{"id":19057,"date":"2026-10-18T17:31:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T17:31:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/dispositif-devaluation-familiale-de-mcmaster\/"},"modified":"2026-10-18T17:31:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T17:31:58","slug":"dispositif-devaluation-familiale-de-mcmaster","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=dispositif-devaluation-familiale-de-mcmaster","title":{"rendered":"Dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation familiale de McMaster"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation familiale de McMaster<\/strong> (<em>McMaster Family Assessment Device<\/em> ou <em>FAD<\/em>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Nathan B. Epstein, Lawrence M. Baldwin et Duane S. Bishop en 1983. Con\u00e7u pour op\u00e9rationnaliser le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McMaster_Model_of_Family_Functioning\">mod\u00e8le de fonctionnement familial de McMaster<\/a> (<em>McMaster Model of Family Functioning<\/em>, MMFF), cet outil \u00e9value la perception globale et multidimensionnelle qu&rsquo;ont les membres d&rsquo;une famille de leurs dynamiques relationnelles, organisationnelles et \u00e9motionnelles. Le questionnaire s&rsquo;adresse aux individus \u00e2g\u00e9s de 12 ans et plus vivant sous le m\u00eame toit et comprend un total de 60 items r\u00e9partis sur sept sous-\u00e9chelles distinctes : la <strong>r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes<\/strong> (<em>Problem Solving<\/em>, 6 items), la <strong>communication<\/strong> (<em>Communication<\/em>, 9 items), la <strong>d\u00e9finition des r\u00f4les<\/strong> (<em>Roles<\/em>, 11 items), la <strong>r\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective<\/strong> (<em>Affective Responsiveness<\/em>, 6 items), l&rsquo;<strong>engagement affectif<\/strong> (<em>Affective Involvement<\/em>, 7 items), le <strong>contr\u00f4le du comportement<\/strong> (<em>Behavior Control<\/em>, 9 items) et le <strong>fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/strong> (<em>General Functioning<\/em>, 12 items).<\/p>\n<p>Les participants r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle ordinale de type Likert en 4 points, gradu\u00e9e de 1 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Agree<\/em>) \u00e0 4 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Disagree<\/em>). Le syst\u00e8me de cotation pr\u00e9voit l&rsquo;inversion des items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re pathologique ou dysfonctionnelle de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;un score moyen \u00e9lev\u00e9 (oscillant entre 1,00 et 4,00) traduise syst\u00e9matiquement un fonctionnement familial plus alt\u00e9r\u00e9 ou inefficace, des seuils cliniques valid\u00e9s empiriquement permettant d&rsquo;identifier les familles \u00ab saines \u00bb versus \u00ab dysfonctionnelles \u00bb. Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, le FAD fait preuve d&rsquo;une consistance interne robuste, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach s&rsquo;\u00e9talant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de 0,72 \u00e0 0,92 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles et les populations cliniques ou non cliniques \u00e9tudi\u00e9es. Sa validit\u00e9 concourante, divergente et pr\u00e9dictive a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 travers une multitude de contextes transculturels, notamment pour d\u00e9pister la d\u00e9tresse syst\u00e9mique lors de l&rsquo;apparition de pathologies psychiatriques, de maladies somatiques chroniques p\u00e9diatriques ou d&rsquo;affections neurologiques chez l&rsquo;adulte.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Fonctionnement familial, Mod\u00e8le de McMaster, Th\u00e9rapie syst\u00e9mique, Psychom\u00e9trie, \u00c9valuation clinique, R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes, Communication intrafamiliale, R\u00f4les familiaux, R\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective, Contr\u00f4le du comportement.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>Le <em>Family Assessment Device<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 au sein du d\u00e9partement de psychiatrie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Brown et de l&rsquo;h\u00f4pital Butler \u00e0 Providence (Rhode Island, \u00c9tats-Unis), ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 des sciences de la sant\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 McMaster (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada). Les concepteurs initiaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sont :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nathan B. Epstein, M.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychiatrie et de comportement humain \u00e0 la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/\">Brown University<\/a> et pionnier des approches syst\u00e9miques ax\u00e9es sur les comp\u00e9tences familiales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lawrence M. Baldwin, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Statisticien et chercheur en sciences sociales, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la mod\u00e9lisation psychom\u00e9trique des dynamiques interpersonnelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duane S. Bishop, M.D.