{"id":18548,"date":"2026-10-17T10:58:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-des-qualites-de-leadership-spirituel-slqi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-17T10:58:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:58:00","slug":"inventaire-des-qualites-de-leadership-spirituel-slqi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-des-qualites-de-leadership-spirituel-slqi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire des qualit\u00e9s de leadership spirituel"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/strong> (SLQI ; en fran\u00e7ais, <em>Inventaire des qualit\u00e9s de leadership spirituel<\/em>) est un instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique et th\u00e9ologique d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par Frank B. Wichern (1980) et formalis\u00e9 sur le plan de la recherche empirique par John S. Townsend et Frank B. Wichern (1984). Con\u00e7u au carrefour de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychom\u00e9trie\">psychom\u00e9trie<\/a> clinique, de la psychologie de la religion et de l&rsquo;herm\u00e9neutique biblique \u00e9vang\u00e9lique, cet outil vise \u00e0 mesurer de mani\u00e8re standardis\u00e9e les attributs comportementaux, affectifs et \u00e9thiques associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la maturit\u00e9 spirituelle requise pour l&rsquo;exercice de responsabilit\u00e9s de direction eccl\u00e9siale. Fond\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;ex\u00e9g\u00e8se des \u00e9p\u00eetres pastorales n\u00e9otestamentaires (1 Timoth\u00e9e 3:1-7 et Tite 1:5-9), le SLQI op\u00e9rationnalise 19 dimensions distinctes de caract\u00e8re issues de 22 qualit\u00e9s bibliques identifi\u00e9es par les concepteurs.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire est compos\u00e9 d&rsquo;une r\u00e9serve de 222 items auto-rapport\u00e9s adoptant un format de r\u00e9ponse dichotomique (Vrai\/Faux). Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour s&rsquo;appliquer non seulement aux ministres du culte ordonn\u00e9s et aux s\u00e9minaristes, mais \u00e9galement aux membres la\u00efcs engag\u00e9s dans les communaut\u00e9s chr\u00e9tiennes. Sur le plan des qualit\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente une consistance temporelle globale robuste avec un coefficient de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest \u00e0 huit semaines de <em>r<\/em> = 0,94 sur un \u00e9chantillon de 100 chr\u00e9tiens, bien que la stabilit\u00e9 des 19 traits individuels varie plus modestement entre 0,30 et 0,63. Les analyses de validation de construit indiquent une capacit\u00e9 manifeste \u00e0 discriminer les responsables eccl\u00e9siaux des populations non chr\u00e9tiennes, bien que le pouvoir de discrimination fine entre \u00e9chelons de direction (pasteurs, anciens, diacres) demeure limit\u00e9 en raison d&rsquo;une forte colin\u00e9arit\u00e9 entre sous-\u00e9chelles. L&rsquo;analyse factorielle sugg\u00e8re une structure pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante domin\u00e9e par un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de maturit\u00e9 morale et spirituelle, compl\u00e9t\u00e9e selon les solutions de cinq \u00e0 six facteurs secondaires rendant compte de 70 % de la variance totale. Le SLQI constitue ainsi un instrument formateur et diagnostique pr\u00e9cieux dans les contextes de mentorat, de discernement vocationnel et d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation religieuse sup\u00e9rieure.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Leadership spirituel, maturit\u00e9 spirituelle, psychom\u00e9trie de la religion, inventaire de personnalit\u00e9, s\u00e9lection pastorale, \u00e9thique chr\u00e9tienne, \u00e9p\u00eetres pastorales, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, validit\u00e9 de construit, mod\u00e9lisation factorielle, prise de d\u00e9cision eccl\u00e9siale, psychologie pastorale.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire des qualit\u00e9s de leadership spirituel a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u et document\u00e9 par deux chercheurs et cliniciens sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la psychologie et de la th\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Frank B. Wichern, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Docteur en psychologie, enseignant-chercheur et consultant en d\u00e9veloppement organisationnel eccl\u00e9sial. Il a \u00e9labor\u00e9 le manuel initial de l&rsquo;inventaire en 1980 au sein de l&rsquo;organisation <em>Believer Renewal Resources<\/em> (Richardson, Texas, \u00c9tats-Unis) et a conduit les