{"id":18791,"date":"2026-10-18T01:18:56","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T01:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-des-croyances-envers-les-femmes-baws\/"},"modified":"2026-10-18T01:18:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T01:18:56","slug":"echelle-des-croyances-envers-les-femmes-baws","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-des-croyances-envers-les-femmes-baws","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle des croyances envers les femmes (BAWS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des croyances envers les femmes<\/strong> (<em>Beliefs About Women Scale<\/em>, BAWS), initialement conceptualis\u00e9e et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Sharyn S. Belk et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_E._Snell_Jr.\">William E. Snell Jr.<\/a> au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation con\u00e7u pour mesurer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion individuelle aux <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_role\">st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre<\/a> traditionnels et contemporains associ\u00e9s aux femmes. Compos\u00e9e originellement d&rsquo;un ensemble structur\u00e9 de 75 items \u00e9valuant quinze dimensions distinctes du fonctionnement f\u00e9minin, la BAWS examine des domaines aussi vari\u00e9s que la passivit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue, la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 affective, les aptitudes cognitives et d\u00e9cisionnelles, la vie professionnelle, l&rsquo;influence des cycles menstruels, ainsi que la moralit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9duction interpersonnelle.<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9pondants se positionnent sur une <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Likert_scale\">\u00e9chelle de Likert<\/a> en cinq points allant de \u00ab Fortement en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb (-2 ou A) \u00e0 \u00ab Fortement d&rsquo;accord \u00bb (+2 ou E). Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;instrument ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une structure multidimensionnelle stable, valid\u00e9e par des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, ainsi qu&rsquo;une coh\u00e9rence interne robuste \u00e0 travers diff\u00e9rentes sous-\u00e9chelles (coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,65 et 0,86 selon les sous-groupes culturels et cliniques). La BAWS s&rsquo;est av\u00e9r\u00e9e particuli\u00e8rement f\u00e9conde dans l&rsquo;analyse des attitudes socioculturelles, des r\u00e9actions judiciaires et soci\u00e9tales face aux agressions sexuelles, des normes de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_health\">sant\u00e9 mentale<\/a> attribu\u00e9es selon le genre, ainsi que des interactions entre le stress psychosocial et la d\u00e9tresse psychologique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>St\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre, croyances envers les femmes, psychom\u00e9trie, sexisme ambivalent, attitudes sociales, r\u00f4les sexuels, \u00e9valuation psychologique, sant\u00e9 mentale, relations interpersonnelles, \u00e9chelle de mesure, William E. Snell Jr.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs en psychologie sociale et clinique, au premier rang desquels figurent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>William E. Snell, Jr., Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 la <em>Southeast Missouri State University<\/em> (\u00c9tats-Unis), sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu de la psychologie des genres, de la sexualit\u00e9 humaine et des dynamiques relationnelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sharyn S. Belk, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse et psychologue clinicienne affili\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;<em>University of Texas at Austin<\/em> lors des travaux initiaux d&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de la BAWS.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collaborateurs cl\u00e9s aux validations subs\u00e9quentes<\/strong> : Wayne H. Holtzman, Jr. (University of Texas), Raymond Garcia-Falconi et Juan E. Hernandez-Sanchez (Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico), ainsi que Leigh Godwin (Southeast Missouri State University).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de la <em>Beliefs About Women Scale<\/em> (BAWS) est de fournir une \u00e9valuation quantitative standardis\u00e9e, granulaire et multidimensionnelle des attitudes cognitives, des sch\u00e9mas d&rsquo;attributions et des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes normatifs entretenus par les individus \u2014 femmes comme hommes \u2014 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de la condition, des capacit\u00e9s et des pr\u00e9dispositions psychocomportementales des femmes. Contrairement aux premi\u00e8res \u00e9chelles unidimensionnelles mesurant une hostilit\u00e9 misogyne manifeste ou un sexisme traditionnel explicite (telles que l&rsquo;<em>Attitudes Toward Women Scale<\/em> de Spence et Helmreich), la BAWS a \u00e9t\u00e9 explicitement architectur\u00e9e pour d\u00e9composer la constellation st\u00e9r\u00e9otypique en facettes op\u00e9rationnelles ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la recherche, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle r\u00e9pond au besoin d&rsquo;explorer comment les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes sexu\u00e9s influencent les jugements sociaux complexes. