{"id":473,"date":"2026-09-04T09:35:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:35:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/qualite-de-vie-des-enfants-tno-azl-tacqol\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:35:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:35:07","slug":"qualite-de-vie-des-enfants-tno-azl-tacqol","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=qualite-de-vie-des-enfants-tno-azl-tacqol","title":{"rendered":"Qualit\u00e9 de vie des enfants TNO-AZL"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>TNO-AZL Child Quality of Life Questionnaire<\/strong> (<strong>TACQOL<\/strong>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990 conjointement par l&rsquo;Organisation n\u00e9erlandaise pour la recherche scientifique appliqu\u00e9e (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research\">TNO<\/a>) et le centre hospitalier universitaire de Leyde (Leiden University Medical Center \/ AZL), constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence con\u00e7u pour mesurer la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health-related_quality_of_life\">qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9<\/a> (QVLS) chez les enfants et adolescents \u00e2g\u00e9s de 6 \u00e0 15 ans. Cet instrument a pour particularit\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et m\u00e9thodologique d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser la qualit\u00e9 de vie non seulement \u00e0 travers la fr\u00e9quence brute des limitations fonctionnelles, mais en \u00e9valuant explicitement le retentissement \u00e9motionnel subjectif associ\u00e9 \u00e0 ces dysfonctionnements.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire comprend 56 items r\u00e9partis de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e sur 7 sous-\u00e9chelles g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de 8 items chacune : le <em>fonctionnement physique<\/em> (PF), le <em>fonctionnement moteur<\/em> (MF), l&rsquo;<em>autonomie<\/em> (AU), le <em>fonctionnement cognitif<\/em> (CF), le <em>fonctionnement social<\/em> (SF), les <em>\u00e9motions positives<\/em> (PE) et les <em>\u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives<\/em> (NE). Pour les cinq dimensions fonctionnelles, le TACQOL utilise un syst\u00e8me unique de cotation conditionnelle en deux \u00e9tapes : la premi\u00e8re \u00e9value la survenue d&rsquo;un probl\u00e8me fonctionnel (Jamais \/ Parfois \/ Souvent), tandis que la seconde d\u00e9termine la r\u00e9action affective de l&rsquo;enfant face \u00e0 cette limitation (Bien \/ Pas tr\u00e8s bien \/ Mal \/ Tr\u00e8s mal). Ce couplage g\u00e9n\u00e8re un score d&rsquo;item synth\u00e9tique allant de 0 \u00e0 2, o\u00f9 un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te une qualit\u00e9 de vie optimale (absence de plainte ou plainte sans impact affectif d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8re).<\/p>\n<p>Le TACQOL est disponible sous deux formats compl\u00e9mentaires : une version h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e destin\u00e9e aux parents (<em>TACQOL Parent Form<\/em>, TAC-PF pour les 6-11 ans) et une version auto-\u00e9valu\u00e9e destin\u00e9e aux enfants (<em>TACQOL Child Form<\/em>, TAC-CF pour les 8-11 ans et 12-15 ans). Les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques d\u00e9montrent une excellente consistance interne (coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compris entre 0,70 et 0,88 selon les \u00e9chelles), une stabilit\u00e9 test-retest robuste et une validit\u00e9 factorielle confirmant la structure heptadimensionnelle. L&rsquo;instrument discrimine avec pr\u00e9cision les populations p\u00e9diatriques g\u00e9n\u00e9rales des groupes d&rsquo;enfants souffrant de pathologies chroniques (asthme, mucoviscidose, n\u00e9phropathies, h\u00e9mopathies malignes ou s\u00e9quelles de pr\u00e9maturit\u00e9).<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, TACQOL, p\u00e9diatrie, psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation fonctionnelle, auto-\u00e9valuation p\u00e9diatrique, h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation parentale, fonctionnement cognitif, bien-\u00eatre \u00e9motionnel, validit\u00e9 factorielle.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>Le questionnaire TACQOL a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par une \u00e9quipe multidisciplinaire de chercheurs en sant\u00e9 publique, p\u00e9diatres, \u00e9pid\u00e9miologistes et psychom\u00e9triciens rattach\u00e9s \u00e0 <strong>TNO Prevention and Health<\/strong> (Division Sant\u00e9 Publique, Leyde, Pays-Bas) et au <strong>Leiden University Medical Center<\/strong> (LUMC \/ Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ton Vogels<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Psychologue et chercheur en sant\u00e9 publique, TNO Pr\u00e9vention et Sant\u00e9, Leyde, Pays-Bas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gerrit H. Verrips<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Psychom\u00e9tricien et chercheur principal en m\u00e9thodologie d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la sant\u00e9, TNO Pr\u00e9vention et Sant\u00e9 \/ Centre M\u00e9dical Universitaire de Leyde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S. Pauline Verloove-Vanhorick<\/strong>, M.D., Ph.D. \u2014 Professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite de p\u00e9diatrie et de n\u00e9onatalogie, Universit\u00e9 de Leyde ; directrice de recherche \u00e0 TNO Sant\u00e9 Publique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Minne Fekkes<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Chercheur en psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement et interventions scolaires, TNO Pr\u00e9vention et Sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H. Monique