{"id":497,"date":"2026-09-04T09:56:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:56:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/brief-cope-inventaire-strategies-coping\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:56:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:56:01","slug":"brief-cope-inventaire-strategies-coping","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=brief-cope-inventaire-strategies-coping","title":{"rendered":"Brief COPE"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Brief COPE<\/strong> (<em>Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced &#8211; version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e<\/em>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par le psychologue <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_S._Carver\">Charles S. Carver<\/a> en 1997. Con\u00e7u pour pallier la lourdeur d&rsquo;administration de l&rsquo;inventaire original COPE de 60 items, le Brief COPE comprend <strong>28 items<\/strong> \u00e9valuant <strong>14 strat\u00e9gies distinctes de coping<\/strong> (m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;ajustement face au stress), \u00e0 raison de deux items par dimension. Cet outil permet d&rsquo;analyser un spectre exhaustif de r\u00e9ponses comportementales, cognitives et \u00e9motionnelles, r\u00e9parties traditionnellement entre strat\u00e9gies adaptatives (telles que le coping actif, la planification, le recadrage positif ou la recherche de soutien) et strat\u00e9gies potentiellement inadapt\u00e9es ou dysfonctionnelles (comme le d\u00e9ni, le d\u00e9sengagement comportemental, l&rsquo;auto-bl\u00e2me ou l&rsquo;usage de substances).<\/p>\n<p>Chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 est \u00e9valu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Likert_scale\">\u00e9chelle de Likert<\/a> en 4 points, gradu\u00e9e de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout \u00bb \/ <em>I haven&rsquo;t been doing this at all<\/em>) \u00e0 4 (\u00ab \u00c9norm\u00e9ment \u00bb \/ <em>I&rsquo;ve been doing this a lot<\/em>). L&rsquo;outil s&rsquo;adapte aussi bien \u00e0 une mesure dispositionnelle (strat\u00e9gies habituelles de gestion du stress) qu&rsquo;\u00e0 une \u00e9valuation situationnelle ou transactionnelle (r\u00e9actions \u00e0 un stresseur aigu ou chronique sp\u00e9cifique). Les analyses psychom\u00e9triques initiales et internationales d\u00e9montrent une structure factorielle stable, une consistance interne satisfaisante pour des micro-\u00e9chelles de deux items (coefficients alpha de Cronbach g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compris entre 0,50 et 0,90 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles et les populations) ainsi qu&rsquo;une excellente validit\u00e9 convergente, discriminante et pr\u00e9dictive dans des contextes de sant\u00e9 physique, de psychiatrie, d&rsquo;oncologie et de psychologie du travail.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Brief COPE, strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;ajustement, coping, stress psychologique, \u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique, r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, sant\u00e9 mentale, psychologie de la sant\u00e9, mod\u00e8le transactionnel, Charles S. Carver, validit\u00e9 factorielle, auto-\u00e9valuation.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;inventaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u et valid\u00e9 par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Charles S. Carver, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1947\u20132019) : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie au D\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Miami (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miami.edu\/\">University of Miami<\/a>, Coral Gables, Floride, \u00c9tats-Unis). Sp\u00e9cialiste mondialement reconnu de la psychologie de la personnalit\u00e9, des th\u00e9ories motivationnelles de l&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation, de l&rsquo;optimisme dispositionnel et du coping en psycho-oncologie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De nombreux chercheurs internationaux ont ult\u00e9rieurement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et valid\u00e9 des adaptations transculturelles, notamment en langue fran\u00e7aise par le Pr Fabienne Baumstarck, le Pr Marie-Pierre Cousson-G\u00e9lie et leurs collaborateurs.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif principal du <strong>Brief COPE<\/strong> est d&rsquo;offrir une \u00e9valuation multifactorielle, rapide et robuste des modalit\u00e9s d&rsquo;ajustement cognitif, \u00e9motionnel et comportemental mises en \u0153uvre par un individu lorsqu&rsquo;il est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie stressants, des transitions critiques ou des pathologies somatiques invalidantes. Lors de la publication de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle COPE originale compl\u00e8te de 60 items (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267\">Carver et al., 1989<\/a>), les chercheurs et cliniciens ont rapidement soulign\u00e9 le fardeau cognitif excessif impos\u00e9 aux participants, en particulier aupr\u00e8s de populations vuln\u00e9rables telles que les patients atteints de cancer, les personnes souffrant de douleurs chroniques ou les individus soumis \u00e0 un \u00e9puisement professionnel aigu.