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement employ\u00e9e pour diss\u00e9quer l&rsquo;impact des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes f\u00e9minins sur les r\u00e9actions sociales face aux victimes de viol au sein de relations de fr\u00e9quentation (<em>acquaintance rape<\/em>), d\u00e9montrant notamment que l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 des croyances st\u00e9r\u00e9otypiques quant \u00e0 la duplicit\u00e9 f\u00e9minine ou \u00e0 la passivit\u00e9 sexuelle majore significativement le bl\u00e2me attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la victime (Snell &amp; Godwin, 1993). Elle permet \u00e9galement d&rsquo;analyser comment l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion int\u00e9rioris\u00e9e \u00e0 ces croyances mod\u00e8re la relation entre les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie stressants et la d\u00e9tresse psychologique (Belk &amp; Snell, 1989), les femmes adh\u00e9rant rigidement aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de passivit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence d\u00e9cisionnelle rapportant des niveaux d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de d\u00e9pression substantiellement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine clinique et de la consultation psychologique, la BAWS offre une valeur diagnostique et r\u00e9flexive d\u00e9terminante. Utilis\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de praticiens en sant\u00e9 mentale (psychologues, psychiatres, conseillers conjugaux), l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a permis de cartographier les biais implicites de genre chez les th\u00e9rapeutes d&rsquo;orientations th\u00e9oriques divergentes (cognitivo-comportementale, rationnelle-\u00e9motive, psychodynamique, humaniste) et de diff\u00e9rentes aires culturelles (Snell et al., 1990 ; Belk et al., 1989). Elle met en lumi\u00e8re les repr\u00e9sentations diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es de ce qui constitue un individu \u00ab psychologiquement sain \u00bb, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant la persistance de doubles standards o\u00f9 l&rsquo;autonomie et l&rsquo;affirmation de soi sont jug\u00e9es saines chez l&rsquo;homme mais per\u00e7ues de mani\u00e8re ambivalente chez la femme.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par la BAWS correspond au syst\u00e8me de croyances st\u00e9r\u00e9otypiques \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard des femmes. Dans le mod\u00e8le de Belk et Snell (1986), ce construit n&rsquo;est pas con\u00e7u comme un monolithe \u00e9valuatif n\u00e9gatif, mais plut\u00f4t comme une matrice cognitive articulant des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciatifs (incomp\u00e9tence, d\u00e9pendance), des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes prescriptifs et des croyances paternalistes apparemment valorisantes mais restrictives (sensibilit\u00e9 morale sup\u00e9rieure, d\u00e9vouement relationnel). L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle op\u00e9rationnalise ce construit \u00e0 travers 15 sous-\u00e9chelles distinctes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Moindre dominance (<em>Women are less dominating<\/em>)<\/strong> : Croyance selon laquelle les femmes poss\u00e9deraient une propension intrins\u00e8que inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 exercer le contr\u00f4le, l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 hi\u00e9rarchique ou l&rsquo;ascendant comp\u00e9titif sur autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passivit\u00e9 accrue (<em>Women are more passive<\/em>)<\/strong> : Sch\u00e9ma attribuant aux femmes une tendance \u00e0 la r\u00e9signation, au conformisme passif, \u00e0 la docilit\u00e9 comportementale et au renoncement face aux \u00e9preuves.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle et physique (<em>Women are more vulnerable<\/em>)<\/strong> : Perception des femmes comme \u00e9tant constitutionnellement plus fragiles, craintives, d\u00e9pendantes d&rsquo;un besoin de protection externe et prompts au d\u00e9sarroi en temps de crise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clairvoyance et gestion \u00e9motionnelle (<em>Women have more emotional insight<\/em>)<\/strong> : Croyance voulant que les femmes poss\u00e8dent une meilleure compr\u00e9hension introspective de leurs sentiments, une expressivit\u00e9 affective plus honn\u00eate et une sup\u00e9rieure aptitude \u00e0 r\u00e9guler leurs affects.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Orientation interpersonnelle (<em>Women are more interpersonal<\/em>)<\/strong> : Postulat selon lequel la nature f\u00e9minine est principalement tourn\u00e9e vers l&#8217;empathie, l&rsquo;\u00e9coute bienveillante, le souci de l&rsquo;autre et l&rsquo;entretien des r\u00e9seaux socio-affectifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moindre investissement professionnel (<em>Women are less career interested<\/em>)<\/strong> : Repr\u00e9sentation limitant l&rsquo;ambition professionnelle des femmes, stipulant qu&rsquo;elles accordent une importance secondaire \u00e0 leur carri\u00e8re comparativement aux hommes ou aux r\u00f4les domestiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 cognitive per\u00e7ue (<em>Women are less intelligent \/ inferior cognitive<\/em>)<\/strong> : St\u00e9r\u00e9otype r\u00e9trograde all\u00e9guant que les femmes sont intellectuellement inf\u00e9rieures, moins analytiques ou moins aptes aux disciplines quantitatives et scientifiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ind\u00e9cision et manque d&rsquo;organisation (<em>Women are less decisive<\/em>)<\/strong> : Croyance selon laquelle les femmes ont du mal \u00e0 trancher, manquent de comp\u00e9tences d&rsquo;organisation rationnelle et d\u00e9l\u00e8guent pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement les choix cruciaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moindre d\u00e9sir sexuel (<em>Women are less sexual<\/em>)<\/strong> : Conception traditionnelle selon laquelle les pulsions sexuelles f\u00e9minines sont intrins\u00e8quement moins intenses, passives, requ\u00e9rant l&rsquo;initiative masculine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9bilitation menstruelle (<em>Menstruation debilitates<\/em>)<\/strong> : Croyance essentialiste selon laquelle les cycles menstruels rendent les femmes irrationnelles, instables, incapables de concentration cognitive ou inaptes au leadership organisationnel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9occupation esth\u00e9tique excessive (<em>Women are more appearance conscious<\/em>)<\/strong> : Notion attribuant aux femmes une vanit\u00e9 pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante, une fixation sur leur apparence physique et l&rsquo;utilisation de celle-ci comme vecteur principal de statut social.