<\/strong> : Professeur agr\u00e9g\u00e9 de psychiatrie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Brown et directeur clinique des programmes de r\u00e9adaptation et de psychiatrie de liaison.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;adaptation et la standardisation n\u00e9erlandaise de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es par Willem F. Maillette de Buy Wenniger, W. J. J. M. Hageman et Willem A. Arrindell (1993) au sein du d\u00e9partement de psychologie clinique de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Groningue (Pays-Bas).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>Le Dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation familiale de McMaster a pour objectif premier de quantifier objectivement les param\u00e8tres structurels, interactifs et fonctionnels du syst\u00e8me familial. Contrairement \u00e0 de nombreux paradigmes psychanalytiques ou psychopathologiques traditionnels centr\u00e9s exclusivement sur la symptomatologie individuelle du \u00ab patient d\u00e9sign\u00e9 \u00bb, le FAD adopte une perspective <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systems_theory\">syst\u00e9mique<\/a> et transactionnelle. Il postule que la sant\u00e9 psychique d&rsquo;un individu est intimement corr\u00e9l\u00e9e \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 de son unit\u00e9 familiale \u00e0 accomplir des t\u00e2ches quotidiennes, \u00e0 r\u00e9guler les crises d\u00e9veloppementales et \u00e0 maintenir un \u00e9quilibre hom\u00e9ostatique satisfaisant.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications cliniques<\/h3>\n<p>En pratique clinique, le FAD est principalement employ\u00e9 comme outil de d\u00e9pistage syst\u00e9matique (<em>screening<\/em>) et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation pr\u00e9traitement dans le cadre de th\u00e9rapies de couple et de famille. Il permet aux cliniciens :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D&rsquo;identifier avec pr\u00e9cision les domaines sp\u00e9cifiques de d\u00e9faillance syst\u00e9mique (par exemple, une communication indirecte et masqu\u00e9e combin\u00e9e \u00e0 un contr\u00f4le rigide du comportement) versus les comp\u00e9tences pr\u00e9serv\u00e9es sur lesquelles fonder l&rsquo;intervention th\u00e9rapeutique.<\/li>\n<li>D&rsquo;utiliser la sous-\u00e9chelle autonome de \u00ab Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb (12 items) pour d\u00e9terminer rapidement si une famille pr\u00e9sente un profil \u00e0 risque n\u00e9cessitant une prise en charge sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e, avec un seuil d\u00e9cisionnel valid\u00e9 aux alentours de 2,00.<\/li>\n<li>De confronter les perceptions divergentes des diff\u00e9rents membres de la famille (parents, adolescents) afin de mettre en lumi\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00e9ventuelles asym\u00e9tries perceptuelles et de d\u00e9samorcer les d\u00e9nis ou les projections pathologiques.<\/li>\n<li>De mesurer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 empirique des interventions de soutien familial, de psycho\u00e9ducation ou de psychoth\u00e9rapie br\u00e8ve par des passations r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es pr\u00e9- et post-traitement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Applications en recherche<\/h3>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale et appliqu\u00e9e en psychologie de la sant\u00e9, en p\u00e9diatrie et en psychiatrie, le FAD sert de standard de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour \u00e9tudier l&rsquo;impact r\u00e9ciproque entre la maladie somatique chronique (diab\u00e8te de type 1, cancer p\u00e9diatrique, traumatisme cr\u00e2nien, accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral) et le climat relationnel familial. Il est \u00e9galement largement exploit\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques analysant la transmission interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle des troubles anxio-d\u00e9pressifs, les d\u00e9terminants de l&rsquo;observance th\u00e9rapeutique chez les adolescents ou encore les m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9silience face aux stresseurs socio-\u00e9conomiques majeurs.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le FAD op\u00e9rationnalise le fonctionnement familial non pas comme une entit\u00e9 monolithique, mais comme un construit multidimensionnel articul\u00e9 autour de six dimensions cardinales du mod\u00e8le de McMaster, auxquelles s&rsquo;ajoute une septi\u00e8me dimension int\u00e9gratrice \u00e9valuant le bien-\u00eatre syst\u00e9mique global.