<\/p>\n<p>Le Brief COPE a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un double imp\u00e9ratif m\u00e9thodologique : pr\u00e9server la diversit\u00e9 multidimensionnelle du r\u00e9pertoire de coping tout en minimisant drastiquement le temps de passation (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 5 minutes). L&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat clinique et scientifique de cet outil r\u00e9side dans sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 identifier avec pr\u00e9cision les ressources psychologiques mobilis\u00e9es par le sujet ainsi que les sch\u00e9mas d&rsquo;adaptation d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res qui entravent la r\u00e9solution des probl\u00e8mes ou exacerbent la d\u00e9tresse psychologique.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la <strong>psychologie de la sant\u00e9<\/strong> et de la <strong>m\u00e9decine comportementale<\/strong>, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est employ\u00e9e pour surveiller l&rsquo;impact d&rsquo;interventions psycho-\u00e9ducatives, de programmes de r\u00e9duction du stress bas\u00e9s sur la pleine conscience (MBSR) ou de th\u00e9rapies cognitivo-comportementales (TCC). En pratique clinique, l&rsquo;analyse du profil des 14 sous-\u00e9chelles permet d&rsquo;orienter la cible th\u00e9rapeutique : encourager le recadrage cognitif positif et l&rsquo;action directe, tout en d\u00e9samor\u00e7ant le recours au d\u00e9ni, \u00e0 la rumination auto-d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciative ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;usage compensatoire de substances psychoactives.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique mesur\u00e9 par le Brief COPE repose sur l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;ajustement. Contrairement aux mod\u00e8les unidimensionnels ou strictement dichotomiques (focalisation sur le probl\u00e8me vs focalisation sur l&rsquo;\u00e9motion), Carver postule que le coping est une architecture modulaire compos\u00e9e de multiples facettes fonctionnelles. L&rsquo;inventaire mesure <strong>14 dimensions ind\u00e9pendantes<\/strong>, compos\u00e9es chacune de 2 items :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1. Coping actif (<em>Active coping<\/em>) :<\/strong> Action directe et d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e visant \u00e0 \u00e9liminer, modifier ou att\u00e9nuer le stresseur. Exemple : concentrer ses efforts pour agir concr\u00e8tement sur la situation probl\u00e9matique (items 2, 7).<\/li>\n<li><strong>2. Planification (<em>Planning<\/em>) :<\/strong> \u00c9laboration cognitive de strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;action, hi\u00e9rarchisation des \u00e9tapes \u00e0 suivre et r\u00e9flexion prospective sur la mani\u00e8re d&rsquo;aborder le probl\u00e8me (items 14, 25).<\/li>\n<li><strong>3. Recherche de soutien instrumental (<em>Use of instrumental support<\/em>) :<\/strong> Sollicitation active d&rsquo;aide mat\u00e9rielle, d&rsquo;informations pratiques, de directives ou de conseils aupr\u00e8s de tiers experts ou proches (items 10, 23).<\/li>\n<li><strong>4. Recherche de soutien \u00e9motionnel (<em>Use of emotional support<\/em>) :<\/strong> Recherche de r\u00e9confort, d&#8217;empathie, de compassion et de compr\u00e9hension affective au sein de son r\u00e9seau social (items 5, 15).<\/li>\n<li><strong>5. Auto-distraction (<em>Self-distraction<\/em>) :<\/strong> Engagement dans des activit\u00e9s de substitution (travail, cin\u00e9ma, lecture, sommeil, shopping) afin de d\u00e9tourner temporairement l&rsquo;attention du stresseur (items 1, 19).<\/li>\n<li><strong>6. Expression des sentiments \/ \u00c9vacuation (<em>Venting<\/em>) :<\/strong> Verbalisation et ext\u00e9riorisation des \u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives et de la d\u00e9tresse affective ressentie (items 9, 21).<\/li>\n<li><strong>7. Recadrage positif (<em>Positive reframing<\/em>) :<\/strong> R\u00e9\u00e9valuation cognitive de la situation stressante sous un angle plus favorable, identification d&rsquo;aspects constructifs ou de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices potentiels (items 12, 17).<\/li>\n<li><strong>8. D\u00e9ni (<em>Denial<\/em>) :<\/strong> Refus d&rsquo;admettre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement stressant ou tentative d&rsquo;agir comme si la situation n&rsquo;existait pas (items 3, 8).<\/li>\n<li><strong>9. Acceptation (<em>Acceptance<\/em>) :<\/strong> Reconnaissance lucide de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la situation et int\u00e9gration du fait que l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement s&rsquo;est produit, constituant un pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 l&rsquo;adaptation (items 20, 24).<\/li>\n<li><strong>10. Religion et spiritualit\u00e9 (<em>Religion<\/em>) :<\/strong> Recours \u00e0 des croyances religieuses, pri\u00e8res, m\u00e9ditations ou qu\u00eates spirituelles pour trouver du r\u00e9confort et du sens face \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve (items 22, 27).