{"id":406,"date":"2026-09-04T09:08:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/questionnaire-resultats-main-michigan-version-espagnole\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:08:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:08:56","slug":"questionnaire-resultats-main-michigan-version-espagnole","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=questionnaire-resultats-main-michigan-version-espagnole","title":{"rendered":"Questionnaire des r\u00e9sultats de la main du Michigan &#8211; Version espagnole"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Questionnaire des r\u00e9sultats de la main du Michigan \u2013 Version espagnole<\/strong> (<em>Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire &#8211; Spanish Version<\/em>, <strong>MHQ-Sp<\/strong>) constitue une mesure des r\u00e9sultats rapport\u00e9s par les patients (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient-reported_outcome\">Patient-Reported Outcome Measures<\/a>, PROM) sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ue pour \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;impact fonctionnel, esth\u00e9tique et psychosocial des pathologies de la main et du poignet. Adapt\u00e9 et valid\u00e9 conform\u00e9ment aux standards m\u00e9thodologiques internationaux du groupe <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cosmin.nl\/\">COSMIN<\/a> (<em>Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments<\/em>), cet instrument multidimensionnel de 37 items \u00e9value de mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9pendante l&rsquo;\u00e9tat des deux mains (droite et gauche). Le MHQ-Sp se structure autour de six sous-\u00e9chelles distinctes : la fonction globale de la main, les activit\u00e9s de la vie quotidienne (AVQ), la performance au travail, la douleur, l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique et la satisfaction relative \u00e0 la fonction de la main. Les r\u00e9ponses sont recueillies via une \u00e9chelle de type Likert en 5 points, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant des scores normalis\u00e9s de 0 \u00e0 100 o\u00f9 des scores plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s refl\u00e8tent un \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieur (le domaine de la douleur faisant l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une inversion de score). Les analyses psychom\u00e9triques attestent d&rsquo;une excellente coh\u00e9rence interne (alpha de Cronbach compris entre 0,82 et 0,85) et d&rsquo;une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle remarquable (coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse, CCI, variant de 0,74 \u00e0 0,91). La validit\u00e9 convergente est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative robuste avec le questionnaire DASH (<em>Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand<\/em>, r = -0,75), tandis que la validit\u00e9 discriminante est corrobor\u00e9e par l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;association avec des mesures globales de qualit\u00e9 de vie (EQ-5D, r = -0,01) ou la force de pr\u00e9hension brute (r = 0,05). Avec une diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID) \u00e9tablie \u00e0 6,85 points, le MHQ-Sp s&rsquo;impose comme un outil incontournable pour la recherche clinique et le suivi longitudinal en chirurgie orthop\u00e9dique et r\u00e9adaptation fonctionnelle.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Mesures des r\u00e9sultats rapport\u00e9s par les patients (PROM), Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire, psychom\u00e9trie, adaptation transculturelle, orthop\u00e9die, traumatologie de la main, r\u00e9adaptation fonctionnelle, qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, analyse factorielle, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, validit\u00e9 de construit, diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID).<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;adaptation et la validation psychom\u00e9trique de la version espagnole du MHQ ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Cantabrie et de praticiens hospitaliers en Espagne :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mar\u00eda Visitaci\u00f3n Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez<\/strong> \u2014 Chercheuse et clinicienne en sciences de la r\u00e9adaptation, Universit\u00e9 de Cantabrie \/ Hospital Mutua Monta\u00f1esa, Santander, Espagne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carmen Mar\u00eda Sarabia-Cobo<\/strong> \u2014 Professeure agr\u00e9g\u00e9e et chercheuse en sciences infirmi\u00e8res et m\u00e9thodologie de la recherche, D\u00e9partement des sciences infirmi\u00e8res, Universit\u00e9 de Cantabrie, Santander, Espagne. Contact institutionnel : <a href=\"mailto:carmen.sarabia@unican.es\">carmen.sarabia@unican.es<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nuria S\u00e1nchez-Labraca<\/strong> \u2014 Sp\u00e9cialiste en r\u00e9\u00e9ducation orthop\u00e9dique et psychom\u00e9trie clinique, Universit\u00e9 de Cantabrie, Santander, Espagne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument original en langue anglaise a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1998 par Kevin C. Chung, M.S. Pillsbury, M.R. Walters et R.A. Hayward au sein du D\u00e9partement de chirurgie plastique et du Centre m\u00e9dical de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan (Ann Arbor, \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Les l\u00e9sions traumatiques et les affections musculo-squelettiques chroniques de la main et du poignet \u2014 telles que les fractures de l&rsquo;extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 distale du radius, les t\u00e9nosynovites, les compressions nerveuses comme le syndrome du canal carpien, ou la rhizarthrose \u2014 repr\u00e9sentent une proportion majeure des consultations en traumatologie et des arr\u00eats de travail dans le monde. Historiquement, l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des r\u00e9sultats th\u00e9rapeutiques s&rsquo;est presque exclusivement concentr\u00e9e sur des indices biom\u00e9caniques objectifs mesur\u00e9s par le clinicien : amplitude articulaire (goniom\u00e9trie), force de pr\u00e9hension globale (dynamom\u00e9trie de Jamar) ou force de pincement (<em>pinch gauge<\/em>). Bien que cruciaux, ces param\u00e8tres physiques \u00e9chouent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 capturer le fardeau r\u00e9el per\u00e7u par l&rsquo;individu dans son quotidien, son sentiment d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9, ainsi que la souffrance \u00e9motionnelle li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9formation visible de ses mains.