<\/p>\n<h3>1. R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes (<em>Problem Solving<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;entit\u00e9 familiale \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 un niveau maintenant un fonctionnement efficace. Le mod\u00e8le distingue les probl\u00e8mes d&rsquo;ordre <em>instrumental<\/em> (t\u00e2ches logistiques quotidiennes, gestion financi\u00e8re, h\u00e9bergement, alimentation) des probl\u00e8mes d&rsquo;ordre <em>affectif<\/em> (conflits \u00e9motionnels, col\u00e8res, sentiments de rejet). Les six items \u00e9valuent l&rsquo;habilet\u00e9 de la famille \u00e0 franchir avec succ\u00e8s les \u00e9tapes successives de la r\u00e9solution : identification de l&rsquo;impasse, communication aux personnes concern\u00e9es, \u00e9laboration de strat\u00e9gies alternatives, prise de d\u00e9cision, mise en \u0153uvre de l&rsquo;action et \u00e9valuation r\u00e9trospective de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de la solution choisie.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Communication (<em>Communication<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>La communication intrafamiliale est analys\u00e9e selon deux continuums orthogonaux : clair versus masqu\u00e9 (le message verbal est-il explicite ou voil\u00e9 ?) et direct versus indirect (le message s&rsquo;adresse-t-il directement \u00e0 la personne cibl\u00e9e ou transite-t-il par un interm\u00e9diaire\/bouc \u00e9missaire ?). Le FAD s&rsquo;int\u00e9resse principalement \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9change verbal d&rsquo;informations, en accordant une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des membres \u00e0 verbaliser sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 leurs ressentis, leurs requ\u00eates et leurs m\u00e9contentements.<\/p>\n<h3>3. R\u00f4les (<em>Roles<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>La sous-\u00e9chelle des r\u00f4les explore les sch\u00e9mas r\u00e9p\u00e9titifs de comportement par lesquels les membres de la famille accomplissent les fonctions n\u00e9cessaires au maintien du syst\u00e8me. Elle englobe l&rsquo;attribution, l&rsquo;acceptation et l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution effective de cinq cat\u00e9gories de fonctions essentielles : l&rsquo;apport des ressources mat\u00e9rielles, l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et la socialisation des enfants, le soutien affectif mutuel, la gestion et la maintenance du foyer, et la gratification sexuelle des partenaires. Les items \u00e9valuent l&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue dans la distribution des t\u00e2ches, la clart\u00e9 des attributions et l&rsquo;obligation de rendre compte (<em>accountability<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>4. R\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective (<em>Affective Responsiveness<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante \u00e9value l&rsquo;aptitude de la famille \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des stimuli internes ou environnementaux par un \u00e9ventail \u00e9motionnel appropri\u00e9 en termes de qualit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9. Le mod\u00e8le classe les \u00e9motions en sentiments de bien-\u00eatre (affection, tendresse, r\u00e9confort, joie) et sentiments de d\u00e9tresse (tristesse, col\u00e8re, peur). Une r\u00e9activit\u00e9 optimale se caract\u00e9rise par la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression spontan\u00e9e de ces affects sans r\u00e9pression excessive ni dramatisation disproportionn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Engagement affectif (<em>Affective Involvement<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;engagement affectif \u00e9value le degr\u00e9 et la modalit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat, du soin et de la pr\u00e9occupation que les membres de la famille investissent mutuellement dans leurs activit\u00e9s personnelles respectives. Le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique situe cette dynamique sur un continuum allant de l&rsquo;absence totale d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat (d\u00e9sengagement froid) \u00e0 l&rsquo;intrusion symbiotique (sur-implication narcissique ou contr\u00f4le \u00e9touffant), le fonctionnement sain r\u00e9sidant dans un int\u00e9r\u00eat centr\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;autre (<em>empathic involvement<\/em>), respectueux de son alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 et de son autonomie individuelle.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Contr\u00f4le du comportement (<em>Behavior Control<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Le contr\u00f4le comportemental correspond aux r\u00e8gles et standards instaur\u00e9s par la famille pour r\u00e9guler la conduite de ses membres dans trois domaines cruciaux : les situations de danger physique direct (utilisation du feu, s\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re), l&rsquo;expression et la canalisation des pulsions psychobiologiques (agressivit\u00e9, faim, sexualit\u00e9) et les interactions sociales intrafamiliales et extrafamiliales. Quatre styles de contr\u00f4le sont th\u00e9oris\u00e9s : rigide, flexible (consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le plus adaptatif), laxiste (laisser-faire) et chaotique (incoh\u00e9rent et impr\u00e9visible).