{"id":337,"date":"2026-09-04T08:40:06","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T08:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/questionnaire-sur-le-fonctionnement-visuel-du-national-eye-institute\/"},"modified":"2026-09-04T08:40:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T08:40:06","slug":"questionnaire-sur-le-fonctionnement-visuel-du-national-eye-institute","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=questionnaire-sur-le-fonctionnement-visuel-du-national-eye-institute","title":{"rendered":"Questionnaire sur le fonctionnement visuel du National Eye Institute"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Questionnaire sur le fonctionnement visuel du National Eye Institute<\/strong> (<em>National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire<\/em>, NEI VFQ-25) constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale, \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer de fa\u00e7on standardis\u00e9e la qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 visuelle (<em>Vision-Related Quality of Life<\/em>, VRQoL). Alors que l&rsquo;ophtalmologie clinique conventionnelle s&rsquo;appuie principalement sur des mesures objectives telles que l&rsquo;acuit\u00e9 visuelle, la p\u00e9rim\u00e9trie ou la tonom\u00e9trie oculaire, ces param\u00e8tres biom\u00e9dicaux ne refl\u00e8tent que partiellement l&rsquo;impact fonctionnel, psychologique et social v\u00e9cu au quotidien par les patients atteints de d\u00e9ficiences visuelles. Le NEI VFQ-25 a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour pallier cette lacune m\u00e9thodologique en fournissant une mesure rapport\u00e9e par le patient (<em>Patient-Reported Outcome Measure<\/em>, PROM).<\/p>\n<p>Compos\u00e9 de 25 items fondamentaux r\u00e9partis au sein de 12 sous-\u00e9chelles multidimensionnelles (sant\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, vision globale, douleur oculaire, activit\u00e9s de pr\u00e8s, activit\u00e9s de loin, fonctionnement social, sant\u00e9 mentale, difficult\u00e9s de r\u00f4le, d\u00e9pendance, conduite automobile, vision des couleurs et vision p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique), le questionnaire g\u00e9n\u00e8re un score composite standardis\u00e9 variant de 0 \u00e0 100, o\u00f9 les valeurs les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es t\u00e9moignent d&rsquo;une pr\u00e9servation optimale du fonctionnement visuel. Les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;adaptation transculturelle et de validation psychom\u00e9trique, notamment men\u00e9es en Europe, en Am\u00e9rique du Nord et en Asie, d\u00e9montrent une consistance interne robuste (alpha de Cronbach fr\u00e9quemment sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 0,70 voire 0,85 pour la majorit\u00e9 des domaines), une excellente fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest et une sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e aux variations cliniques observ\u00e9es chez des patients atteints de pathologies vari\u00e9es telles que la d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence maculaire li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e2ge (DMLA), la r\u00e9tinopathie diab\u00e9tique, le glaucome ou la cataracte.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, d\u00e9ficience visuelle, psychom\u00e9trie, mesure rapport\u00e9e par le patient, ophtalmologie, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, validit\u00e9 de construit, adaptation transculturelle, NEI VFQ-25, analyse factorielle.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de la version originale de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence du NEI VFQ-25 a \u00e9t\u00e9 coordonn\u00e9 par le <em>National Eye Institute<\/em> (NEI) et le groupe de recherche de RAND Corporation, sous la direction principale du Dr Carol M. Mangione et de ses collaborateurs cliniciens et m\u00e9thodologistes (notamment Peter P. Lee, Paul R. Gutierrez, Karen L. Spritzer, Sharon Berry et Ron D. Hays).<\/p>\n<p>Dans le cadre de l&rsquo;adaptation transculturelle et de la validation clinique analys\u00e9e dans les cohortes europ\u00e9ennes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (notamment en Serbie) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bojan Kova\u010d<\/strong> \u2014 Clinique d&rsquo;ophtalmologie, Acad\u00e9mie m\u00e9dicale militaire, Belgrade (bojankovac1978@yahoo.com)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Miroslav Vukosavljevi\u0107<\/strong> \u2014 Clinique d&rsquo;ophtalmologie, Acad\u00e9mie m\u00e9dicale militaire, Belgrade (vuki@eunet.rs)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jelena Djoki\u0107 Kova\u010d<\/strong> \u2014 Clinique d&rsquo;ophtalmologie, Acad\u00e9mie m\u00e9dicale militaire, Belgrade (jelenadjokic2003@yahoo.co.uk)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mirko Resan<\/strong> \u2014 Clinique d&rsquo;ophtalmologie, Acad\u00e9mie m\u00e9dicale militaire, Belgrade (resan.mirko@gmail.com)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Goran Trajkovi\u0107<\/strong> \u2014 Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Belgrade (gtrajkovic@gmail.com)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Janko Jankovi\u0107<\/strong> \u2014 Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Belgrade (drjankojankovic@yahoo.com)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Milena