premi\u00e8res investigations normatives aupr\u00e8s de coll\u00e8ges pastoraux et de s\u00e9minaires \u00e9vang\u00e9liques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John S. Townsend, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Psychologue clinicien, auteur prolifique et th\u00e9oricien de la dynamique relationnelle et des fronti\u00e8res interpersonnelles. Form\u00e9 au <em>Rosemead School of Psychology<\/em> (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biola_University\">Biola University<\/a>), il a co-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 l&rsquo;instrument et dirig\u00e9 la publication princeps de validation psychom\u00e9trique en 1984 dans le <em>Journal of Psychology and Theology<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 pour combler un vide m\u00e9thodologique substantiel dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des comp\u00e9tences et vertus associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la direction spirituelle au sein des communaut\u00e9s chr\u00e9tiennes \u00e9vang\u00e9liques. Historiquement, l&rsquo;appr\u00e9ciation de l&rsquo;aptitude d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 occuper des fonctions de surveillance spirituelle (ancien, pasteur, diacre, responsable minist\u00e9riel) reposait soit sur des jugements subjectifs informels sujets aux biais d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation, soit sur des instruments de personnalit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (tels que le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory\">MMPI<\/a> ou le California Psychological Inventory) d\u00e9pourvus de contextualisation \u00e9thique et scripturaire explicite.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif premier du SLQI est de transposer des concepts normatifs bibliques en indicateurs comportementaux mesurables et v\u00e9rifiables dans le quotidien du croyant. Contrairement aux outils traditionnels r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux clercs ordonn\u00e9s ou ax\u00e9s sur les seuls int\u00e9r\u00eats professionnels, le SLQI a \u00e9t\u00e9 express\u00e9ment calibr\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer aussi bien les candidats la\u00efcs que le clerg\u00e9 professionnel. Selon Townsend et Wichern (1984), la vocation principale de l&rsquo;instrument est d&rsquo;aider l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 conscientiser ses zones de croissance psychospirituelle et \u00e0 identifier ses vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s morales, plut\u00f4t que de servir d&rsquo;outil d&rsquo;exclusion ou de diagnostic cat\u00e9goriel d\u00e9finitif.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la pratique clinique et organisationnelle, le SLQI est utilis\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans le cadre du <em>discernement vocationnel<\/em> et de la formation initiale au sein des s\u00e9minaires th\u00e9ologiques, permettant d&rsquo;orienter le travail sur soi des futurs ministres du culte.<\/li>\n<li>Comme support d&rsquo;<em>\u00e9valuation \u00e0 360 degr\u00e9s<\/em> ou d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation guid\u00e9e au sein de petits groupes de mentorat pastoral (Greene, 1987).<\/li>\n<li>Dans la recherche fondamentale en <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_de_la_religion\">psychologie de la religion<\/a>, pour analyser les interactions entre d\u00e9veloppement psychoaffectif, autorit\u00e9 dans la famille d&rsquo;origine et maturit\u00e9 spirituelle (Rockwood, 1986).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par le SLQI est la <em>maturit\u00e9 de caract\u00e8re en situation de leadership spirituel<\/em>. Sur le plan conceptuel, les auteurs ont men\u00e9 une analyse ex\u00e9g\u00e9tique exhaustive des passages de 1 Timoth\u00e9e 3:1-7 et Tite 1:5-9 dans le texte grec original, isolant 22 qualifications de caract\u00e8re pour en retenir 19 sous-\u00e9chelles op\u00e9rationnelles mesur\u00e9es par le questionnaire :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Int\u00e9grit\u00e9 \/ Droiture (Upright \/ Holy) :<\/strong> Conformit\u00e9 active de la conduite avec les principes de justice divine, \u00e9quit\u00e9 relationnelle et attachement sans compromis \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique personnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bonne r\u00e9putation (Good reputation) :<\/strong> Cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 morale reconnue par l&rsquo;environnement social \u00e9largi, y compris par les personnes ext\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 de foi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Irr\u00e9prochabilit\u00e9 (Above reproach \/ Respectable) :<\/strong> Absence d&rsquo;ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents moraux destructeurs non r\u00e9solus, transparence comportementale et dignit\u00e9 dans les interactions ordinaires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aspiration \u00e0 la charge pastorale (Desire to be overseer) :<\/strong> Motivation intrins\u00e8que \u00e0 servir, guider et prot\u00e9ger la communaut\u00e9, exempte d&rsquo;ambition narcissique ou de soif de domination.