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (<em>General Functioning<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de 12 items repr\u00e9sentatifs des diff\u00e9rentes facettes du mod\u00e8le, cette \u00e9chelle transversale fournit une mesure synth\u00e9tique et robuste de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 ou de pathologie de l&rsquo;ensemble du syst\u00e8me familial. Elle \u00e9value l&rsquo;acceptation inconditionnelle, l&rsquo;entraide mutuelle dans les moments critiques, la coh\u00e9sion globale et l&rsquo;harmonie quotidienne ressentie au sein du foyer.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>Le FAD repose int\u00e9gralement sur le <strong>mod\u00e8le de fonctionnement familial de McMaster<\/strong> (MMFF), une approche conceptuelle d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e d\u00e8s la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960 par Nathan Epstein et ses coll\u00e8gues cliniciens \u00e0 l&rsquo;H\u00f4pital g\u00e9n\u00e9ral juif de Montr\u00e9al puis \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 McMaster. Ce mod\u00e8le s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systems_theory\">th\u00e9orie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des syst\u00e8mes<\/a> formalis\u00e9e par Ludwig von Bertalanffy, de la cybern\u00e9tique du premier et second ordre, et des th\u00e9rapies familiales structurelles initi\u00e9es par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salvador_Minuchin\">Salvador Minuchin<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Principes syst\u00e9miques fondamentaux<\/h3>\n<p>Le MMF s&rsquo;appuie sur une s\u00e9rie de postulats ontologiques fondamentaux :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Totalit\u00e9 et interd\u00e9pendance :<\/strong> Toutes les composantes d&rsquo;une famille sont interconnect\u00e9es de telle sorte qu&rsquo;un changement survenant chez l&rsquo;un des membres retentit in\u00e9vitablement sur l&rsquo;ensemble de la structure et d\u00e9clenche des processus de r\u00e9troaction (<em>feedback loops<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-sommativit\u00e9 :<\/strong> Le syst\u00e8me familial ne peut \u00eatre compris comme la simple addition des personnalit\u00e9s individuelles qui le composent ; il poss\u00e8de des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9mergentes, des r\u00e8gles implicites et une morphog\u00e9n\u00e8se propres.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hom\u00e9ostasie et adaptation :<\/strong> Pour survivre et cro\u00eetre, une famille doit maintenir une hom\u00e9ostasie protectrice tout en d\u00e9montrant une flexibilit\u00e9 morphog\u00e9n\u00e9tique lui permettant d&rsquo;ajuster ses fronti\u00e8res, ses r\u00e8gles et ses hi\u00e9rarchies lors du franchissement des \u00e9tapes du cycle de vie familiale (naissance d&rsquo;un enfant, adolescence, d\u00e9part des a\u00een\u00e9s, vieillissement).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le orient\u00e9 vers la sant\u00e9 :<\/strong> Contrairement aux nosologies psychiatriques ax\u00e9es sur le d\u00e9ficit, le mod\u00e8le de McMaster con\u00e7oit la \u00ab normalit\u00e9 \u00bb familiale non comme l&rsquo;absence absolue de conflits, mais comme l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 pragmatique avec laquelle la famille r\u00e9sout les t\u00e2ches instrumentales et expressives indispensables \u00e0 son \u00e9panouissement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du FAD a fait l&rsquo;objet de v\u00e9rifications empiriques exhaustives au cours des quatre derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, sur des cohortes cliniques (patients hospitalis\u00e9s en psychiatrie, consultations conjugales, familles d&rsquo;enfants atteints d&rsquo;affections chroniques) et des \u00e9chantillons normatifs issus de la communaut\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes entre les sous-\u00e9chelles du FAD et d&rsquo;autres instruments syst\u00e9miques \u00e9prouv\u00e9s. Notamment, la sous-\u00e9chelle <em>Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/em> pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations hautement significatives (variant de <em>r<\/em> = 0,55 \u00e0 <em>r<\/em> = 0,78, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de coh\u00e9sion et d&rsquo;adaptabilit\u00e9 du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FACES_III\">FACES<\/a> (<em>Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales<\/em>) de David Olson, ainsi qu&rsquo;avec le <em>Family Environment Scale<\/em> (FES) de Moos. Par ailleurs, des associations n\u00e9gatives substantielles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9es entre le bon fonctionnement familial mesur\u00e9 par le FAD et l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 des scores d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de d\u00e9pression mesur\u00e9s par le BDI (<em>Beck Depression Inventory<\/em>) ou le SCL-90-R.