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9duction et taquinerie sexuelle (<em>Women are sexual teasers<\/em>)<\/strong> : Croyance accusatoire selon laquelle les femmes emploient d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment leur pouvoir d&rsquo;attraction pour manipuler, s\u00e9duire faussement et leurrer les hommes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 morale et spiritualit\u00e9 (<em>Women are more moral \/ spiritual<\/em>)<\/strong> : Id\u00e9alisation paternaliste positionnant les femmes comme les gardiennes de l&rsquo;\u00e9thique, plus pieuses, innocentes et int\u00e8gres.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frivolit\u00e9 et comportement pu\u00e9ril (<em>Women act sillier than men<\/em>)<\/strong> : Repr\u00e9sentation minimisant la maturit\u00e9 f\u00e9minine en l&rsquo;associant \u00e0 des attitudes futiles, th\u00e9\u00e2trales ou capricieuses.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strat\u00e9gies manipulatrices (<em>Women use manipulative strategies<\/em>)<\/strong> : Conviction que les femmes obtiennent leurs objectifs par des voies obliques, la bouderie, le chantage affectif, les larmes ou le retrait de faveurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique de la BAWS s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_role_theory\">th\u00e9orie des r\u00f4les sociaux<\/a> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Alice Eagly, de la psychologie des sch\u00e9mas de genre de Sandra Bem (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_schema_theory\">Gender Schema Theory<\/a>) et des th\u00e9ories du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambivalent_sexism\">sexisme ambivalent<\/a> conceptualis\u00e9es ult\u00e9rieurement par Peter Glick et Susan Fiske.<\/p>\n<p>Eagly soutient que la division historique du travail et les asym\u00e9tries de pouvoir \u00e9conomique assignent des r\u00f4les sociocomportementaux diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s : les hommes sont incit\u00e9s \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper des qualit\u00e9s d&rsquo;\u00ab agence \u00bb (affirmation de soi, comp\u00e9tence, dominance instrumentale), tandis que les femmes se voient attribuer des attributs \u00ab communautaires \u00bb (communion, expressivit\u00e9, soutien d&rsquo;autrui). La BAWS op\u00e9rationnalise avec pr\u00e9cision cette dichotomie agence-communion, tout en d\u00e9composant les p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s cognitives impos\u00e9es aux femmes qui transgressent ou se conforment \u00e0 ces sch\u00e9mas.<\/p>\n<p>De surcro\u00eet, le travail de Belk et Snell anticipe de fa\u00e7on pr\u00e9curseur le mod\u00e8le bidimensionnel du sexisme ambivalent. En int\u00e9grant des sous-\u00e9chelles qui valorisent apparemment les femmes (moralit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure, sensibilit\u00e9 affective accrue) \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de sous-\u00e9chelles ouvertement d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciatives (inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 cognitive, instabilit\u00e9 menstruelle, duplicit\u00e9 manipulatrice), la BAWS capture \u00e0 la fois la facette du sexisme hostile et celle du sexisme bienveillant. Le sexisme bienveillant, bien que rev\u00eatu de tons affectueux ou protecteurs, enferme les femmes dans une sph\u00e8re subordonn\u00e9e en conditionnant leur valorisation \u00e0 leur puret\u00e9 morale, leur d\u00e9pendance et leur r\u00f4le relationnel sacrificiel.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan cognitif, la th\u00e9orie des sch\u00e9mas stipule que les croyances st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9es agissent comme des filtres d&rsquo;encodage et de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration mn\u00e9sique automatis\u00e9s. D\u00e8s lors qu&rsquo;un individu adh\u00e8re au syst\u00e8me \u00e9valu\u00e9 par la BAWS, les comportements conformes aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes f\u00e9minins sont sur-attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des causes internes et stables, alors que les accomplissements transgressant le st\u00e9r\u00e9otype (par exemple, le leadership d&rsquo;une femme d&rsquo;affaires ou l&rsquo;objectivit\u00e9 analytique) sont rejet\u00e9s ou disqualifi\u00e9s comme des anomalies.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de la <em>Beliefs About Women Scale<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tay\u00e9e par une s\u00e9rie rigoureuse d&rsquo;investigations empiriques men\u00e9es tout au long des ann\u00e9es 1980 et 1990 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et apparente<\/strong> : Les 75 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s initiaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;un recensement qualitatif exhaustif des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre circulant dans la litt\u00e9rature sociologique et psychologique, puis soumis \u00e0 des juges experts garantissant la repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique et conceptuelle des items pour chacune des 15 dimensions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/strong> : Les sous-\u00e9chelles de la BAWS corr\u00e8lent de fa\u00e7on significative avec d&rsquo;autres mesures \u00e9tablies des r\u00f4les de genre, telles que l&rsquo;<em>Attitudes Toward Women Scale<\/em> (AWS) et l&rsquo;inventaire des r\u00f4les sexuels de Bem (BSRI). Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur les sous-\u00e9chelles de passivit\u00e9, d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence cognitive et de manipulation corr\u00e8lent positivement avec des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s de conservatisme sociopolitique, de dogmatisme et d&rsquo;attitudes sexuelles punitives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/strong> : Les analyses corr\u00e9lationnelles d\u00e9montrent que les sous-\u00e9chelles ne sont pas de simples redondances d&rsquo;un trait d&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 globale ou d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. De plus, la corr\u00e9lation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e observ\u00e9e entre les sous-\u00e9chelles \u00ab positives \u00bb (ex. d\u00e9votion morale, empathie) et les sous-\u00e9chelles p\u00e9joratives prouve que l&rsquo;instrument capture des facettes attitudinales mutuellement distinctes qui ne se r\u00e9duisent pas \u00e0 un biais de n\u00e9gativit\u00e9 uniforme.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et crit\u00e9ri\u00e9e<\/strong> : Dans les travaux de Snell et Godwin (1993), les sous-\u00e9chelles mesurant la duplicit\u00e9 sexuelle pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e (\u00ab <em>Women are sexual teasers<\/em> \u00bb) et la manipulation se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es \u00eatre des pr\u00e9dicteurs majeurs du d\u00e9ni de gravit\u00e9 du viol et de la minimisation de la culpabilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;agresseur masculin lors de sc\u00e9narios exp\u00e9rimentaux. Parall\u00e8lement, Belk et Snell (1989) ont \u00e9tabli la validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive de la BAWS en tant que variable mod\u00e9ratrice : les individus f\u00e9minins obtenant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s de croyances st\u00e9r\u00e9otypiques d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence et d&rsquo;impuissance rapportaient une morbidit\u00e9 psychologique (d\u00e9pression, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 somatique) significativement plus marqu\u00e9e en r\u00e9action \u00e0 des stresseurs environnementaux compar\u00e9es aux femmes rejetant ces postulats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La consistance interne de la BAWS a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e \u00e0 de multiples reprises sur divers \u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants, d&rsquo;adultes en population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et de professionnels de sant\u00e9 mentale. Pour l&rsquo;ensemble des 15 sous-\u00e9chelles (compos\u00e9es chacune de 5 items th\u00e9oriques), les indices d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentent les caract\u00e9ristiques suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/strong> : Les coefficients alpha rapport\u00e9s par Belk et Snell (1986, 1989) oscillent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,65 et 0,86 pour les diff\u00e9rentes sous-\u00e9chelles. Les sous-\u00e9chelles ciblant l&rsquo;inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 cognitive, la manipulation relationnelle et l&rsquo;impact d\u00e9bilitant du cycle menstruel affichent de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9currente les indices les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha ge 0,78\">$\u0007lpha ge 0,78$<\/span>). Certaines dimensions plus nuanc\u00e9es (telles que la clairvoyance \u00e9motionnelle) pr\u00e9sentent des valeurs avoisinant 0,68 \u00e0 0,72, ce qui demeure pleinement satisfaisant compte tenu de la bri\u00e8vet\u00e9 de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle (5 items chacune).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/strong> : Des administrations r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es \u00e0 un intervalle de 4 \u00e0 6 semaines aupr\u00e8s de cohortes d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r\">$r$<\/span> compris entre 0,72 et 0,84, confirmant que l&rsquo;instrument \u00e9value des attitudes et sch\u00e9mas cognitifs stables et structuralis\u00e9s plut\u00f4t que des \u00e9tats affectifs transitoires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intercorr\u00e9lations entre items<\/strong> : Les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es pour chaque sous-\u00e9chelle d\u00e9passent tr\u00e8s largement le seuil usuel de 0,30, attestant que chaque item contribue significativement \u00e0 la variance de sa dimension respective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement initial de la BAWS s&rsquo;est appuy\u00e9 sur des <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploratory_factor_analysis\">analyses factorielles exploratoires<\/a> (AFE) utilisant la m\u00e9thode des composantes principales avec rotation orthogonale (Varimax) et oblique (Oblimin). L&rsquo;objectif \u00e9tait de v\u00e9rifier si les 75 items se regroupaient empiriquement selon la structure a priori en 15 facteurs postul\u00e9e par les auteurs.<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats factoriels ont largement confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation empirique des 15 sous-groupements, chaque facteur expliquant une part substantielle de la variance totale. Les saturations factorielles principales pour les items cibles exc\u00e8dent typiquement 0,45 sur leur facteur th\u00e9orique respectif, avec des saturations crois\u00e9es minimes sur les dimensions secondaires. Les investigations psychom\u00e9triques ult\u00e9rieures ont toutefois conduit les auteurs \u00e0 identifier trois items sp\u00e9cifiques (items 37, 52 et 59) dont le comportement psychom\u00e9trique ou les saturations factorielles \u00e9taient \u00e9quivoques ou non discriminantes selon les cohortes ; ces items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e8s lors trait\u00e9s comme items de remplissage (<em>filler items<\/em>) et exclus du calcul standard des scores factoriels.