Smiljanic<\/strong> \u2014 Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Belgrade (ciki1611@yahoo.com)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anita Grgurevi\u0107<\/strong> \u2014 Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Belgrade (anita.grgurevic@gmail.com)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Dans la pratique clinique et la recherche \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique en <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ophtalmologie\">ophtalmologie<\/a>, la dissociation entre les indicateurs biom\u00e9dicaux traditionnels et l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience subjective des patients constitue une pr\u00e9occupation m\u00e9thodologique majeure. Deux patients pr\u00e9sentant une acuit\u00e9 visuelle mesur\u00e9e identique sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Snellen peuvent rapporter des niveaux de restriction fonctionnelle, d&rsquo;angoisse et d&rsquo;autonomie dramatiquement contrast\u00e9s. Les \u00e9chelles g\u00e9n\u00e9riques d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la qualit\u00e9 de vie, \u00e0 l&rsquo;instar du SF-36, bien qu&rsquo;utiles pour appr\u00e9hender l&rsquo;\u00e9tat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d&rsquo;un individu, s&rsquo;av\u00e8rent insuffisamment sensibles pour d\u00e9tecter les r\u00e9percussions tr\u00e8s sp\u00e9cifiques des pathologies oculaires sur des t\u00e2ches pr\u00e9cises comme la lecture de petits caract\u00e8res, les d\u00e9placements dans l&rsquo;obscurit\u00e9 ou la crainte de la c\u00e9cit\u00e9 progressive.<\/p>\n<p>Le NEI VFQ-25 a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 pour combler ce vide \u00e9valuatif. Son objectif est de quantifier avec pr\u00e9cision l&rsquo;influence des atteintes oculaires sur les aspects physiques, psychologiques et sociaux de la vie courante. Il permet aux cliniciens de mesurer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 th\u00e9rapeutique des interventions chirurgicales (telles que la phaco\u00e9mulsification dans le traitement de la cataracte) ou pharmacologiques (notamment les injections intravitr\u00e9ennes d&rsquo;anti-VEGF dans la DMLA) \u00e0 travers le prisme direct du b\u00e9n\u00e9fice per\u00e7u par le patient.<\/p>\n<p>En recherche translationnelle et en \u00e9conomie de la sant\u00e9, le NEI VFQ-25 sert de crit\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation principal ou secondaire dans les essais cliniques randomis\u00e9s. Il fournit des donn\u00e9es probantes indispensables pour appr\u00e9cier le fardeau de la maladie (<em>burden of disease<\/em>), orienter la r\u00e9adaptation basse vision et guider les d\u00e9cisions de remboursement des th\u00e9rapies innovantes en documentant les gains qualitatifs r\u00e9els apport\u00e9s aux patients.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le concept central mesur\u00e9 par le NEI VFQ-25 est la <strong>qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 visuelle<\/strong> (<em>Vision-Targeted Health-Related Quality of Life<\/em>). Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un construit psychologique et fonctionnel multidimensionnel englobant non seulement les capacit\u00e9s sensorielles directes, mais \u00e9galement les r\u00e9percussions \u00e9motionnelles, les limitations de r\u00f4les et le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de l&rsquo;individu.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00e9tail des 12 dimensions \u00e9valu\u00e9es :<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sant\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (General Health) :<\/strong> \u00c9value l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation globale de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 physique et per\u00e7u du patient, servant de variable d&rsquo;ancrage et de contr\u00f4le contextuel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision globale (General Vision) :<\/strong> Mesure l&rsquo;appr\u00e9ciation subjective qu&rsquo;a le patient de son acuit\u00e9 et de son efficacit\u00e9 visuelle globale bilat\u00e9rale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Douleur oculaire (Ocular Pain) :<\/strong> Quantifie l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9, la fr\u00e9quence et le retentissement des sensations douloureuses, br\u00fblures ou inconforts au niveau des globes oculaires et de la r\u00e9gion p\u00e9riorbitaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activit\u00e9s de pr\u00e8s (Near Activities) :<\/strong> \u00c9value les difficult\u00e9s rencontr\u00e9es lors de l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution de t\u00e2ches n\u00e9cessitant une vision de pr\u00e8s nette, telles que la lecture des journaux, la couture, l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;outils de pr\u00e9cision ou la cuisine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activit\u00e9s de loin (Distance Activities) :<\/strong> Mesure les obstacles perceptifs lors d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s exigeant une vision \u00e0 moyenne ou longue distance, comme la lecture des panneaux de signalisation, la reconnaissance des visages \u00e0 distance ou la fr\u00e9quentation d&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nements sportifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fonctionnement social (Social Functioning) :<\/strong> Explore l&rsquo;impact des troubles visuels sur les interactions interpersonnelles, la vie communautaire et la participation \u00e0 des r\u00e9unions de famille ou de loisirs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sant\u00e9 mentale (Mental Health) :<\/strong> Analyse le fardeau psycho-\u00e9motionnel directement imputable aux d\u00e9ficits visuels, notamment l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9volution de la pathologie, la d\u00e9tresse psychologique et la frustration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficult\u00e9s de r\u00f4le (Role Difficulties) :<\/strong> Mesure les restrictions dans la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 accomplir des t\u00e2ches professionnelles ou domestiques habituelles en raison de la baisse de vision.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pendance (Dependency) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de solliciter l&rsquo;aide de tiers pour des activit\u00e9s quotidiennes, traduisant une perte d&rsquo;autonomie fonctionnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conduite automobile (Driving) :<\/strong> Appr\u00e9cie les difficult\u00e9s ressenties au volant dans des conditions standard, nocturnes ou m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques d\u00e9favorables.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision des couleurs (Color Vision) :<\/strong> \u00c9value les obstacles li\u00e9s \u00e0 la discrimination chromatique dans les choix vestimentaires ou les t\u00e2ches quotidiennes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique (Peripheral Vision) :<\/strong> Mesure les g\u00eanes associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction du champ visuel lat\u00e9ral, notamment lors de la marche ou du rep\u00e9rage d&rsquo;obstacles lat\u00e9raux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique du NEI VFQ-25 s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychom%C3%A9trie\">psychom\u00e9trie<\/a> moderne, de la psychologie de la sant\u00e9 et du mod\u00e8le bio-psycho-social formalis\u00e9 par l&rsquo;Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (OMS) dans la Classification internationale du fonctionnement, du handicap et de la sant\u00e9 (CIF). Selon ce cadre, une alt\u00e9ration organique (d\u00e9ficience oculaire) ne se traduit pas de fa\u00e7on lin\u00e9aire en incapacit\u00e9 fonctionnelle ou en d\u00e9savantage social : l&rsquo;environnement physique, les ressources psychologiques individuelles et les exigences de la vie quotidienne modulent l&rsquo;expression finale du handicap.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;approche d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Carol M. Mangione et le groupe de RAND s&rsquo;appuie sur la th\u00e9orie classique des tests (TCT) ainsi que sur les m\u00e9thodologies d&rsquo;analyse multi-traits (<em>Multi-Trait \/ Multi-Item Scaling<\/em>) formalis\u00e9es par Campbell et Fiske. L&rsquo;objectif \u00e9tait d&rsquo;obtenir un instrument poss\u00e9dant une structure factorielle stable, une redondance minimale entre sous-\u00e9chelles et une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 optimale. Par la suite, de nombreuses \u00e9tudes ont examin\u00e9 le NEI VFQ-25 \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de la th\u00e9orie de la r\u00e9ponse aux items (TRI) et du mod\u00e8le de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le_de_Rasch\">Rasch<\/a>, mettant en \u00e9vidence les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s d&rsquo;invariance de mesure, l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation des seuils de r\u00e9ponse et la hi\u00e9rarchie de difficult\u00e9 des items \u00e0 travers diff\u00e9rentes pathologies oculaires.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du NEI VFQ-25 a \u00e9t\u00e9 abondamment document\u00e9e dans des populations cliniques diversifi\u00e9es (cataracte, r\u00e9tinopathie diab\u00e9tique, DMLA, glaucome, uv\u00e9ite).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de validation serbe men\u00e9e par Kova\u010d et al. (2015), ainsi que dans les travaux originaux am\u00e9ricains et les adaptations europ\u00e9ennes (version fran\u00e7aise par Nordmann et al., 2004 ; version italienne par Rossi et al., 2003), l&rsquo;analyse multi-traits a confirm\u00e9 une validit\u00e9 convergente robuste : la corr\u00e9lation item-\u00e9chelle corrig\u00e9e d\u00e9passait le seuil standard de 0,40 pour la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des items. La validit\u00e9 discriminante a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par le fait que les items corr\u00e8lent significativement plus avec leur dimension th\u00e9orique d&rsquo;appartenance qu&rsquo;avec les autres sous-\u00e9chelles.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de crit\u00e8re et clinique<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 concurrente a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par la corr\u00e9lation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 forte entre les sous-\u00e9chelles du NEI VFQ-25 et les dimensions correspondantes du questionnaire g\u00e9n\u00e9rique SF-36 (notamment entre la sant\u00e9 mentale visuelle et la dimension de sant\u00e9 mentale globale du SF-36, <em>r<\/em> &gt; 0,50). La validit\u00e9 clinique est attest\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations statistiquement significatives entre les scores aux sous-\u00e9chelles de vision de pr\u00e8s, vision de loin et score composite avec les mesures objectives d&rsquo;acuit\u00e9 visuelle au meilleur \u0153il et les indices p\u00e9rim\u00e9triques de champ visuel (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001).