<\/p>\n<p>Le MHQ-Sp a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement adapt\u00e9 pour combler ce vide \u00e9valuatif au sein des populations hispanophones. Son objectif principal est de quantifier avec pr\u00e9cision l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience subjective du patient \u00e0 travers une approche biopsychosociale de la sant\u00e9 de la main. En int\u00e9grant des domaines souvent ignor\u00e9s par les questionnaires r\u00e9gionaux g\u00e9n\u00e9riques du membre sup\u00e9rieur \u2014 notamment l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation distincte de chaque main, la composante esth\u00e9tique (image corporelle) et la satisfaction subjective \u2014, l&rsquo;instrument permet aux cliniciens de mesurer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des interventions chirurgicales, pharmacologiques ou de physioth\u00e9rapie.<\/p>\n<p>En pratique clinique et en recherche clinique interventionnelle, le MHQ-Sp sert de crit\u00e8re de jugement principal (<em>primary outcome<\/em>) pour comparer diff\u00e9rents protocoles de r\u00e9\u00e9ducation ou techniques op\u00e9ratoires. Il offre une sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e au changement, permettant d&rsquo;identifier si une am\u00e9lioration num\u00e9rique d\u00e9passe le seuil du changement cliniquement significatif pour le patient, optimisant ainsi la prise de d\u00e9cision partag\u00e9e et les soins centr\u00e9s sur la personne.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par le MHQ-Sp est la <strong>qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 et le statut fonctionnel sp\u00e9cifique de la main et du poignet<\/strong>. Ce macro-construit multidimensionnel se d\u00e9compose en six dimensions latentes interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Fonction globale de la main (Overall Hand Function)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue des composantes motrices, sensorielles et biom\u00e9caniques fondamentales de chaque main prise individuellement. Elle explore la sensation tactile, l&rsquo;amplitude des mouvements digitaux et la force globale rapport\u00e9e au cours de la semaine \u00e9coul\u00e9e. Un patient souffrant d&rsquo;une neuropathie compressive ou d&rsquo;un enraidissement post-traumatique manifestera un d\u00e9ficit marqu\u00e9 sur cette sous-\u00e9chelle.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Activit\u00e9s de la vie quotidienne (Activities of Daily Living &#8211; ADL)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle mesure l&rsquo;impact des d\u00e9ficits sur l&rsquo;autonomie fonctionnelle \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire et instrumentale. Elle combine des t\u00e2ches unimanatrices (tenir un verre d&rsquo;eau, tourner une poign\u00e9e de porte, ramasser une pi\u00e8ce de monnaie, tenir un stylo pour \u00e9crire, manipuler une cl\u00e9) et des t\u00e2ches bimanatrices complexes (boutonner une chemise, lacer ses chaussures, ouvrir un bocal, faire la vaisselle, se laver les cheveux, porter un sac de courses). Elle refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration fonctionnelle de la pr\u00e9hension de force et de pr\u00e9cision dans les routines quotidiennes.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Performance au travail (Work Performance)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension quantifie le retentissement professionnel des probl\u00e8mes de main ou de poignet. Elle \u00e9value l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 temporaire, l&rsquo;allongement du temps requis pour accomplir les t\u00e2ches, la r\u00e9duction du temps de travail, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;adapter ses m\u00e9thodes de travail et l&rsquo;alt\u00e9ration de la qualit\u00e9 du travail produit. Ce domaine est particuli\u00e8rement sensible chez les travailleurs manuels et de bureau.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Douleur (Pain)<\/h3>\n<p>Le domaine de la douleur \u00e9value l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9, la fr\u00e9quence et le retentissement d\u00e9bilitant de l&rsquo;algie sur le sommeil, les activit\u00e9s quotidiennes et le bien-\u00eatre psychologique (apparition d&rsquo;un affect d\u00e9pressif ou d&rsquo;un d\u00e9couragement cons\u00e9cutif \u00e0 la douleur chronique). Dans le syst\u00e8me de cotation, cette dimension est invers\u00e9e afin qu&rsquo;un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 corresponde \u00e0 une absence de douleur.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Esth\u00e9tique (Aesthetics)<\/h3>\n<p>Dimension unique dans les PROMs de la main, l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique mesure l&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;apparence physique de la main sur la g\u00eane sociale, l&rsquo;estime de soi et les comportements d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement ou de dissimulation. Les d\u00e9formations articulaires (polyarthrite rhumato\u00efde, maladie de Dupuytren) ou les cicatrices majeures engendrent fr\u00e9quemment une d\u00e9tresse psychologique que cette sous-\u00e9chelle permet d&rsquo;objectiver avec rigueur.