Tucker-Lewis Index<\/em>) &ge; .93<\/li>\n<li>SRMR (<em>Standardized Root Mean Square Residual<\/em>) &le; .051<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation (auto-questionnaire).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou passation informatis\u00e9e \/ num\u00e9rique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 38 items r\u00e9dig\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;affirmations \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re personne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert en 6 points :\n<ul>\n<li>0 = Fortement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Disagree strongly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>1 = En d\u00e9saccord (<em>Disagree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>2 = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Disagree slightly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>3 = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Agree slightly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>4 = D&rsquo;accord (<em>Agree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>5 = Fortement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Agree strongly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Score total :<\/strong> Somme arithm\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;ensemble des 38 items (\u00e9tendue : de 0 \u00e0 190 points). Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te une charge cognitive dysfonctionnelle majeure li\u00e9e au deuil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Global Negative Beliefs about the Self (Soi) :<\/em> Items 1, 10, 19, 28 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201320)<\/li>\n<li><em>Global Negative Beliefs about the World\/Life (Monde\/Vie) :<\/em> Items 2, 11, 20, 29 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201320)<\/li>\n<li><em>Negative Beliefs about the Future (Avenir) :<\/em> Items 3, 12, 21, 30, 35 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201325)<\/li>\n<li><em>Catastrophic Misinterpretations of Grief Reactions (Interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques) :<\/em> Items 4, 13, 22, 31 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201320)<\/li>\n<li><em>Self-Blame\/Guilt (Culpabilit\u00e9\/Auto-accusation) :<\/em> Items 5, 14, 23, 32, 36 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201325)<\/li>\n<li><em>Beliefs about Others\/Appropriateness of Grief (Jugement d&rsquo;autrui) :<\/em> Items 6, 15, 24, 33 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201320)<\/li>\n<li><em>Negative Beliefs about Cherishing Grief (Pr\u00e9servation de la peine) :<\/em> Items 7, 16, 25 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201315)<\/li>\n<li><em>Threat to Self\/Identity without Deceased (Menace identitaire) :<\/em> Items 8, 17, 26, 37 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201320)<\/li>\n<li><em>Negative Beliefs about Others&rsquo; Support\/Trust (M\u00e9fiance envers autrui) :<\/em> Items 9, 18, 27, 34, 38 (\u00c9tendue : 0\u201325)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Items invers\u00e9s :<\/strong> Aucun item n&rsquo;est invers\u00e9. La cotation se fait par addition directe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation estim\u00e9 :<\/strong> Environ 8 \u00e0 12 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 2003.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle et droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Le questionnaire est la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle du Pr Paul A. Boelen et de ses collaborateurs, ainsi que de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur scientifique d&rsquo;origine (Springer Science+Business Media).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation clinique et de recherche :<\/strong> Le GCQ est mis \u00e0 la disposition gratuite des chercheurs universitaires et des cliniciens dans le cadre d&rsquo;un usage non commercial, \u00e9ducatif ou d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique directe. La citation formelle de l&rsquo;article princeps de 2003 est obligatoire lors de toute publication ou communication de donn\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Aucun co\u00fbt de licence pour l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique et clinique individuel standard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Beck, A. T. (1979). <em>Cognitive therapy of depression<\/em>. Guilford Press.<\/li>\n<li>Boelen, P. A., Kip, H., Voorsluijs, J., &amp; van den Bout, J. (2003). Irrational beliefs and catastrophic interpretations in pathological grief. <em>Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment<\/em>, 25(2), 103\u2013111. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022490320147\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022490320147<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M. A., &amp; van den Bout, J. (2006). A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. <em>Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice<\/em>, 13(2), 109\u2013128. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2006.00013.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2006.00013.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Boelen, P. A., &amp; Lensvelt-Mulders, G. J. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ). <em>Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment<\/em>, 27(4), 291\u2013303. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-005-2409-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-005-2409-5<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ehlers, A., &amp; Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. <em>Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/em>, 38(4), 319\u2013345. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G. A., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P. A., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., &amp; Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. <em>PLoS Medicine<\/em>, 6(8), e1000121. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000121\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000121<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>Response scale:<\/strong> 6-point Likert scale (0 = Disagree strongly, 1 = Disagree, 2 = Disagree slightly, 3 = Agree slightly, 4 = Agree, 5 = Agree strongly)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Since he\/she died, I feel completely worthless.<\/li>\n<li>Since he\/she died, the world is a totally unsafe place for me.<\/li>\n<li>I have no confidence at all in the future.<\/li>\n<li>If I let go of my emotions completely, I will go crazy.<\/li>\n<li>It is my fault that he\/she is dead.<\/li>\n<li>Other people cannot understand how terrible this is for me.<\/li>\n<li>If I am no longer sad, I will lose him\/her completely.<\/li>\n<li>Without him\/her, I am nothing.<\/li>\n<li>People are not genuinely interested in my grief.<\/li>\n<li>Since he\/she died, I am a failure.<\/li>\n<li>Since he\/she died, life is totally meaningless to me.<\/li>\n<li>I will never be able to handle this grief.<\/li>\n<li>If I really confront my feelings, I will lose complete control.<\/li>\n<li>I should have done more to prevent his\/her death.<\/li>\n<li>Other people find my grief exaggerated.<\/li>\n<li>By remaining sad, I show how much he\/she meant to me.<\/li>\n<li>A vital part of myself has died with him\/her.<\/li>\n<li>You cannot trust anyone anymore.<\/li>\n<li>Because of his\/her death, I have become an incomplete person.<\/li>\n<li>The world is an unfair place.<\/li>\n<li>I can never become happy again.<\/li>\n<li>My grief will eventually make me physically ill.<\/li>\n<li>I am to blame for what happened.<\/li>\n<li>Others think that I should have gotten over it by now.<\/li>\n<li>I must not forget him\/her, and therefore I have to keep feeling this pain.<\/li>\n<li>Since his\/her death, I don&rsquo;t know who I am anymore.<\/li>\n<li>In the end, you are all alone in life.<\/li>\n<li>I am a bad person because I couldn&rsquo;t protect him\/her.<\/li>\n<li>Nothing in this world has any value anymore.<\/li>\n<li>My life will always remain empty and useless.<\/li>\n<li>If I talk about my feelings, I will completely break down.<\/li>\n<li>If I had done things differently, he\/she would still be alive.<\/li>\n<li>Others try to avoid me because of my grief.<\/li>\n<li>People only care about themselves.<\/li>\n<li>I will never find peace again.<\/li>\n<li>I have failed toward him\/her.<\/li>\n<li>Without his\/her presence, I cannot function.<\/li>\n<li>People let you down when you need them most.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de 38 items \u00e9valuant les cognitions inadapt\u00e9es et les interpr\u00e9tations catastrophiques dans le trouble du deuil prolong\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[388,647,2],"tags":[1496,1495,1494,63,1493,289],"class_list":["post-571","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-cliniques","category-psychologie-cognitive","category-psychometrie","tag-cognitions","tag-deuil-complique","tag-deuil-prolonge","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-gcq","tag-tcc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=571"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/571\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=571"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=571"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}