Koopman<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Psychologue clinicienne et chercheuse en psychologie p\u00e9diatrique, D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Centre M\u00e9dical Universitaire de Leyde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>N. C. M. Theunissen<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Psychologue de la sant\u00e9 et sp\u00e9cialiste des mesures de r\u00e9sultats rapport\u00e9s par les patients (PROMs), TNO Sant\u00e9 Publique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Renske P. M. Kamphuis<\/strong>, M.Sc. \u2014 Statisticienne et coordinatrice des \u00e9tudes de cohorte p\u00e9diatriques, TNO Pr\u00e9vention et Sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif principal du TACQOL est de mesurer de mani\u00e8re standardis\u00e9e, multidimensionnelle et syst\u00e9matique la qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 (QVLS) chez les enfants et adolescents, en int\u00e9grant \u00e0 la fois la perspective des parents (h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation) et celle des enfants eux-m\u00eames (auto-\u00e9valuation). Le d\u00e9veloppement de cet instrument r\u00e9pondait \u00e0 un manque clinique et m\u00e9thodologique majeur : la plupart des questionnaires p\u00e9diatriques traditionnels se bornaient \u00e0 mesurer le statut fonctionnel objectif (par exemple, la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 courir ou \u00e0 monter les escaliers) sans tenir compte de la d\u00e9tresse subjective ou de la charge \u00e9motionnelle que l&rsquo;enfant associe r\u00e9ellement \u00e0 ses incapacit\u00e9s physiques ou sociales.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan clinique, le TACQOL permet de :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pister les r\u00e9percussions \u00e9motionnelles et psychosociales<\/strong> des maladies aigu\u00ebs et chroniques chez l&rsquo;enfant (diab\u00e8te de type 1, cardiopathies cong\u00e9nitales, arthrite juv\u00e9nile idiopathique, pathologies respiratoires chroniques).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Suivre l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des th\u00e9rapeutiques m\u00e9dicales, chirurgicales et r\u00e9\u00e9ducatives<\/strong> en int\u00e9grant la perspective centr\u00e9e sur le patient (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient-reported_outcome\">Patient-Reported Outcome Measures &#8211; PROMs<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9valuer les trajectoires d\u00e9veloppementales et fonctionnelles<\/strong> \u00e0 long terme d&rsquo;enfants vuln\u00e9rables, notamment les grands pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s ou les enfants ayant pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 un retard de croissance intra-ut\u00e9rin s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faciliter la communication triadique<\/strong> entre le jeune patient, ses parents et les professionnels de sant\u00e9 en objectivant les \u00e9carts de perception quant aux difficult\u00e9s quotidiennes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En recherche \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique et en sant\u00e9 publique, l&rsquo;instrument fournit des donn\u00e9es normatives repr\u00e9sentatives permettant de comparer des cohortes cliniques \u00e0 la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer le co\u00fbt-efficacit\u00e9 des interventions m\u00e9dico-sociales et de quantifier l&rsquo;impact soci\u00e9tal des politiques de sant\u00e9 infantile.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit th\u00e9orique du TACQOL repose sur une mod\u00e9lisation multidimensionnelle de la sant\u00e9 telle que d\u00e9finie par l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization\">Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9<\/a> (OMS), compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par les th\u00e9ories de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation cognitive du stress de Lazarus et Folkman. La qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 y est d\u00e9finie comme le fonctionnement d&rsquo;un individu sur les plans physique, psychologique et social, modul\u00e9 par son \u00e9valuation affective personnelle de ce fonctionnement.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument explore sept dimensions distinctes mais interconnect\u00e9es, articul\u00e9es chacune autour de 8 items :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Fonctionnement physique (Physical Functioning &#8211; PF)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value les habilet\u00e9s motrices globales, l&rsquo;endurance cardiorespiratoire et les sensations de fatigue corporelle au cours des derni\u00e8res semaines. Elle mesure des activit\u00e9s telles que la course, la marche, la station debout prolong\u00e9e, la mont\u00e9e d&rsquo;escaliers et la vitalit\u00e9 physique globale. Les scores bas refl\u00e8tent une limitation motrice majeure ou une fatigue chronique invalidante.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Fonctionnement moteur (Motor Functioning &#8211; MF)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension est centr\u00e9e sur la motricit\u00e9 fine, la coordination visuo-motrice et l&rsquo;agilit\u00e9 praxique. Les items portent sur la maladresse motrice, le fait de l\u00e2cher des objets, la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 faire ses lacets, boutonner ses v\u00eatements, manier un crayon, d\u00e9couper ou faire du v\u00e9lo. Cette \u00e9chelle est particuli\u00e8rement sensible aux troubles d\u00e9veloppementaux de la coordination (dyspraxies) et aux atteintes neurologiques l\u00e9g\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Autonomie (Autonomy &#8211; AU)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;autonomie mesure le niveau d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de l&rsquo;enfant dans la r\u00e9alisation des activit\u00e9s de la vie quotidienne adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 son groupe d&rsquo;\u00e2ge. Elle \u00e9value l&rsquo;aptitude \u00e0 se laver, s&rsquo;habiller, aller aux toilettes, manger seul, rester seul \u00e0 la maison pendant de courtes p\u00e9riodes ou se d\u00e9placer de fa\u00e7on autonome dans le voisinage. Chez l&rsquo;enfant malade chronique, cette \u00e9chelle objective la d\u00e9pendance induite par les soins ou la surprotection parentale.