<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du NEI VFQ-25 d\u00e9montrent une consistance et une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle satisfaisantes dans de multiples contextes linguistiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach global pour le score composite d\u00e9passe r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement 0,90. Pour les sous-\u00e9chelles individuelles comprenant plusieurs items, les valeurs d&rsquo;alpha varient typiquement entre 0,71 et 0,89 (ex. activit\u00e9s de pr\u00e8s : \u03b1 \u2248 0,84 ; sant\u00e9 mentale : \u03b1 \u2248 0,86 ; d\u00e9pendance : \u03b1 \u2248 0,82 ; vision de loin : \u03b1 \u2248 0,78). Seules les sous-\u00e9chelles tr\u00e8s courtes ou sp\u00e9cifiques (telles que la douleur oculaire ou les difficult\u00e9s de r\u00f4le) pr\u00e9sentent occasionnellement des valeurs oscillant entre 0,65 et 0,75.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> \u00c9valu\u00e9e sur des intervalles de 1 \u00e0 2 semaines chez des patients cliniquement stables, la reproductibilit\u00e9 temporelle mesur\u00e9e par les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) se situe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,75 et 0,94, confirmant la stabilit\u00e9 de la mesure en l&rsquo;absence de modification de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat oculaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;exploration de la structure interne du NEI VFQ-25 a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduite \u00e0 travers des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) par extraction du maximum de vraisemblance avec rotation varimax, ainsi que par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC). Ces travaux confirment une architecture multidimensionnelle hi\u00e9rarchique :<\/p>\n<p>Dans la plupart des analyses factorielles, deux grands facteurs sous-jacents de second ordre \u00e9mergent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Un <strong>facteur fonctionnel visuel<\/strong> regroupant les activit\u00e9s de pr\u00e8s, les activit\u00e9s de loin, la vision globale et la vision p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique.<\/li>\n<li>Un <strong>facteur socio-\u00e9motionnel<\/strong> int\u00e9grant la sant\u00e9 mentale, la d\u00e9pendance, les difficult\u00e9s de r\u00f4le et le fonctionnement social.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>La sous-\u00e9chelle \u00ab Conduite automobile \u00bb est fr\u00e9quemment trait\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on distincte dans les analyses factorielles en raison d&rsquo;un taux \u00e9lev\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es manquantes (par exemple plus de 70 % chez les sujets \u00e2g\u00e9s ne conduisant plus ou n&rsquo;ayant jamais conduit). Les mod\u00e9lisations par la th\u00e9orie de r\u00e9ponse aux items (mod\u00e8le de notation par cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;Andrich) ont par ailleurs confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;ordonnancement satisfaisant des cat\u00e9gories de r\u00e9ponses pour la majorit\u00e9 des items.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation ou h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation administr\u00e9e par entretien en face-\u00e0-face \/ t\u00e9l\u00e9phone.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 25 items dans la version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e standard (avec possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;adjoindre 12 items optionnels dans la version \u00e9tendue).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Formats \u00e0 choix multiples adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la nature des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s (\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;accord, de fr\u00e9quence ou d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 de difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 5 ou 6 modalit\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure de cotation :<\/strong> Chaque item est recod\u00e9 sur une \u00e9chelle lin\u00e9aire de 0 \u00e0 100 points, o\u00f9 0 repr\u00e9sente la plus mauvaise qualit\u00e9 de vie\/fonction visuelle et 100 la meilleure. Les scores des sous-\u00e9chelles correspondent \u00e0 la moyenne des items constitutifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score composite global :<\/strong> Calcul\u00e9 par la moyenne non pond\u00e9r\u00e9e de l&rsquo;ensemble des sous-\u00e9chelles, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exclusion de l&rsquo;item de sant\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 minutes en moyenne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adultes et personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es (40 ans et plus) consultant en ophtalmologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 2001 pour la version VFQ-25 (la version pr\u00e9liminaire de 51 items ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e en 1998).