<\/li>\n<li><strong>11. D\u00e9sengagement comportemental (<em>Behavioral disengagement<\/em>) :<\/strong> Abandon des efforts visant \u00e0 atteindre les objectifs vis\u00e9s ou \u00e0 surmonter le stresseur, sentiment de r\u00e9signation et d&rsquo;impuissance acquise (items 6, 16).<\/li>\n<li><strong>12. Usage de substances (<em>Substance use<\/em>) :<\/strong> Consommation d&rsquo;alcool, de m\u00e9dicaments non prescrits ou d&rsquo;autres drogues pour anesth\u00e9sier la souffrance ou fuir la confrontation avec le stresseur (items 4, 11).<\/li>\n<li><strong>13. Humour (<em>Humor<\/em>) :<\/strong> Utilisation de l&rsquo;ironie, de la d\u00e9rision ou de plaisanteries pour d\u00e9dramatiser la situation stressante et moduler l&rsquo;impact \u00e9motionnel (items 18, 28).<\/li>\n<li><strong>14. Auto-bl\u00e2me (<em>Self-blame<\/em>) :<\/strong> Tendance \u00e0 se critiquer de mani\u00e8re excessive et \u00e0 s&rsquo;attribuer l&rsquo;enti\u00e8re responsabilit\u00e9 des difficult\u00e9s rencontr\u00e9es (items 13, 26).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique du Brief COPE s&rsquo;articule autour de la convergence de deux grands paradigmes de la psychologie contemporaine :<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Le mod\u00e8le transactionnel du stress et du coping de Lazarus et Folkman :<\/strong><br \/>\nSelon la th\u00e9orie transactionnelle d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Richard Lazarus<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_Folkman\">Susan Folkman<\/a> (1984), le stress ne r\u00e9side ni exclusivement dans l&rsquo;environnement ni dans la personne, mais dans la relation dynamique qui les unit. Confront\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u00e9v\u00e9nement, l&rsquo;individu proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une <em>\u00e9valuation primaire<\/em> (perception de la menace, du d\u00e9fi ou de la perte) puis \u00e0 une <em>\u00e9valuation secondaire<\/em> (estimation de ses ressources disponibles). Le coping d\u00e9signe l&rsquo;ensemble des efforts cognitifs et comportementaux constamment changeants d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s pour g\u00e9rer des exigences internes ou externes sp\u00e9cifiques qui sont \u00e9valu\u00e9es comme consommant ou exc\u00e9dant les ressources de la personne. Carver a enrichi cette perspective en int\u00e9grant une granularit\u00e9 plus fine que la simple partition probl\u00e8me\/\u00e9motion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Le mod\u00e8le cybern\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation comportementale de Carver et Scheier :<\/strong><br \/>\nCarver et Charles S. Scheier (1981, 1998) ont conceptualis\u00e9 le comportement humain comme un syst\u00e8me de boucles de r\u00e9troaction (<em>feedback loops<\/em>) orient\u00e9es vers des buts. Face \u00e0 un obstacle, l&rsquo;individu \u00e9value ses probabilit\u00e9s d&rsquo;atteindre ses objectifs. Si les attentes d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 sont positives, il redouble d&rsquo;efforts et mobilise un coping actif ou de la planification. Si les attentes sont n\u00e9gatives et que l&rsquo;obstacle semble insurmontable, des processus d&rsquo;abandon et de d\u00e9sengagement comportemental ou mental s&rsquo;enclenchent. Le Brief COPE a \u00e9t\u00e9 structur\u00e9 pour refl\u00e9ter pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ces bifurcations motivationnelles et autor\u00e9gulatrices.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 du Brief COPE ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;investigations psychom\u00e9triques rigoureuses \u00e0 travers une pluralit\u00e9 de contextes cliniques et culturels :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 de construit et structurale :<\/strong> Les \u00e9tudes initiales de Carver (1997) men\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;une cohorte de survivants d&rsquo;ouragans et de patients atteints de pathologies cardiovasculaires ont confirm\u00e9 que les 14 facteurs expliquent une part substantielle de la variance totale, chaque paire d&rsquo;items saturant de mani\u00e8re univoque sur son facteur respectif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 convergente :<\/strong> Les sous-\u00e9chelles adaptatives (coping actif, planification, recadrage positif) corr\u00e8lent positivement avec l&rsquo;optimisme dispositionnel mesur\u00e9 par le <em>Life Orientation Test<\/em> (LOT-R), l&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue (\u00e9chelles de Bandura) et les scores de bien-\u00eatre subjectif. \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, les sous-\u00e9chelles dysfonctionnelles (auto-bl\u00e2me, d\u00e9sengagement comportemental, d\u00e9ni, usage de substances) pr\u00e9sentent de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives avec les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (STAI), de d\u00e9pression (BDI-II, PHQ-9) et de d\u00e9tresse psychologique globale (GHQ-12).