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Fonctionnement cognitif (Cognitive Functioning &#8211; CF)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante explore les fonctions ex\u00e9cutives de base, l&rsquo;attention soutenue, la m\u00e9moire de travail, la vitesse de traitement et les apprentissages scolaires fondamentaux (lecture, calcul, compr\u00e9hension des consignes, expression verbale). Elle permet de d\u00e9tecter l&rsquo;impact des d\u00e9ficits attentionnels ou des absences scolaires r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es sur le sentiment de comp\u00e9tence intellectuelle.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Fonctionnement social (Social Functioning &#8211; SF)<\/h3>\n<p>Le fonctionnement social appr\u00e9hende la qualit\u00e9 des interactions entre pairs, l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration au groupe, les comp\u00e9tences de communication interpersonnelle et l&rsquo;exposition au rejet ou au harc\u00e8lement scolaire. Les items ciblent la facilit\u00e9 \u00e0 nouer des amiti\u00e9s, la participation aux jeux collectifs, les conflits relationnels et le sentiment de timidit\u00e9 ou de mise \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cart.<\/p>\n<h3>6. \u00c9motions positives (Positive Emotions &#8211; PE)<\/h3>\n<p>Contrairement aux \u00e9chelles fonctionnelles, cette dimension \u00e9value directement le bien-\u00eatre psychologique, l&rsquo;optimisme, la jovialit\u00e9, la fiert\u00e9 personnelle, l&rsquo;assurance et la relaxation. Elle mesure les ressources affectives positives de l&rsquo;enfant, qui constituent un facteur protecteur face \u00e0 la maladie.<\/p>\n<h3>7. \u00c9motions n\u00e9gatives (Negative Emotions &#8211; NE)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle mesure l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 et la fr\u00e9quence des affects dysphoriques : tristesse, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, peurs, irritabilit\u00e9, col\u00e8re, sentiment de solitude, ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 et nervosit\u00e9. Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 sur cette dimension (apr\u00e8s inversion de cotation) indique une absence de d\u00e9tresse psychologique et une bonne stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>Le TACQOL s&rsquo;enracine dans le mod\u00e8le conceptuel de la qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 propos\u00e9 par <strong>Wilson et Cleary (1995)<\/strong>, combin\u00e9 \u00e0 la <strong>th\u00e9orie transactionnelle du stress et du coping<\/strong> de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Richard Lazarus<\/a> et Susan Folkman. Dans les mod\u00e8les classiques de la sant\u00e9 biom\u00e9dicale, les dysfonctionnements physiologiques et les limitations fonctionnelles sont suppos\u00e9s d\u00e9terminer directement le bien-\u00eatre de l&rsquo;individu. Or, les concepteurs du TACQOL (Vogels, Verrips et al.) ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la relation entre une incapacit\u00e9 physique objective et la qualit\u00e9 de vie per\u00e7ue est m\u00e9diatis\u00e9e par l&rsquo;<strong>\u00e9valuation cognitive primaire<\/strong> (l&rsquo;importance accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la limitation) et secondaire (les ressources d&rsquo;adaptation disponibles).<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, deux enfants pr\u00e9sentant un degr\u00e9 identique de limitation fonctionnelle (par exemple, une impossibilit\u00e9 de courir vite en raison d&rsquo;un asthme d&rsquo;effort) peuvent faire l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience d&rsquo;une qualit\u00e9 de vie radicalement diff\u00e9rente :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Si l&rsquo;enfant n&rsquo;accorde que peu d&rsquo;importance \u00e0 la performance sportive et compense par des activit\u00e9s artistiques ou sociales valorisantes, son \u00e9valuation affective sera neutre ou positive (<em>\u00ab \u00c7a ne me d\u00e9range pas \u00bb<\/em>), pr\u00e9servant ainsi sa qualit\u00e9 de vie.<\/li>\n<li>Si l&rsquo;enfant valorise avant tout l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration par le sport et vit cette incapacit\u00e9 comme une exclusion humiliante, son \u00e9valuation affective sera tr\u00e8s n\u00e9gative (<em>\u00ab Je me sens tr\u00e8s mal \u00bb<\/em>), entra\u00eenant une d\u00e9gradation marqu\u00e9e de sa qualit\u00e9 de vie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En int\u00e9grant cette d\u00e9marche conditionnelle dans la cotation des items (plainte fonctionnelle coupl\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9ponse \u00e9motionnelle), le TACQOL op\u00e9rationnalise rigoureusement le concept de qualit\u00e9 de vie comme \u00e9tant une <em>\u00e9valuation subjective de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat fonctionnel<\/em> plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;une simple mesure d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 motrice ou physiologique.