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et accessibilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 sous les auspices du <em>National Eye Institute<\/em> et des Instituts Nationaux de la Sant\u00e9 (NIH) des \u00c9tats-Unis, le questionnaire est accessible dans le domaine public \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique et d&rsquo;usage clinique non commercial.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Gratuit pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique et la recherche universitaire non sponsoris\u00e9e. Les adaptations et traductions officielles doivent respecter les guides m\u00e9thodologiques du groupe NEI \/ RAND.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Campbell, D. T., &amp; Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. <em>Psychological Bulletin<\/em>, 56(2), 81\u2013105. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046016\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0046016<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kova\u010d, B., Vukosavljevi\u0107, M., Djoki\u0107 Kova\u010d, J., Resan, M., Trajkovi\u0107, G., Jankovi\u0107, J., Smiljanic, M., &amp; Grgurevi\u0107, A. (2015). Validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) in Serbian patients. <em>Health and Quality of Life Outcomes<\/em>, 13, Article 142. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-015-0330-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-015-0330-5<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mangione, C. M., Berry, S., Spritzer, K., Janz, N. K., Klein, R., Owsley, C., &amp; Lee, P. P. (1998). Identifying the content area for the 51-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire: results from focus groups with visually impaired persons. <em>Archives of Ophthalmology<\/em>, 116(2), 227\u2013233. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.116.2.227\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.116.2.227<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mangione, C. M., Lee, P. P., Gutierrez, P. R., Spritzer, K., Berry, S., &amp; Hays, R. D. (2001). Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. <em>Archives of Ophthalmology<\/em>, 119(7), 1050\u20131058. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Marella, M., Pesudovs, K., Keeffe, J. E., O\u2019Connor, P. M., Rees, G., &amp; Lamoureux, E. L. (2010). The psychometric validity of the NEI VFQ-25 for use in a low-vision population. <em>Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science<\/em>, 51(6), 2878\u20132884. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4494\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-4494<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Nordmann, J. P., Viala, M., Sullivan, K., Arnould, B., &amp; Berdeaux, G. (2004). Psychometric validation of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire &#8211; 25 (NEI VFQ-25) French version: in a population of patients treated for ocular hypertension and glaucoma. <em>PharmacoEconomics<\/em>, 22(3), 197\u2013206. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00019053-200422030-00005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00019053-200422030-00005<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pesudovs, K., Gothwal, V. K., Wright, T., &amp; Lamoureux, E. L. (2010). Remediating serious flaws in the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. <em>Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery<\/em>, 36(5), 718\u2013732. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.11.019\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.11.019<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rossi, G. C., Milano, G., &amp; Tinelli, C. (2003). The Italian version of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire: translation, validity, and reliability. <em>Journal of Glaucoma<\/em>, 12(3), 213\u2013220. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00061198-200306000-00006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00061198-200306000-00006<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This survey asks you about your health and your visual functioning. Please answer every question by selecting the appropriate response option.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 25 primary items (plus 12 optional items), multiple-choice response formats\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Items are recoded to a 0-100 scale (where 100 represents the best possible visual functioning\/well-being and 0 represents the worst). Subscales include: General Health, General Vision, Ocular Pain, Near Activities, Distance Activities, Social Functioning, Mental Health, Role Difficulties, Dependency, Driving, Color Vision, and Peripheral Vision. A composite score is calculated as the unweighted mean of all subscale scores except General Health.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-scoring-formula\" style=\"background:#ecfdf5; border-left:4px solid #10b981; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:18px; font-size:13.5px; color:#065f46;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#064e3b;\">Scoring Formula:<\/strong> ScoringEach subscale is converted to a 0 to 100 scale, where higher scores indicate better vision-specific quality of life. The composite score is the mean of all items excluding the general health item.