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Satisfaction quant \u00e0 la fonction de la main (Satisfaction with Hand Function)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation entre les attentes du patient et les capacit\u00e9s fonctionnelles r\u00e9elles de sa main. Elle capture le sentiment de contentement global concernant la mobilit\u00e9 articulaire, la force et l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 globale de la main droite et de la main gauche.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le MHQ et son adaptation espagnole reposent th\u00e9oriquement sur le <strong>mod\u00e8le biopsychosocial<\/strong> formalis\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_L._Engel\">George L. Engel<\/a> (1977) et sur la <em>Classification internationale du fonctionnement, du handicap et de la sant\u00e9<\/em> (CIF) promulgu\u00e9e par l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/\">Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9<\/a> (OMS).<\/p>\n<p>Selon cette perspective \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique, une atteinte musculo-squelettique p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique ne peut \u00eatre appr\u00e9hend\u00e9e comme une simple alt\u00e9ration biom\u00e9canique ou structurelle (l\u00e9sion tissulaire, perte de degr\u00e9s de libert\u00e9). Elle s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de trois composantes interd\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les d\u00e9ficiences anatomiques et physiologiques<\/strong> (douleur, diminution de la force, perte de sensibilit\u00e9) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les limitations d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s<\/strong> (difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution des t\u00e2ches manuelles unipolaires et bimanuelles) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les restrictions de participation<\/strong> (impact sur l&rsquo;insertion socioprofessionnelle, stigmatisation li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9formation visible, alt\u00e9ration de la qualit\u00e9 de vie globale).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En outre, l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la dimension esth\u00e9tique mobilise les th\u00e9ories de l&rsquo;<strong>image corporelle<\/strong> et de l&rsquo;adaptation psychologique aux maladies chroniques (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Lazarus &amp; Folkman<\/a>, 1984). La main \u00e9tant \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;organe principal de pr\u00e9hension, de communication non verbale et d&rsquo;interaction sociale, sa d\u00e9formation ou son dysfonctionnement menace directement le sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Bandura\">Albert Bandura<\/a>) et l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 corporelle de l&rsquo;individu. Le MHQ-Sp mat\u00e9rialise cette complexit\u00e9 th\u00e9orique en operationalisant des construits physiques, \u00e9motionnels et \u00e9valuatifs au sein d&rsquo;une m\u00e9trique psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validation psychom\u00e9trique du MHQ-Sp a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduite selon un protocole m\u00e9thodologique strict suivant les recommandations du r\u00e9seau international <strong>COSMIN<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations bivari\u00e9es significatives avec le questionnaire de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disabilities_of_the_Arm,_Shoulder_and_Hand\">DASH<\/a> (<em>Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand<\/em>). Conform\u00e9ment aux hypoth\u00e8ses formul\u00e9es <em>a priori<\/em> :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative robuste a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e entre le score global du MHQ-Sp et le score total du DASH : <strong>r = -0,75<\/strong> (p &lt; 0,001). Cette direction inverse est th\u00e9oriquement attendue, le MHQ mesurant la capacit\u00e9 fonctionnelle (score \u00e9lev\u00e9 = meilleur \u00e9tat) tandis que le DASH mesure l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 (score \u00e9lev\u00e9 = pire \u00e9tat).<\/li>\n<li>Le sous-module professionnel du DASH (DASH-work) pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative solide avec le MHQ-Sp : <strong>r = -0,63<\/strong> (p &lt; 0,001).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante \/ divergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 discriminante confirme que le MHQ-Sp capture sp\u00e9cifiquement le construit fonctionnel et psychologique de la main sans se confondre avec des dimensions de sant\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou des indicateurs purement biom\u00e9caniques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lation avec l&rsquo;indice g\u00e9n\u00e9rique de qualit\u00e9 de vie <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/euroqol.org\/\">EQ-5D<\/a> : <strong>r = -0,01<\/strong> (non significative), d\u00e9montrant l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation sp\u00e9cifique de la main par rapport \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale syst\u00e9mique.<\/li>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lation avec la force de pr\u00e9hension objective mesur\u00e9e au dynamom\u00e8tre : <strong>r = 0,05<\/strong> (non significative), soulignant que la perception subjective de la fonction manuelle n&rsquo;est pas un simple reflet de la force brute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sensibilit\u00e9 au changement et MCID<\/h3>\n<p>La diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (<em>Minimal Clinically Important Difference<\/em>, MCID) a \u00e9t\u00e9 calibr\u00e9e par mod\u00e9lisation ROC (<em>Receiver Operating Characteristic<\/em>), \u00e9tablissant un seuil de <strong>MCID &gt; 6,85 points<\/strong> pour d\u00e9tecter un changement clinique substantiel et significatif aux yeux du patient.