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan d\u00e9veloppemental, le cadre th\u00e9orique int\u00e8gre la progression cognitive de l&rsquo;enfant. Les enfants de moins de 8 ans \u00e9prouvent souvent des difficult\u00e9s m\u00e9thodologiques \u00e0 conceptualiser le temps et \u00e0 calibrer des \u00e9chelles de Likert complexes ; c&rsquo;est pourquoi une version parentale h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e (TACQOL-PF) est privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e pour les 6-7 ans, tandis que l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation directe (TACQOL-CF) devient la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodologique \u00e0 partir de 8 ans, conform\u00e9ment aux recommandations internationales de la p\u00e9diatrie comportementale.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du TACQOL a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de vastes \u00e9tudes multicentriques portant sur des milliers d&rsquo;enfants issus de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale n\u00e9erlandaise ainsi que sur des cohortes cliniques sp\u00e9cifiques :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,55\">$r = 0,55$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,78$) entre les dimensions du TACQOL et des \u00e9chelles p\u00e9diatriques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence valid\u00e9es au niveau international, telles que le <em>Child Health Questionnaire<\/em> (CHQ), le <em>PedsQL<\/em> et les questionnaires g\u00e9n\u00e9riques <em>DISABKIDS<\/em>. Les sous-\u00e9chelles physiques et motrices du TACQOL corr\u00e8lent fortement avec les \u00e9chelles de sant\u00e9 physique du CHQ, tandis que les sous-\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;\u00e9motions positives et n\u00e9gatives montrent des corr\u00e9lations substantielles avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de bien-\u00eatre psychologique du CHQ et la <em>Child Behavior Checklist<\/em> (CBCL) d&rsquo;Achenbach (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = -0,62\">$r = -0,62$<\/span> pour les probl\u00e8mes internalis\u00e9s).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante et clinique (Groupes connus)<\/h3>\n<p>Le TACQOL d\u00e9montre une excellente validit\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode des groupes connus (<em>known-groups validity<\/em>). L&rsquo;instrument est capable de discriminer significativement (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>, tailles d&rsquo;effet <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"d\">$d$<\/span> de Cohen comprises entre $0,45$ et $1,15$) les enfants sains issus de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et les enfants atteints de diverses pathologies p\u00e9diatriques chroniques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les enfants n\u00e9s tr\u00e8s grands pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s ou avec un tr\u00e8s faible poids de naissance (&lt; 1000 g) pr\u00e9sentent des scores significativement inf\u00e9rieurs sur les \u00e9chelles de motricit\u00e9 (MF), de cognition (CF) et d&rsquo;autonomie (AU).<\/li>\n<li>Les enfants asthmatiques ou atteints de mucoviscidose pr\u00e9sentent des d\u00e9ficits marqu\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de fonctionnement physique (PF).<\/li>\n<li>Les enfants suivis en oncologie p\u00e9diatrique pr\u00e9sentent des r\u00e9ductions notables \u00e0 la fois sur le fonctionnement physique, le fonctionnement social et les \u00e9motions positives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 longitudinale et sensibilit\u00e9 au changement<\/h3>\n<p>Le TACQOL fait preuve d&rsquo;une bonne sensibilit\u00e9 au changement th\u00e9rapeutique (<em>responsiveness<\/em>). Lors d&rsquo;essais cliniques \u00e9valuant des programmes de r\u00e9adaptation motrice ou d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation th\u00e9rapeutique dans l&rsquo;asthme infantile, les scores aux dimensions physiques et \u00e9motionnelles ont augment\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on statistiquement significative post-intervention, avec des tailles d&rsquo;effet standardis\u00e9es variant de $0,35$ \u00e0 $0,60$.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du TACQOL ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re approfondie selon les standards de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_test_theory\">th\u00e9orie classique des tests<\/a> :<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les \u00e9chantillons normatifs de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (plus de 2 500 enfants et parents), les coefficients alpha de Cronbach d\u00e9montrent une tr\u00e8s bonne homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne pour l&rsquo;ensemble des sous-\u00e9chelles, surpassant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le seuil conventionnel de $0,70$ requis pour les comparaisons de groupes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fonctionnement physique (PF)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,78\">$\\alpha = 0,78$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,75\">$\\alpha = 0,75$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fonctionnement moteur (MF)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,76\">$\\alpha = 0,76$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,72\">$\\alpha = 0,72$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autonomie (AU)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,81\">$\\alpha = 0,81$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,74\">$\\alpha = 0,74$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fonctionnement cognitif (CF)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,86\">$\\alpha = 0,86$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,82\">$\\alpha = 0,82$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fonctionnement social (SF)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,74\">$\\alpha = 0,74$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,70\">$\\alpha = 0,70$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9motions positives (PE)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,83\">$\\alpha = 0,83$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,80\">$\\alpha = 0,80$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9motions n\u00e9gatives (NE)<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,85\">$\\alpha = 0,85$<\/span> (version parent) \/ <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,81\">$\\alpha = 0,81$<\/span> (version enfant).