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In general, would you say your overall health is: (Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">At the present time, would you say your eyesight using both eyes (with glasses or contact lenses, if you wear them) is: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Very poor, or Completely blind)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much of the time do you worry about your eyesight? (None of the time, A little of the time, Some of the time, Most of the time, All of the time)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much pain or discomfort have you had in and around your eyes (for example, burning, itching, or aching)? (None, Mild, Moderate, Severe, Very severe)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much difficulty do you have reading ordinary print in newspapers? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much difficulty do you have doing work or hobbies that require you to see well up close, such as cooking, sewing, fixing things around the house, or using hand tools? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have finding something on a crowded shelf? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much difficulty do you have reading street signs or the names of stores? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have going down steps, stairs, or curbs in dim light or at night? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have noticing objects off to the side while you are walking along? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have seeing how people react to things you say? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have picking out and matching your own clothes? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have visiting with people in their homes, at parties, or in restaurants? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of your eyesight, how much difficulty do you have going out to see movies, plays, or sports events? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Now, I&#039;d like to ask about driving. Do you currently drive, at least once in a while? (Yes, No)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">15c.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>How much difficulty do you have driving during the daytime in familiar places? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much difficulty do you have driving at night? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">16a.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>How much difficulty do you have driving in difficult conditions, such as in bad weather, during rush hour, on the freeway, or in city traffic? (No difficulty at all, A little difficulty, Moderate difficulty, Extreme difficulty, Stopped doing this because of your eyesight, Stopped doing this for other reasons or not interested)<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you accomplish less than you would like to because of your vision? (All of the time, Most of the time, Some of the time, A little of the time, None of the time)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Are you limited in how long you can work or do other activities because of your vision? (All of the time, Most of the time, Some of the time, A little of the time, None of the time)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much does pain or discomfort in or around your eyes keep you from doing what you&#039;d like to be doing? (All of the time, Most of the time, Some of the time, A little of the time, None of the time)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I stay home most of the time because of my eyesight. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel frustrated a lot of the time because of my eyesight. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have much less control over what I do, because of my eyesight. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because of my eyesight, I have to rely too much on what other people tell me. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I need a lot of help from others because of my eyesight. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I worry about doing things that will embarrass myself or others, because of my eyesight. (Definitely true, Mostly true, Not sure, Mostly false, Definitely false)<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du Questionnaire sur le fonctionnement visuel du National Eye Institute (NEI VFQ-25) : structure factorielle, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et utilit\u00e9 clinique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[701,2,26],"tags":[129,244,702,704,703,243],"class_list":["post-337","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-ophtalmologie","category-psychometrie","category-qualite-de-vie","tag-evaluation-psychometrique","tag-fidelite","tag-nei-vfq-25","tag-ophtalmologie","tag-qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-vision","tag-validite"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=337"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/337\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=337"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=337"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}