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;une des forces majeures du FAD r\u00e9side dans son pouvoir de discrimination clinique. Les travaux originaux d&rsquo;Epstein, Baldwin et Bishop (1983) ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les sept sous-\u00e9chelles diff\u00e9rencient significativement les familles issues de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des familles issues de cohortes psychiatriques ambulatoires ou hospitali\u00e8res (<em>F<\/em> &gt; 18,5, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,0001). Des scores de coupure clinique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9s : un score sup\u00e9rieur ou \u00e9gal \u00e0 2,00 sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ou sur la sous-\u00e9chelle de R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes signale une probabilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e de perturbation syst\u00e9mique significative sur le plan clinique.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 et de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle attestent d&rsquo;une excellente consistance m\u00e9trologique du Dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation familiale de McMaster \u00e0 travers des groupes d&rsquo;\u00e2ges et des statuts socioculturels vari\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon princeps de validation (Epstein et al., 1983) comprenant 503 individus r\u00e9partis dans 112 familles, les coefficients alpha de Cronbach calcul\u00e9s pour chaque sous-\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissaient comme suit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes (6 items) : &alpha; = 0,74<\/li>\n<li>Communication (9 items) : &alpha; = 0,75<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f4les (11 items) : &alpha; = 0,72<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective (6 items) : &alpha; = 0,83<\/li>\n<li>Engagement affectif (7 items) : &alpha; = 0,78<\/li>\n<li>Contr\u00f4le du comportement (9 items) : &alpha; = 0,72<\/li>\n<li>Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (12 items) : &alpha; = 0,92<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La r\u00e9plication n\u00e9erlandaise men\u00e9e par Maillette de Buy Wenniger et ses collaborateurs (1993) a mis en \u00e9vidence des indices alpha tr\u00e8s comparables, s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de 0,71 pour le Contr\u00f4le du comportement \u00e0 0,89 pour le Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Les adaptations internationales subs\u00e9quentes (italienne, chinoise, espagnole) confirment que l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral atteint syst\u00e9matiquement une valeur &alpha; oscillant entre 0,86 et 0,93.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9s sur des intervalles allant de deux \u00e0 huit semaines aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons de contr\u00f4le non soumis \u00e0 une intervention th\u00e9rapeutique. Les coefficients de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest rapport\u00e9s par Miller et ses collaborateurs (1985) s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent entre <em>r<\/em> = 0,66 et <em>r<\/em> = 0,76 pour les six dimensions primaires, et atteignent <em>r<\/em> = 0,71 \u00e0 <em>r<\/em> = 0,82 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale de Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, illustrant une stabilit\u00e9 ad\u00e9quate des repr\u00e9sentations familiales en dehors de tout \u00e9v\u00e9nement de vie disruptif.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;exploration de la structure factorielle latente du FAD a mobilis\u00e9 des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) par composantes principales suivies de rotations obliques (Promax ou Oblimin), ainsi que de nombreuses analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) \u00e0 \u00e9quations structurelles.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses factorielles exploratoires<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la d\u00e9rivation initiale de l&rsquo;instrument, Epstein et al. ont soumis un r\u00e9servoir initial de plus de 100 items \u00e0 l&rsquo;analyse factorielle. La structure finale \u00e0 60 items a \u00e9t\u00e9 isol\u00e9e sur la base de saturations primaires significatives (&lambda; &ge; 0,40) sur les facteurs vis\u00e9s et d&rsquo;une contamination crois\u00e9e minimale (&lambda; &le; 0,25 sur les facteurs secondaires). L&rsquo;\u00e9mergence empirique d&rsquo;un facteur transversal dominant repr\u00e9sentant le \u00ab Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb a corrobor\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une variance commune partag\u00e9e par l&rsquo;ensemble des dimensions transactionnelles de la famille.