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les qualit\u00e9s de pr\u00e9cision m\u00e9trologique du MHQ-Sp ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une double v\u00e9rification de consistance interne et de reproductibilit\u00e9 temporelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des items au sein de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e au moyen du coefficient <strong>alpha de Cronbach<\/strong>. Les valeurs observ\u00e9es s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent entre <strong>0,82 et 0,85<\/strong> pour l&rsquo;ensemble des domaines. Ces coefficients se situent dans la zone id\u00e9ale pr\u00e9conis\u00e9e par Nunnally et Bernstein (1994) : ils exc\u00e8dent largement le crit\u00e8re d&rsquo;acceptabilit\u00e9 minimale de 0,70 requis pour la recherche de groupe, tout en demeurant sous le seuil critique de 0,90 qui caract\u00e9rise fr\u00e9quemment la redondance d&rsquo;items.<\/p>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest et erreur de mesure<\/h3>\n<p>La stabilit\u00e9 temporelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un sous-\u00e9chantillon de patients r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9s apr\u00e8s un intervalle de 10 \u00e0 15 jours, p\u00e9riode durant laquelle aucune modification th\u00e9rapeutique majeure n&rsquo;\u00e9tait introduite :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI, mod\u00e8le \u00e0 effets mixtes) oscillent entre <strong>0,74 et 0,91<\/strong> selon les domaines, attestant d&rsquo;une excellente concordance temporelle.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;erreur type de mesure (<em>Standard Error of Measurement<\/em>, SEM) se situe dans une fourchette \u00e9troite comprise entre <strong>1,70 et 4,67 points<\/strong>, garantissant que les variations de scores observ\u00e9es chez les patients refl\u00e8tent une \u00e9volution clinique r\u00e9elle plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;un bruit de mesure al\u00e9atoire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Pour confirmer la validit\u00e9 de structure de l&rsquo;adaptation espagnole, les chercheurs ont mis en \u0153uvre une approche combin\u00e9e d&rsquo;<strong>Analyse Factorielle Exploratoire (AFE)<\/strong> et d&rsquo;<strong>Analyse Factorielle Confirmatoire (AFC)<\/strong> par mod\u00e9lisation d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_equation_modeling\">Structural Equation Modeling<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e9sultats de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;AFC a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e pour v\u00e9rifier l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit\u00e9 de chacune des six sous-\u00e9chelles th\u00e9oriques du mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;origine de Chung et ses collaborateurs (1998). Les indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation globale (<em>Goodness-of-fit<\/em>) ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une excellente concordance avec les donn\u00e9es empiriques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Indice de concordance comparative (CFI) :<\/strong> &gt; 0,95, attestant d&rsquo;une ad\u00e9quation sup\u00e9rieure aux crit\u00e8res standards de Hu et Bentler (1999).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) :<\/strong> &gt; 0,95, confirmant la parcimonie et la robustesse du mod\u00e8le.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (RMSEA) :<\/strong> &lt; 0,06 (intervalle de confiance \u00e0 90 % satisfaisant), d\u00e9montrant une faible divergence entre la matrice de covariance observ\u00e9e et la matrice th\u00e9orique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Toutes les saturations factorielles standardis\u00e9es (<em>factor loadings<\/em>) des 37 items sur leurs dimensions latentes respectives \u00e9taient statistiquement significatives (p &lt; 0,001) et sup\u00e9rieures au seuil conventionnel de 0,50, validant formellement l&rsquo;invariance structurelle de la version espagnole par rapport \u00e0 la version princeps am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire des r\u00e9sultats de la main du Michigan \u2013 Version espagnole (<em>Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire &#8211; Spanish Version<\/em>, MHQ-Sp).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire standardis\u00e9 rapport\u00e9 par le patient (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-report_study\">Patient-Reported Outcome Measure<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format et nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 37 items r\u00e9partis en 6 sous-\u00e9chelles, avec \u00e9valuation distincte de la main droite et de la main gauche pour les items unimanoteurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert ordinale en 5 points.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Patients adultes (18 \u00e0 65 ans) pr\u00e9sentant des pathologies traumatiques, d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives ou neurologiques de la main et du poignet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Auto-administration sur support papier-crayon ou interface num\u00e9rique s\u00e9curis\u00e9e (temps de passation moyen : 10 \u00e0 15 minutes).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Directives de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Chaque domaine produit un score brut qui est lin\u00e9airement transform\u00e9 sur une \u00e9chelle normalis\u00e9e de 0 \u00e0 100 points.<\/li>\n<li>Pour les domaines 1 (Fonction globale), 2 (AVQ), 3 (Travail), 5 (Esth\u00e9tique) et 6 (Satisfaction), un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u00e9note un fonctionnement ou une satisfaction sup\u00e9rieurs.