<\/p>\n<p>Lors d&rsquo;analyses factorielles de second ordre, plusieurs macro-facteurs \u00e9mergent, organisant les 15 sous-\u00e9chelles autour de trois axes fondamentaux :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9ficit d&rsquo;agentivit\u00e9 et subordination<\/strong> (regroupant passivit\u00e9, ind\u00e9cision, inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 cognitive, moindre dominance et d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat professionnel) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duplicit\u00e9 socio-sexuelle et manipulation<\/strong> (regroupant s\u00e9duction int\u00e9ress\u00e9e, manipulation \u00e9motionnelle, frivolit\u00e9 et d\u00e9bilitation menstruelle) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sp\u00e9cialisation relationnelle et \u00e9l\u00e9vation morale<\/strong> (regroupant communion interpersonnelle, clairvoyance \u00e9motionnelle, vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 morale).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ces r\u00e9sultats corroborent la dualit\u00e9 structurelle moderne des pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s sexu\u00e9s observ\u00e9e dans les mod\u00e8les contemporains de la cognition sociale.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme d&rsquo;un auto-questionnaire standardis\u00e9 sur support papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration<\/strong> : Auto-\u00e9valuation individuelle ou collective. Dur\u00e9e moyenne de passation : 12 \u00e0 18 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items<\/strong> : 75 items formul\u00e9s sous la forme d&rsquo;affirmations comparatives ou d\u00e9claratives relatives aux femmes et aux hommes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelles<\/strong> : 15 sous-\u00e9chelles compos\u00e9es chacune de 5 items structur\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> : \u00c9chelle ordinale en cinq points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A<\/strong> = Fortement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Strongly Disagree<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>B<\/strong> = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Slightly Disagree<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>C<\/strong> = Ni en accord ni en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Neither agree nor disagree<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>D<\/strong> = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Slightly Agree<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>E<\/strong> = Fortement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Strongly Agree<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Syst\u00e8me de cotation num\u00e9rique<\/strong> : Les r\u00e9ponses sont quantifi\u00e9es comme suit :\n<ul>\n<li>Fortement en d\u00e9saccord (A) = -2<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e9g\u00e8rement en d\u00e9saccord (B) = -1<\/li>\n<li>Neutre (C) = 0<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord (D) = +1<\/li>\n<li>Fortement d&rsquo;accord (E) = +2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inversion de cotation (Reverse-coding)<\/strong> : Quatorze (14) items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re anti-st\u00e9r\u00e9otypique ou inverse doivent obligatoirement \u00eatre invers\u00e9s avant le calcul des moyennes factorielles (le score est multipli\u00e9 par -1, transformant +2 en -2, +1 en -1, etc.). Les items \u00e0 inverser sont : <strong>16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 31, 32, 36, 37, 49, 50, 52, 54 et 61<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Items de remplissage (Filler items)<\/strong> : Les items <strong>37, 52 et 59<\/strong> sont actuellement trait\u00e9s comme des items neutres et ne sont pas int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans le calcul des scores factoriels finaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcul des scores<\/strong> : Pour chacune des 15 sous-\u00e9chelles, les items pertinents (apr\u00e8s inversion) sont additionn\u00e9s puis divis\u00e9s par le nombre d&rsquo;items de la sous-\u00e9chelle. Le score composite final de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle varie ainsi entre -2,00 et +2,00. Un score positif \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te une forte adh\u00e9sion au st\u00e9r\u00e9otype cibl\u00e9, une valeur proche de 0 indique une position neutre, et un score n\u00e9gatif traduit un rejet actif du st\u00e9r\u00e9otype.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des croyances envers les femmes (BAWS) a \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement publi\u00e9e en <strong>1986<\/strong> dans les <em>Social and Behavioral Sciences Documents<\/em> par Sharyn S. Belk et William E. Snell, Jr. (r\u00e9f\u00e9rence documentaire n\u00b0 16, 10). L&rsquo;instrument est un outil du domaine public acad\u00e9mique (<em>academic open-access research instrument<\/em>) mis \u00e0 disposition par les auteurs pour la recherche scientifique et la formation clinique sans redevance commerciale (aucun frais d&rsquo;utilisation ne s&rsquo;applique).<\/p>\n<p>Les chercheurs et praticiens sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 reproduire et administrer la BAWS sous r\u00e9serve de citer scrupuleusement les travaux originaux de Belk et Snell (1986, 1989) ainsi que Snell et Godwin (1993). Toute exploitation commerciale de l&rsquo;instrument ou int\u00e9gration dans des progiciels d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique payants requiert l&rsquo;autorisation explicite pr\u00e9alable de l&rsquo;auteur principal (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_E._Snell_Jr.