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 discriminante :<\/strong> Les matrices de corr\u00e9lations inter-\u00e9chelles confirment que les 14 dimensions mesurent des facettes conceptuellement distinctes. M\u00eame les dimensions proches, telles que le soutien instrumental et le soutien \u00e9motionnel, pr\u00e9sentent une ind\u00e9pendance empirique suffisante pour justifier leur maintien s\u00e9par\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive :<\/strong> De multiples \u00e9tudes longitudinales (notamment en oncologie mammaire et en r\u00e9adaptation post-AVC) d\u00e9montrent que l&rsquo;utilisation pr\u00e9coce de strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9ni et d&rsquo;auto-bl\u00e2me pr\u00e9dit une moins bonne observance th\u00e9rapeutique et une baisse significative de la qualit\u00e9 de vie \u00e0 6 et 12 mois, tandis que le recadrage positif pr\u00e9dit une meilleure r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration fonctionnelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>En psychom\u00e9trie, l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 pour des \u00e9chelles compos\u00e9es de seulement deux items par dimension constitue un d\u00e9fi m\u00e9thodologique connu, le coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> \u00e9tant math\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9pendant du nombre d&rsquo;items.<\/p>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Carver (1997), les indices de consistance interne des 14 \u00e9chelles se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s tr\u00e8s satisfaisants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Usage de substances : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}90\">$\\alpha = 0{,}90$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Religion : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}82\">$\\alpha = 0{,}82$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Humour : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}73\">$\\alpha = 0{,}73$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Coping actif : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}68\">$\\alpha = 0{,}68$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Planification : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}73\">$\\alpha = 0{,}73$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Recadrage positif : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}64\">$\\alpha = 0{,}64$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Soutien \u00e9motionnel : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}71\">$\\alpha = 0{,}71$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Soutien instrumental : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}64\">$\\alpha = 0{,}64$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Acceptation : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}57\">$\\alpha = 0{,}57$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9sengagement comportemental : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}65\">$\\alpha = 0{,}65$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9ni : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}54\">$\\alpha = 0{,}54$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Auto-distraction : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}71\">$\\alpha = 0{,}71$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Expression des sentiments : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}50\">$\\alpha = 0{,}50$<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Auto-bl\u00e2me : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}69\">$\\alpha = 0{,}69$<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour les dimensions pr\u00e9sentant un alpha plus modeste (notamment l&rsquo;expression des sentiments ou le d\u00e9ni), les corr\u00e9lations inter-items de Spearman-Brown (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &gt; 0{,}40\">$r &gt; 0{,}40$<\/span>) et les analyses de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 composite (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\omega\">$\\omega$<\/span> de McDonald) rapport\u00e9es dans les \u00e9tudes de validation ult\u00e9rieures attestent d&rsquo;une bonne homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne. En passation dispositionnelle, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest \u00e0 intervalle de 4 \u00e0 8 semaines montre des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intra-classe (CCI) stables compris entre 0,58 et 0,84.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>La structure factorielle du Brief COPE a \u00e9t\u00e9 abondamment document\u00e9e au moyen d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) :<\/p>\n<p><strong>Structure \u00e0 14 facteurs de premier ordre :<\/strong><br \/>\nL&rsquo;AFE avec rotation oblique (Promax ou Oblimin) confirme que le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique \u00e0 14 facteurs primaires est le plus ad\u00e9quat. Les saturations factorielles des items sur leur dimension assign\u00e9e sont fortes, oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,60 et 0,92, sans saturations crois\u00e9es ind\u00e9sirables significatives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"&lt; 0{,}30\">$&lt; 0{,}30$<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mod\u00e8les de second ordre et m\u00e9ta-dimensions :<\/strong><br \/>\nDe nombreux chercheurs ont explor\u00e9 des structures factorielles d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur afin de regrouper les 14 sous-\u00e9chelles en macro-dimensions plus synth\u00e9tiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le \u00e0 2 facteurs d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur :<\/strong> Coping centr\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;approche \/ adaptatif (coping actif, planification, recadrage positif, acceptation, recherche de soutiens) versus Coping d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement \/ dysfonctionnel (d\u00e9ni, d\u00e9sengagement, auto-bl\u00e2me, usage de substances).