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses factorielles confirmatoires<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations confirmatoires conduites dans la litt\u00e9rature contemporaine (notamment Kabacoff et al., 1990 ; Georgiades et al., 2008) ont examin\u00e9 plusieurs architectures th\u00e9oriques : un mod\u00e8le orthogonal \u00e0 six facteurs, un mod\u00e8le oblique \u00e0 sept facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s et un mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre o\u00f9 le Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral coiffe les six facteurs sp\u00e9cifiques. Le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 sept facteurs obliques pr\u00e9sente g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le meilleur ajustement aux donn\u00e9es observ\u00e9es (avec un RMSEA compris entre 0,045 et 0,062, un CFI &gt; 0,90 et un TLI &gt; 0,89), attestant que les dimensions du mod\u00e8le de McMaster capturent des facettes distinctes mais interconnect\u00e9es de l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me familial.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation syst\u00e9mique (auto-rapport\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adolescents (\u00e0 partir de 12 ans) et adultes cohabitant au sein du m\u00eame foyer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Environ 15 \u00e0 20 minutes pour le protocole complet \u00e0 60 items ; environ 5 minutes pour l&rsquo;utilisation isol\u00e9e de la sous-\u00e9chelle de Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (12 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 60 items r\u00e9partis en 7 \u00e9chelles cliniques :<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes : 6 items (2, 12, 24, 38, 50, 60)<\/li>\n<li>Communication : 9 items (3, 14, 18, 22, 29, 35, 43, 52, 59)<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f4les : 11 items (4, 8, 10, 15, 23, 30, 34, 40, 45, 53, 58)<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective : 6 items (9, 19, 28, 39, 49, 57)<\/li>\n<li>Engagement affectif : 7 items (5, 13, 25, 33, 37, 42, 54)<\/li>\n<li>Contr\u00f4le du comportement : 9 items (7, 17, 20, 27, 32, 44, 47, 48, 55)<\/li>\n<li>Fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral : 12 items (1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51, 56)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle ordinale de Likert en 4 points : 1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Disagree, 4 = Strongly Disagree.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Les items sont partag\u00e9s entre formulations de fonctionnement sain (orient\u00e9 positivement) et fonctionnement dysfonctionnel (orient\u00e9 n\u00e9gativement).<\/li>\n<li>Pour les items sains, la cotation directe s&rsquo;applique (1 = Strongly Agree \u00e0 4 = Strongly Disagree), ce qui signifie qu&rsquo;un d\u00e9saccord attribue un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 pathologique.<\/li>\n<li>Pour les items dysfonctionnels, la cotation est invers\u00e9e (1 = 4, 2 = 3, 3 = 2, 4 = 1) afin d&rsquo;assurer l&rsquo;uniformit\u00e9 m\u00e9trologique : un score individuel \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u00e9note toujours une perception de dysfonctionnement plus marqu\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li>Le score moyen de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle est obtenu en divisant la somme arithm\u00e9tique des scores des items par le nombre total d&rsquo;items valid\u00e9s dans ladite sous-\u00e9chelle, produisant une moyenne th\u00e9orique situ\u00e9e entre 1,00 et 4,00.<\/li>\n<li>Un score moyen sup\u00e9rieur ou \u00e9gal \u00e0 2,00 sur une \u00e9chelle donn\u00e9e est couramment admis en recherche clinique comme indicateur d&rsquo;un fonctionnement probl\u00e9matique ou pathog\u00e8ne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 1983 (version n\u00e9erlandaise : 1993).<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tenteurs des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Nathan B. Epstein, Lawrence M. Baldwin et Duane S. Bishop ; D\u00e9partement de psychiatrie de la Brown University \/ Butler Hospital.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut d&rsquo;utilisation et politique de licence :<\/strong> Le FAD est largement consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans la communaut\u00e9 scientifique internationale comme un instrument ouvert \u00e0 la recherche acad\u00e9mique et \u00e0 la pratique clinique sans but lucratif. L&rsquo;utilisation dans le cadre de protocoles d&rsquo;investigation universitaires ou de th\u00e8ses est autoris\u00e9e sous r\u00e9serve de citation bibliographique rigoureuse de l&rsquo;article princeps de 1983.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Aucun co\u00fbt d&rsquo;acquisition de licence logicielle n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique papier-crayon standard. Certaines plateformes commerciales de sant\u00e9 num\u00e9rique ou d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychologique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e peuvent toutefois appliquer des frais d&rsquo;administration ou de num\u00e9risation propri\u00e9taires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Arrindell, W. A., &amp; Maillette de Buy Wenniger, W. F. (1993). Nederlands Family Assessment Device (FAD): Construct- en predictieve validiteit bij ambulante psychiatrische pati\u00ebnten. <em>Gedrag &amp; Gezondheid<\/em>, 21(4), 195-207.