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, \u00e9valu\u00e9e sur un intervalle de 2 \u00e0 4 semaines aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;enfants cliniquement stables, a mis en \u00e9vidence des <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intraclass_correlation\">coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse<\/a> (CCI) solides, s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnant de $0,68$ \u00e0 $0,84$ selon les dimensions, attestant d&rsquo;une excellente stabilit\u00e9 temporelle en l&rsquo;absence de modification de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 sous-jacent.<\/p>\n<h3>Accord inter-juges (Parent-Enfant)<\/h3>\n<p>Les corr\u00e9lations entre les \u00e9valuations parentales (TAC-PF) et les auto-\u00e9valuations des enfants (TAC-CF) sont mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 substantielles : plus fortes pour les domaines directement observables tels que le fonctionnement physique et moteur (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,50\">$r = 0,50$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,65$), et plus faibles \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es pour les dimensions affectives et sociales (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,30\">$r = 0,30$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,45$). Cette discordance partielle est universellement retrouv\u00e9e en psychom\u00e9trie p\u00e9diatrique et justifie pleinement la collecte combin\u00e9e des deux sources d&rsquo;information.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>La structure factorielle du TACQOL a fait l&rsquo;objet de validations rigoureuses par analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) puis confirmatoires (AFC) lors de sa standardisation :<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax) men\u00e9es sur les 56 items ont invariablement extrait une solution \u00e0 <strong>7 facteurs distincts<\/strong>, correspondant pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment aux 7 dimensions th\u00e9oriques postul\u00e9es. L&rsquo;ensemble de ces facteurs explique plus de 58 % de la variance totale des scores. Tous les items pr\u00e9sentent des saturations factorielles primaires robustes (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda &gt; 0,50\">$lambda &gt; 0,50$<\/span>, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 d\u00e9passant le seuil de $0,40$) sur leur facteur de rattachement, avec un niveau minimal de saturations crois\u00e9es ind\u00e9sirables (cross-loadings &lt; $0,25$).<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles confirmatoires ont valid\u00e9 l&rsquo;ajustement du mod\u00e8le heptadimensionnel th\u00e9orique aux donn\u00e9es empiriques. Les indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation statistiques respectent les crit\u00e8res m\u00e9thodologiques stricts :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Indice de qualit\u00e9 d&rsquo;ajustement comparatif (<em>Comparative Fit Index<\/em>, CFI) &gt; 0,92.<\/li>\n<li>Indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) &gt; 0,91.<\/li>\n<li>Racine de l&rsquo;erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (<em>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation<\/em>, RMSEA) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"le 0,048\">$le 0,048$<\/span> (intervalle de confiance \u00e0 90 % : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"[0,044 - 0,052]\">$[0,044 &#8211; 0,052]$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9sidu quadratique moyen standardis\u00e9 (SRMR) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"le 0,051\">$le 0,051$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Des analyses d&rsquo;invariance factorielle ont \u00e9galement confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalence structurelle et m\u00e9trique du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 travers les diff\u00e9rentes tranches d&rsquo;\u00e2ge (8-11 ans vs 12-15 ans) ainsi qu&rsquo;entre gar\u00e7ons et filles, attestant que le questionnaire mesure les m\u00eames construits avec une m\u00e9trique stable au sein des sous-groupes d\u00e9mographiques.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> TNO-AZL Child Quality of Life Questionnaire (TACQOL).<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9clinaisons disponibles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>TACQOL Parent Form (TAC-PF)<\/em> : h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation parentale pour les enfants de 6 \u00e0 11 ans (ant\u00e9rieurement 6-15 ans).<\/li>\n<li><em>TACQOL Child Form (TAC-CF)<\/em> : auto-\u00e9valuation pour enfants de 8 \u00e0 11 ans et adolescents de 12 \u00e0 15 ans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 56 items r\u00e9partis en 7 sous-\u00e9chelles de 8 items chacune.<\/li>\n<li><strong>P\u00e9riode de rappel :<\/strong> Les derni\u00e8res semaines \u00e9coul\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mode d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Questionnaire auto-administr\u00e9 sur support papier-crayon ou interface num\u00e9rique s\u00e9curis\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse et cotation conditionnelle :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pour les 5 sous-\u00e9chelles fonctionnelles (PF, MF, AU, CF, SF &#8211; items 1 \u00e0 40) :<\/strong> Syst\u00e8me de cotation conditionnelle \u00e0 deux \u00e9tapes (<em>two-step conditional scoring<\/em>) :\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00c9tape 1 (Fr\u00e9quence de la plainte) :<\/em> Jamais (Never) \/ Parfois (Sometimes) \/ Souvent (Often).