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le \u00e0 3 facteurs (mod\u00e8le de Baumstarck et al., 2017) :<\/strong><br \/>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> These items deal with ways you&#039;ve been coping with the stress in your life. There are many ways to try to deal with problems. These items ask what you&#039;ve been doing to cope with this one. Obviously, different people deal with things in different ways, but I&#039;m interested in how you&#039;ve tried to deal with it. Each item says something about a particular way of coping. I want to know to what extent you&#039;ve been doing what the item says. Don&#039;t answer on the basis of whether it seems to be working or not\u2014just whether or not you&#039;re doing it. Use these response options. Try to rate each item separately in your mind from the others. Make your answers as true for you as you can.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 4-point Likert scale: 1 = I haven&#039;t been doing this at all, 2 = I&#039;ve been doing this a little bit, 3 = I&#039;ve been doing this a medium amount, 4 = I&#039;ve been doing this a lot\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> The scale comprises 14 subscales of 2 items each. Subscale scores are determined by summing or averaging the items for each subscale (no items are reverse-scored): Self-distraction (items 1, 19); Active coping (items 2, 7); Denial (items 3, 8); Substance use (items 4, 11); Use of emotional support (items 5, 15); Use of instrumental support (items 10, 23); Behavioral disengagement (items 6, 16); Venting (items 9, 21); Positive reframing (items 12, 17); Planning (items 14, 25); Humor (items 18, 28); Acceptance (items 20, 24); Religion (items 22, 27); Self-blame (items 13, 26).\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been turning to work or other activities to take my mind off things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been concentrating my efforts on doing something about the situation I&#039;m in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been saying to myself &quot;this isn&#039;t real.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself feel better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been getting emotional support from others.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been giving up trying to deal with it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been taking action to try to make the situation better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been refusing to believe that it has happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been saying things to let my unpleasant feelings escape.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been getting help and advice from other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been trying to see it in a different light, to make it seem more positive.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been criticizing myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been trying to come up with a strategy about what to do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been getting comfort and understanding from someone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been giving up the attempt to cope.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been looking for something good in what is happening.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been making jokes about it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been doing something to think about it less, such as going to movies, watching TV, reading, daydreaming, sleeping, or shopping.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been accepting the reality of the fact that it has happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been expressing my negative feelings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been trying to get advice or help from other people about what to do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been learning to live with it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been thinking hard about what steps to take.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been blaming myself for things that happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been praying or meditating.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I&#039;ve been making fun of the situation.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans les analyses confirmatoires (AFC), les indices d&rsquo;ajustement de ces mod\u00e8les hi\u00e9rarchiques ou multidimensionnels respectent les standards psychom\u00e9triques stricts (CFI &gt; 0,90 ; TLI &gt; 0,90 ; RMSEA &le; 0,05-0,06 ; SRMR &le; 0,06).