\">William E. Snell, Jr.<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Belk, S. S., &amp; Snell, W. E., Jr. (1986). Beliefs about women: Components and correlates. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin<\/em>, 12(4), 403\u2013412. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167286124003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167286124003<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Belk, S. S., &amp; Snell, W. E., Jr. (1986). The Beliefs About Women Scale (BAWS): Scale development and validation. <em>Social and Behavioral Sciences Documents<\/em>, 16, 10.<\/li>\n<li>Belk, S. S., &amp; Snell, W. E., Jr. (1989). Stereotypic beliefs about women as moderators of stress-distress relationships. <em>Journal of Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 45(4), 665\u2013672. <a https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00289178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(198907)45:4665::AID-JCLP22704504243.0.CO;2-U\u00a0\u00bb%20target=\u00a0\u00bb_blank\u00a0\u00bb%20rel=\u00a0\u00bbnoopener%20noreferrer\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(198907)45:4&lt;665::AID-JCLP2270450424&gt;3.0.CO;2-U\/a\/liliBelk,%20S.%20S.,%20Snell,%20W.%20E.,%20Jr.,%20Holtzman,%20W.%20H.,%20Jr.,%20Garcia-Falconi,%20R.,%20&#038;%20Hernandez-Sanchez,%20J.%20E.%20(1989).%20The%20impact%20of%20ethnicity,%20nationality,%20therapy%20orientation,%20and%20mental%20health%20standards%20on%20stereotypic%20beliefs%20about%20women:%20A%20pilot%20study.%20emSex%20Roles\/em,%2021(9-10),%20671\u2013695.%20a%20href=\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00289178<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hampton, B., Lambert, F., &amp; Snell, W. E., Jr. (1986). Therapists&rsquo; conceptions of mentally healthy beliefs for women and men. <em>Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy<\/em>, 4(2), 107\u2013124. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01072979\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01072979<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Snell, W. E., Jr., &amp; Godwin, L. (1993). Social reactions to depictions of casual and steady acquaintance rape: The impact of AIDS exposure and stereotypic beliefs about women. <em>Sex Roles<\/em>, 29(9-10), 599\u2013616. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00289207\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00289207<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Snell, W. E., Jr., Holtzman, W. H., Jr., Belk, S. S., Garcia, R., &amp; Hernandez, J. E. (1990). The influence of counseling orientation and culture on mental health standards for women and men. <em>International Journal of Intercultural Relations<\/em>, 14(1), 73\u201388. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0147-1767(90)90045-A\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0147-1767(90)90045-A<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> The statements listed below describe attitudes toward men and women which different people have. There are no right or wrong answers, only opinions. Indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement, using the following scale:\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are less dominating than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more passive than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more vulnerable than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women can deal with their emotions better than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more interpersonally concerned than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are less career motivated than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are inferior to men in their cognitive<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men can make decisions easier than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women don&#039;t generally like to be active in their sexual<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are not very responsible during their menstrual<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more concerned with their physical appearance than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women like to tease men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women set the standards for moral<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more frivolous than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women tend to pout if they don&#039;t get their<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more competitive than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women comply more often than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are more excitable in a major crisis than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more emotional than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men cannot relate to other persons as well as women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women care as much as men do about developing a job<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are superior to women in<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more self-reliant than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most women don&#039;t like to express their<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When they are on their periods, women are easily<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are as conceited about their appearance as women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women use seductive behavior to lead men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women should be treated with great<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more likely than men to act in silly<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Withholding favors is one of the primary ways women obtain their goals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more interested than men in being in control of their lives.