<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00c9tape 2 (R\u00e9action \u00e9motionnelle si Parfois ou Souvent) :<\/em> Bien (Fine) \/ Pas tr\u00e8s bien (Not so well) \/ Mal (Bad) \/ Tr\u00e8s mal (Very bad).<\/li>\n<li><em>Score combin\u00e9 par item :<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2 points :<\/strong> Aucune plainte fonctionnelle (\u00ab Jamais \u00bb \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tape 1).<\/li>\n<li><strong>1 point :<\/strong> Plainte pr\u00e9sente (\u00ab Parfois \u00bb ou \u00ab Souvent \u00bb), mais l&rsquo;enfant se sent \u00ab Bien \u00bb ou \u00ab Pas tr\u00e8s bien \u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>0 point :<\/strong> Plainte pr\u00e9sente (\u00ab Parfois \u00bb ou \u00ab Souvent \u00bb), et l&rsquo;enfant se sent \u00ab Mal \u00bb ou \u00ab Tr\u00e8s mal \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pour la sous-\u00e9chelle \u00c9motions positives (PE &#8211; items 41 \u00e0 48) :<\/strong> Cotation directe directe \u00e0 3 points :\n<ul>\n<li>0 = Jamais (Never)<\/li>\n<li>1 = Parfois (Sometimes)<\/li>\n<li>2 = Souvent (Often)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pour la sous-\u00e9chelle \u00c9motions n\u00e9gatives (NE &#8211; items 49 \u00e0 56) :<\/strong> Cotation invers\u00e9e \u00e0 3 points :\n<ul>\n<li>2 = Jamais (Never)<\/li>\n<li>1 = Parfois (Sometimes)<\/li>\n<li>0 = Souvent (Often)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcul des scores des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong> Le score brut de chaque \u00e9chelle s&rsquo;obtient en sommant les 8 items la composant (\u00e9tendue : 0 \u00e0 16 points). Un score plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique syst\u00e9matiquement une meilleure qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 (absence de plaintes fonctionnelles et\/ou retentissement affectif positif). Les scores bruts peuvent \u00eatre convertis lin\u00e9airement sur une \u00e9chelle standardis\u00e9e de 0 \u00e0 100 pour faciliter l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1998 (manuel officiel publi\u00e9 par TNO Pr\u00e9vention et Sant\u00e9 en collaboration avec le Centre M\u00e9dical Universitaire de Leyde).<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tenteur des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> TNO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek) &amp; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et licence :<\/strong> Le questionnaire TACQOL est disponible \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique non commerciale, d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques institutionnelles et d&rsquo;usage clinique p\u00e9diatrique. L&rsquo;enregistrement pr\u00e9alable aupr\u00e8s des d\u00e9tenteurs des droits ou via les plateformes officielles de distribution de PROMs p\u00e9diatriques de TNO est requis pour obtenir les manuels d&rsquo;utilisation, algorithmes de scoring et tables de conversion normatives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation acad\u00e9mique et universitaire est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accord\u00e9e \u00e0 titre gracieux ou contre des frais administratifs symboliques de traitement. Une licence commerciale est requise pour les essais cliniques sponsoris\u00e9s par l&rsquo;industrie pharmaceutique ou les applications priv\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Vogels, T., Verrips, G. H., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., Fekkes, M., Kamphuis, R. P., Koopman, H. M., Theunissen, N. C., &amp; Wit, J. M. (1998). <em>Measuring health-related quality of life in children: The development of the TACQOL<\/em> (TNO report PG\/JGD\/98.056). TNO Prevention and Health.<\/p>\n<p>Verrips, G. H., Vogels, T. G., Koopman, H. M., Theunissen, N. C., Kamphuis, R. P., Fekkes, M., Wit, J. M., &amp; Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (1999). Measuring health-related quality of life in a child population: Translation and psychometric evaluation of the TNO-AZL Child Quality of Life Questionnaire. <em>Quality of Life Research<\/em>, 8(7), 648\u2013655. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008985108394\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008985108394<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Theunissen, N. C., Vogels, T. G., Koopman, H. M., Verrips, G. H., Zwinderman, K. A., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., &amp; Wit, J. M. (1998). The proxy problem: Child report versus parent report in health-related quality of life research. <em>Quality of Life Research<\/em>, 7(5), 387\u2013397. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008801802877\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008801802877<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Vogels, T., Verrips, G. H., Koopman, H. M., Theunissen, N. C., Fekkes, M., &amp; Kamphuis, R. P. (2000). <em>TACQOL \u2013 Handleiding voor gebruikers van de TACQOL Vragenlijsten voor Kwaliteit van Leven van Kinderen<\/em> [TACQOL Manual for users]. Leiden: TNO Preventie en Gezondheid \/ LUMC.<\/p>\n<p>Wilson, I. B., &amp; Cleary, P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life: A conceptual model of patient outcomes. <em>JAMA<\/em>, 273(1), 59\u201365. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520250075037\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520250075037<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<div style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:20px; margin-top:16px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top:0; color:#1e293b; font-size:16px;\">Authentic Response Format<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-size:14px; color:#334155; line-height:1.6;\">\n      <strong>Two-step conditional scoring (Items 1 to 40):<\/strong><br \/>\n      First question assesses functional complaint frequency: <em>Never \/ Sometimes \/ Often<\/em>.