<\/p>\n<p>Byles, J., Byrne, C., Boyle, M. H., &amp; Offord, D. R. (1988). Ontario Child Health Study: Reliability and validity of the General Functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. <em>Family Process<\/em>, 27(1), 97-104. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., &amp; Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. <em>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy<\/em>, 9(2), 171-180. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., &amp; Levin, S. (1978). The McMaster Model of Family Functioning. <em>Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling<\/em>, 4(4), 19-31. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Georgiades, K., Boyle, M. H., Jenkins, J. M., Sanford, M., &amp; Lipman, E. (2008). A comparison of the factor structure of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in clinical and nonclinical samples. <em>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy<\/em>, 34(3), 390-401. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00078.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00078.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kabacoff, R. I., Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., &amp; Epstein, N. B. (1990). A factor analytic study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. <em>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy<\/em>, 16(1), 85-97. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1990.tb00827.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1990.tb00827.x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Miller, I. W., Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., &amp; Keitner, G. I. (1985). The McMaster Family Assessment Device: Reliability and validity. <em>Journal of Marital and Family Therapy<\/em>, 11(4), 345-356. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00028.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00028.x<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This questionnaire contains a number of statements about families. Please read each statement carefully, and decide how well it describes your own family. You should answer for your family as it is now. Next to each statement, there are four possible responses: Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD). Please indicate your choice for each statement.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 4-point Likert scale: 1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = Disagree, 4 = Strongly Disagree\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> The FAD consists of 7 scales: Problem Solving (items 2, 12, 24, 38, 50, 60), Communication (items 3, 14, 18, 22, 29, 35, 43, 52, 59), Roles (items 4, 8, 10, 15, 23, 30, 34, 40, 45, 53, 58), Affective Responsiveness (items 9, 19, 28, 39, 49, 57), Affective Involvement (items 5, 13, 25, 33, 37, 42, 54), Behavior Control (items 7, 17, 20, 27, 32, 44, 47, 48, 55), and General Functioning (items 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51, 56). Items are divided into healthy and unhealthy functioning. For unhealthy items, scoring is reversed (or healthy items scored directly: 1=Strongly Agree to 4=Strongly Disagree, with higher scores reflecting poorer\/unhealthier functioning). Each scale score is computed by dividing the sum of the item responses by the number of items in that scale.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Planning family activities is difficult because we misunderstand each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We resolve most everyday problems that arise around the house.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When someone is upset the others know why.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You cannot tell who is in charge of a household task from day to day.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If someone is in trouble, the others become too involved.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In times of crisis we can turn to each other for support.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We don&#039;t know what to do when an emergency arises.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We sometimes run out of things that we need.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are reluctant to show our affection for each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We make sure members meet their family responsibilities.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We cannot talk to each other about the sadness we feel.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We usually see a problem through to the end.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You only get the interest of others when something is important to them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can&#039;t tell how a person is feeling from what they are saying.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Family tasks don&#039;t get done.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Individuals are accepted for what they are.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can easily get away with breaking the rules.