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are as submissive as women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women&#039;s feelings are more easily hurt than men&#039;s.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women have more insight into their feelings than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are usually more aware of other people&#039;s feelings than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are as skillful in business-related activities as men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are not as analytical as women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men make better leaders than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most women want their partner to take the initiative in their sexual<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are very emotional during their<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women spend more time attending to their physical appearance than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women usually say no (sexually) when they really mean<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more devout individuals than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more childish than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women try to get what they want by being<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men want power more than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women tend to give up more easily than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women have more need for security than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men can express tender emotions better than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are usually m ore loyal to their partner\/spouse than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women dislike being in leadership positions more than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women have greater mechanical aptitude than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are usually less well-organized than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are as interested in sex as men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a woman is on her period, she cannot concentrate very<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women pay more attention to their looks than most men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women act in seductive ways just to play around with<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are not as sensitive to profanity as women.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are less sophisticated than women.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women tend to use their emotions to control<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more aggressive than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more easily influenced than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more fearful than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more honest in expressing their emotions than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more understanding of people than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women don&#039;t like responsibility as much as men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">67<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men are better at science and math than women<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">68<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are generally not as competent as men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">69<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women&#039;s sexual desires are less intense than men&#039;s<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">70<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women&#039;s menstrual cycle makes them unfit for major leadership<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">71<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women gain more status through their physical appearance than men<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">72<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women like to flirt and tantalize men.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">73<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more spiritual than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">74<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women are more innocent-looking than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">75<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Women usually threaten to cry if then can&#039;t have their own<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revue psychom\u00e9trique compl\u00e8te de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des croyances envers les femmes (Beliefs About Women Scale &#8211; BAWS) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Sharyn S. Belk et William E. Snell Jr. Pr\u00e9sentation du cadre th\u00e9orique, des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques et des 75 items originaux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,154,2],"tags":[17119,29975,29976,16,1793,6042,15952],"class_list":["post-18791","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-attitudes-de-genre","tag-baws","tag-croyances-envers-les-femmes","tag-psychometrie","tag-sexisme-ambivalent","tag-stereotypes-de-genre","tag-william-e-snell-jr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18791"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18791\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}