<\/li>\n<li>Le domaine 4 (Douleur) fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une inversion de cotation (Score normalis\u00e9 = 100 &#8211; Score brut transform\u00e9), de sorte qu&rsquo;un score de 100 indique l&rsquo;absence totale de douleur.<\/li>\n<li>Le <strong>Score Global du MHQ<\/strong> est obtenu en effectuant la moyenne arithm\u00e9tique des scores normalis\u00e9s des 6 sous-\u00e9chelles (Somme des 6 domaines divis\u00e9e par 6).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Seuil d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation clinique :<\/strong> Diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID) &gt; 6,85 points.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication de l&rsquo;adaptation espagnole :<\/strong> 2024.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle originale :<\/strong> 1998 (Universit\u00e9 du Michigan).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et permissions :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation clinique et acad\u00e9mique de l&rsquo;instrument est soumise \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorisation des d\u00e9tenteurs de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle. Le projet de validation espagnol a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement approuv\u00e9 par les auteurs originaux (Code d&rsquo;enregistrement MHQ IR : #3372).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s au questionnaire \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique non commerciale et de pratique clinique hospitali\u00e8re publique est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement gratuit sous r\u00e9serve d&rsquo;enregistrement aupr\u00e8s du comit\u00e9 de gestion du MHQ (Universit\u00e9 du Michigan). L&rsquo;exploitation dans le cadre d&rsquo;essais cliniques sponsoris\u00e9s par l&rsquo;industrie pharmaceutique ou des dispositifs m\u00e9dicaux peut faire l&rsquo;objet de frais de licence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les travaux th\u00e9oriques, m\u00e9thodologiques et empiriques sous-tendant le MHQ et son adaptation espagnole comprennent les publications majeures suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., &amp; Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. <em>Spine<\/em>, 25(24), 3186\u20133191. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Chung, K. C., Pillsbury, M. S., Walters, M. R., &amp; Hayward, R. A. (1998). Reliability and validity testing of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. <em>The Journal of Hand Surgery<\/em>, 23(4), 575\u2013587. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80042-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80042-7<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dacombe, P. J., Amirfeyz, R., &amp; Davis, T. (2016). Patient-reported outcome measures for hand and wrist trauma: Is there sufficient evidence of reliability, validity and responsiveness? <em>Hand<\/em>, 11(1), 11\u201321. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558944715614855\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558944715614855<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hu, L., &amp; Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. <em>Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal<\/em>, 6(1), 1\u201355. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hudak, P. L., Amadio, P. C., &amp; Bombardier, C. (1996). Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: The DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand). <em>American Journal of Industrial Medicine<\/em>, 29(6), 602\u2013608. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199606)29:6&lt;602::AID-AJIM4&gt;3.0.CO;2-L\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199606)29:6&lt;602::AID-AJIM4&gt;3.0.CO;2-L<\/a><\/li>\n<li>London, D. A., Stepan, J. G., &amp; Calfee, R. P. (2014). Determining the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire minimal clinically important difference by means of three methods. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>, 133(3), 616\u2013625. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000034\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000034<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. V., Sarabia-Cobo, C. M., &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Labraca, N. (2024). Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire &#8211; Spanish Version. <em>Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research<\/em>, 19, Article 234. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-024-04723-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-024-04723-x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., &amp; de Vet, H. C. W. (2010). The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. <em>Journal of Clinical Epidemiology<\/em>, 63(7), 737\u2013745. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Nunnally, J. C., &amp; Bernstein, I. H. (1994). <em>Psychometric theory<\/em> (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.<\/li>\n<li>Shauver, M. J., &amp; Chung, K. C. (2013). The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire after 15 years of field trial. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>, 131(5), 779\u2013787. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182865d83\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182865d83<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This questionnaire asks about your right and left hands and wrists. Please answer every question by checking the box that best describes your condition during the past week.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 37 items, 5-point Likert scale\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> The MHQ consists of 6 domains: 1. Overall Hand Function, 2. Activities of Daily Living (ADL), 3. Work Performance, 4. Pain, 5. Aesthetics, and 6. Satisfaction. For domains 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, higher scores denote better performance\/satisfaction. For domain 4 (Pain), higher scores indicate greater pain. Domain scores are normalized to a scale of 0 to 100.