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People come right out and say things instead of hinting at them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of us just don&#039;t respond emotionally.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We know what to do in an emergency.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We avoid discussing our fears and concerns.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is difficult to talk to each other about tender feelings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We have trouble meeting our financial obligations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">After our family tries to solve a problem, we usually discuss whether it worked or not.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are too self-centered.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We can express feelings to each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We have no clear rules about who may talk to whom and about what.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We do not show our love to each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We talk to people directly rather than through go-betweens.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Each of us has particular duties in our family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are lots of bad feelings in the family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We have rules about hitting people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We get involved with each other only when something interests us.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There&#039;s little time to explore personal interests.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We often don&#039;t say what we mean.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We feel accepted for what we are.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We show interest in each other when we can get something out of it personally.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We resolve most emotional upsets that come up.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Tenderness takes second place to other things in our family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We discuss who is to do household jobs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Making decisions is a problem for our family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our family shows interest in each other only when they can get something out of it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are frank with each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We don&#039;t hold to any rules for very long.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If people are asked to do something, they need reminding.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are able to make decisions about how to solve problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If the rules are broken, we don&#039;t know what to expect.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Anything goes in our family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We express what we feel about things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When people say they will do something, they do it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We don&#039;t get along well together.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We don&#039;t talk to each other when we are angry.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are generally dissatisfied with the family duties assigned to us.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Even though we mean well, we intrude too much into each other&#039;s lives.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are rules about dangerous situations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We confide in each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We cry openly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We don&#039;t have reasonable ways of dividing up our tasks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When we don&#039;t like what someone has done, we tell them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We try to think of different ways to solve problems.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez le Dispositif d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation familiale de McMaster (FAD) : structure psychom\u00e9trique, fondements th\u00e9oriques, crit\u00e8res de validit\u00e9 et cotation clinique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[3,2,3362],"tags":[194,21584,21193,21585,16,2110,9605,22947],"class_list":["post-19057","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-psychologie-clinique","category-psychometrie","category-therapie-familiale","tag-evaluation-clinique","tag-fad","tag-fonctionnement-familial","tag-mcmaster","tag-psychometrie","tag-resolution-de-problemes","tag-systemique","tag-therapie-de-famille"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/19057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19057"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/19057\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}