<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom du test :<\/strong> Brief COPE (Inventaire abr\u00e9g\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;adaptation)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 28 items<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre de dimensions :<\/strong> 14 sous-\u00e9chelles (2 items par dimension)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert en 4 points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Pas du tout (<em>I haven&rsquo;t been doing this at all<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = Un peu (<em>I&rsquo;ve been doing this a little bit<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Moyennement (<em>I&rsquo;ve been doing this a medium amount<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = \u00c9norm\u00e9ment (<em>I&rsquo;ve been doing this a lot<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Le score de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;obtient en sommant ou en moyennant les 2 items correspondants (score allant de 2 \u00e0 8 en somme brute, ou de 1 \u00e0 4 en moyenne).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aucun item invers\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>no items are reverse-scored<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Il est fortement d\u00e9conseill\u00e9 de calculer un score global total unique, car les 14 strat\u00e9gies mesurent des construits fonctionnellement h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes et parfois oppos\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Affectation pr\u00e9cise des items par sous-\u00e9chelle :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Auto-distraction (<em>Self-distraction<\/em>) : Items 1, 19<\/li>\n<li>Coping actif (<em>Active coping<\/em>) : Items 2, 7<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9ni (<em>Denial<\/em>) : Items 3, 8<\/li>\n<li>Usage de substances (<em>Substance use<\/em>) : Items 4, 11<\/li>\n<li>Soutien \u00e9motionnel (<em>Use of emotional support<\/em>) : Items 5, 15<\/li>\n<li>Soutien instrumental (<em>Use of instrumental support<\/em>) : Items 10, 23<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9sengagement comportemental (<em>Behavioral disengagement<\/em>) : Items 6, 16<\/li>\n<li>Expression des sentiments (<em>Venting<\/em>) : Items 9, 21<\/li>\n<li>Recadrage positif (<em>Positive reframing<\/em>) : Items 12, 17<\/li>\n<li>Planification (<em>Planning<\/em>) : Items 14, 25<\/li>\n<li>Humour (<em>Humor<\/em>) : Items 18, 28<\/li>\n<li>Acceptation (<em>Acceptance<\/em>) : Items 20, 24<\/li>\n<li>Religion (<em>Religion<\/em>) : Items 22, 27<\/li>\n<li>Auto-bl\u00e2me (<em>Self-blame<\/em>) : Items 13, 26<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation :<\/strong> 3 \u00e0 6 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 1997<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auteur :<\/strong> Charles S. Carver<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et accessibilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> Le Brief COPE est un instrument du <strong>domaine public acad\u00e9mique<\/strong>, mis gratuitement \u00e0 la disposition de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique et m\u00e9dicale mondiale par son auteur. Aucune redevance financi\u00e8re n&rsquo;est requise pour son utilisation dans le cadre de recherches cliniques, universitaires ou de pratiques de soins non commerciales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;usage :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument est conditionn\u00e9e par la citation formelle de l&rsquo;article de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Carver (1997). L&rsquo;auteur encourageait explicitement les chercheurs \u00e0 adapter l&rsquo;amorce temporelle (instruction dispositionnelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou r\u00e9action \u00e0 un \u00e9v\u00e9nement sp\u00e9cifique aigu) selon les n\u00e9cessit\u00e9s de leur protocole.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Les publications fondatrices et \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence relatives au Brief COPE comprennent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Baumstarck, K., Alessandrini, M., Hamidou, Z., Auquier, P., Leroy, T., &amp; Boyer, L. (2017). The French version of the Brief COPE: Factorial structure and forms of coping in health clinical research. <em>BMC Medical Research Methodology<\/em>, 17(1), 107. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0388-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0388-3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol&rsquo;s too long: Consider the Brief COPE. <em>International Journal of Behavioral Medicine<\/em>, 4(1), 92\u2013100. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carver, C. S., &amp; Scheier, M. F. (1981). <em>Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior<\/em>. Springer-Verlag. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4612-5887-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4612-5887-2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carver, C. S., &amp; Scheier, M. F. (1998). <em>On the self-regulation of behavior<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139174794\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139174794<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., &amp; Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 56(2), 267\u2013283. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cousson-G\u00e9lie, F., Cosnefroy, O., Christophe, V., Segrestan-Crouzet, C., Merckaert, I., Fournier, E., &amp; Razavi, D. (2010). The French adaptation of the Brief COPE in a sample of French cancer patients: Factorial structure and reliability. <em>Journal of Psychosocial Oncology<\/em>, 28(6), 612\u2013626. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07347332.2010.516817\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07347332.2010.516817<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lazarus, R. S., &amp; Folkman, S. (1984). <em>Stress, appraisal, and coping<\/em>. Springer Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Muller, L., &amp; Spitz, E. (2003). \u00c9valuation multidimensionnelle du coping : validation du Brief COPE aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;une population d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants fran\u00e7ais. <em>L&rsquo;Enc\u00e9phale<\/em>, 29(6), 507\u2013518.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif; padding:20px; background:#ffffff;\">\n<p><strong>Response Scale (4-point Likert scale):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = I haven&rsquo;t been doing this at all<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = I&rsquo;ve been doing this a little bit<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = I&rsquo;ve been doing this a medium amount<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = I&rsquo;ve been doing this a lot<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol style=\"line-height:1.8; margin-left:20px;\">\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been turning to work or other activities to take my mind off things.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been concentrating my efforts on doing something about the situation I&rsquo;m in.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been saying to myself \u00ab\u00a0this isn&rsquo;t real.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself feel better.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been getting emotional support from others.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been giving up trying to deal with it.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been taking action to try to make the situation better.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been refusing to believe that it has happened.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been saying things to let my unpleasant feelings escape.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been getting help and advice from other people.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been trying to see it in a different light, to make it seem more positive.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been criticizing myself.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been trying to come up with a strategy about what to do.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been getting comfort and understanding from someone.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been giving up the attempt to cope.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been looking for something good in what is happening.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been making jokes about it.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been doing something to think about it less, such as going to movies, watching TV, reading, daydreaming, sleeping, or shopping.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been accepting the reality of the fact that it has happened.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been expressing my negative feelings.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been trying to get advice or help from other people about what to do.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been learning to live with it.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been thinking hard about what steps to take.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been blaming myself for things that happened.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been praying or meditating.<\/li>\n<li>I&rsquo;ve been making fun of the situation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Brief COPE est un questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de 28 items con\u00e7u par Charles S. Carver (1997) pour \u00e9valuer 14 strat\u00e9gies distinctes d&rsquo;ajustement face au stress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[260,3,65],"tags":[1223,1224,357,63,16,841,356],"class_list":["post-497","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-psychometriques","category-psychologie-clinique","category-psychologie-de-la-sante","tag-brief-cope","tag-carver","tag-coping","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-psychometrie","tag-regulation-emotionnelle","tag-stress"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=497"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/497\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}