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-scoring-formula\" style=\"background:#ecfdf5; border-left:4px solid #10b981; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:18px; font-size:13.5px; color:#065f46;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#064e3b;\">Scoring Formula:<\/strong> ScoringRaw scores for each domain are converted to a 0-100 scale. The pain domain is reverse-scored. The total score is calculated by summing the six domain scores and dividing by six. Higher scores indicate better hand function.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">I.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Overall Hand Function<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Overall, how well did your right hand work during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Overall, how well did your left hand work during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the sensation (feeling) in your right hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the sensation (feeling) in your left hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the movement in your right hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the movement in your left hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the strength in your right hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How was the strength in your left hand during the past week?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">II. Activities of Daily Living<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to hold a glass of water with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to turn a doorknob with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to pick up a coin with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to hold a book to read with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to hold a pen or pencil to write with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to use a key to unlock a door with your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to button a shirt?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to tie shoe laces?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to open a jar?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to wash your dishes?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to wash your hair?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How difficult was it for you to carry a grocery bag?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">III. Work Performance<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often were you unable to do your work because of problems with your hand(s)\/wrist(s)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did you take longer to do your work because of problems with your hand(s)\/wrist(s)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did you have to reduce your work hours because of problems with your hand(s)\/wrist(s)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did you have to change the way you do your work because of problems with your hand(s)\/wrist(s)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often was the quality of your work affected because of problems with your hand(s)\/wrist(s)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">IV. Pain<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did you have pain in your right hand\/wrist? \/ left hand\/wrist?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How severe was the pain in your right hand\/wrist? \/ left hand\/wrist?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did the pain in your hand(s)\/wrist(s) interfere with your sleep?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did the pain in your hand(s)\/wrist(s) interfere with your daily activities?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did the pain in your hand(s)\/wrist(s) make you feel unhappy\/depressed?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">V.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Aesthetics<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How satisfied are you with the appearance of your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did the appearance of your right hand make you feel self-conscious? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did the appearance of your right hand interfere with your social activities? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often did you try to hide your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">VI. Satisfaction<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Overall, how satisfied are you with the function of your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How satisfied are you with the motion of the fingers in your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How satisfied are you with the strength in your right hand? \/ left hand?<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e et validation transculturelle du Questionnaire des r\u00e9sultats de la main du Michigan &#8211; Version espagnole (MHQ-Sp), un outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique multidimensionnel de 37 items pour la main et le poignet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[408,910,2],"tags":[916,911,912,915,913,29,914,325],"class_list":["post-406","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-cliniques","category-orthopedie-et-readaptation","category-psychometrie","tag-cosmin","tag-mhq","tag-mhq-sp","tag-orthopedie","tag-patient-reported-outcome-measures","tag-qualite-de-vie","tag-sante-de-la-main","tag-validation-transculturelle"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/406\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}