<br \/>\n      If &lsquo;Sometimes&rsquo; or &lsquo;Often&rsquo;, emotional reaction is assessed: <em>Fine \/ Not so well \/ Bad \/ Very bad<\/em>.<br \/>\n      <strong>Combined item score:<\/strong><br \/>\n      &bull; <strong>2<\/strong> = No complaint \/ Never<br \/>\n      &bull; <strong>1<\/strong> = Complaint present but feels Fine \/ Not so well<br \/>\n      &bull; <strong>0<\/strong> = Complaint present and feels Bad \/ Very bad\n    <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:14px; color:#334155; line-height:1.6;\">\n      <strong>Positive Emotions (Items 41 to 48 &#8211; Direct Scoring):<\/strong><br \/>\n      &bull; <strong>0<\/strong> = Never &nbsp;|&nbsp; <strong>1<\/strong> = Sometimes &nbsp;|&nbsp; <strong>2<\/strong> = Often\n    <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:14px; color:#334155; line-height:1.6;\">\n      <strong>Negative Emotions (Items 49 to 56 &#8211; Reverse Scoring):<\/strong><br \/>\n      &bull; <strong>2<\/strong> = Never &nbsp;|&nbsp; <strong>1<\/strong> = Sometimes &nbsp;|&nbsp; <strong>0<\/strong> = Often\n    <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Physical Functioning (PF)<\/h3>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> The questionnaire asks about how you\/your child have been feeling and functioning over the past few weeks.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> Two-step conditional scoring: First question assesses functional complaint frequency (Never \/ Sometimes \/ Often). If &#039;Sometimes&#039; or &#039;Often&#039;, emotional reaction is assessed (Fine \/ Not so well \/ Bad \/ Very bad). Combined item score: 2 = No complaint \/ Never; 1 = Complaint present but feels Fine\/Not so well; 0 = Complaint present and feels Bad\/Very bad.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Comprises 7 scales of 8 items each (range 0 to 16 per scale, higher scores indicate better quality of life): 1. Physical Functioning (PF), 2. Motor Functioning (MF), 3. Autonomy (AU), 4. Cognitive Functioning (CF), 5. Social Functioning (SF), 6. Positive Emotions (PE), 7. Negative Emotions (NE). For Positive Emotions, items are scored directly (0=Never, 1=Sometimes, 2=Often). For Negative Emotions, items are reverse-scored (2=Never, 1=Sometimes, 0=Often).\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty running<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty walking<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty standing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty walking up the stairs<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty with balancing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty playing outside<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt physically tired<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was lacking energy \/ had lack of stamina<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty with tasks requiring precision with hands (e.g. cutting\/drawing)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was clumsy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dropped things easily<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty tying shoelaces or buttoning clothes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty writing or holding a pencil<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty catching or throwing a ball<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had trouble riding a bicycle<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty with hand-eye coordination<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty taking care of him\/herself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty washing him\/herself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty dressing him\/herself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty going to the toilet independently<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty eating or drinking independently<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Needed help from others for everyday tasks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Could not stay at home alone for a short time<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was unable to go out independently<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty paying attention \/ concentrating<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty understanding schoolwork or instructions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty remembering things<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty doing arithmetic \/ sums<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty reading<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty expressing him\/herself in words<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Took longer to finish schoolwork or tasks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty learning new things<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty playing with other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was left out \/ excluded by other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was teased or bullied by other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty making friends<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had difficulty starting a conversation with other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had arguments or fights with other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt shy around other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt comfortable around other children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt cheerful<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt joyful \/ had fun<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt energetic \/ enthusiastic<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt proud of him\/herself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt relaxed \/ at ease<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt satisfied with life<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt confident<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt happy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt sad<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt fearful \/ anxious<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt angry or irritated<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt worried<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt lonely<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt insecure \/ self-conscious<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt gloomy \/ down<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Felt restless \/ nervous<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Motor Functioning (MF)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"9\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Had difficulty with tasks requiring precision with hands (e.g. cutting\/drawing)<\/li>\n<li>Was clumsy<\/li>\n<li>Dropped things easily<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty tying shoelaces or buttoning clothes<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty writing or holding a pencil<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty catching or throwing a ball<\/li>\n<li>Had trouble riding a bicycle<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty with hand-eye coordination<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Autonomy (AU)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"17\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Had difficulty taking care of him\/herself<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty washing him\/herself<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty dressing him\/herself<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty going to the toilet independently<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty eating or drinking independently<\/li>\n<li>Needed help from others for everyday tasks<\/li>\n<li>Could not stay at home alone for a short time<\/li>\n<li>Was unable to go out independently<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Cognitive Functioning (CF)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"25\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Had difficulty paying attention \/ concentrating<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty understanding schoolwork or instructions<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty remembering things<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty doing arithmetic \/ sums<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty reading<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty expressing him\/herself in words<\/li>\n<li>Took longer to finish schoolwork or tasks<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty learning new things<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Social Functioning (SF)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"33\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Had difficulty playing with other children<\/li>\n<li>Was left out \/ excluded by other children<\/li>\n<li>Was teased or bullied by other children<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty making friends<\/li>\n<li>Had difficulty starting a conversation with other children<\/li>\n<li>Had arguments or fights with other children<\/li>\n<li>Felt shy around other children<\/li>\n<li>Felt comfortable around other children<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Positive Emotions (PE)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"41\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Felt cheerful<\/li>\n<li>Felt joyful \/ had fun<\/li>\n<li>Felt energetic \/ enthusiastic<\/li>\n<li>Felt proud of him\/herself<\/li>\n<li>Felt relaxed \/ at ease<\/li>\n<li>Felt satisfied with life<\/li>\n<li>Felt confident<\/li>\n<li>Felt happy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"color:#0f172a; margin-top:24px; font-size:15px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.5px;\">Negative Emotions (NE)<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"49\" style=\"line-height:1.8; color:#1e293b;\">\n<li>Felt sad<\/li>\n<li>Felt fearful \/ anxious<\/li>\n<li>Felt angry or irritated<\/li>\n<li>Felt worried<\/li>\n<li>Felt lonely<\/li>\n<li>Felt insecure \/ self-conscious<\/li>\n<li>Felt gloomy \/ down<\/li>\n<li>Felt restless \/ nervous<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le TNO-AZL Child Quality of Life Questionnaire (TACQOL) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9valuant la qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 chez les enfants et adolescents de 6 \u00e0 15 ans \u00e0 travers 7 dimensions et 56 items.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[408,1131,1132],"tags":[1134,709,16,29,1135,1133,1136],"class_list":["post-473","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-cliniques","category-psychometrie-pediatrique","category-qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-sante","tag-pediatrie","tag-proms","tag-psychometrie","tag-qualite-de-vie","tag-sante-infantile","tag-tacqol","tag-tno"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/473","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=473"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/473\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=473"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=473"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}