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aptitude \u00e0 l&rsquo;enseignement (Ability to teach) :<\/strong> Disposition communicative, patience p\u00e9dagogique et clart\u00e9 doctrinale permettant de transmettre des principes spirituels complexes de mani\u00e8re intelligible.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temp\u00e9rance et Ma\u00eetrise de soi (Temperate \/ Self-controlled) :<\/strong> Capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle face aux pulsions, gestion des app\u00e9tits physiologiques et \u00e9quilibre face aux gratifications imm\u00e9diates.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prudence \/ Bon sens (Prudent) :<\/strong> Discernement appliqu\u00e9, capacit\u00e9 de prise de d\u00e9cision r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie, pond\u00e9ration et r\u00e9sistance aux jugements h\u00e2tifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gestion de la vie familiale (Able to manage family) :<\/strong> Stabilit\u00e9 relationnelle conjugale et parentale, communication empathique et autorit\u00e9 bienveillante au sein du foyer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 conjugale (Husband of one wife) :<\/strong> D\u00e9vouement exclusif envers son conjoint, respect de la sexualit\u00e9 normative chr\u00e9tienne et absence de vagabondage fantasmatique ou comportemental.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Douceur \/ Amabilit\u00e9 (Gentle) :<\/strong> Mod\u00e9ration relationnelle, refus des tactiques agressives ou intimidantes, capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9coute attentive et bienveillance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Patience et Contr\u00f4le de la col\u00e8re (Not quick-tempered) :<\/strong> Seuil \u00e9lev\u00e9 de tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la frustration, absence d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s d&rsquo;irritabilit\u00e9 destructrice et refus des rancunes prolong\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 physiologique (Not addicted to wine) :<\/strong> Absence de d\u00e9pendance aux substances psychoactives, ma\u00eetrise de la consommation d&rsquo;alcool et de m\u00e9dicaments.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9sint\u00e9ressement financier (Not greedy) :<\/strong> Absence d&rsquo;avidit\u00e9 mercantile, refus de compromettre l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 pour un gain mat\u00e9riel et g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 envers autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amour du bien (Lover of good) :<\/strong> Valorisation des initiatives philanthropiques, enthousiasme pour la justice sociale et promotion des vertus altruistes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-obstination (Not self-willed) :<\/strong> Souplesse cognitive, r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 \u00e0 la contradiction l\u00e9gitime et capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 c\u00e9der pour l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat collectif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hospitalit\u00e9 (Hospitable) :<\/strong> Disponibilit\u00e9 active \u00e0 ouvrir son cadre de vie personnel pour accueillir autrui, y compris les personnes vuln\u00e9rables ou \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique du SLQI s&rsquo;articule autour d&rsquo;une interface directe entre la th\u00e9ologie pastorale chr\u00e9tienne et la th\u00e9orie de la personnalit\u00e9. Les auteurs postulent explicitement que les croyances et conduites des responsables eccl\u00e9siaux \u00e9vang\u00e9liques doivent se situer \u00e0 un niveau de maturit\u00e9 comportementale statistiquement et qualitativement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (Townsend &amp; Wichern, 1984).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychologique, l&rsquo;approche s&rsquo;inscrit dans le paradigme n\u00e9o-kohlbergien du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9veloppement_moral\">d\u00e9veloppement moral<\/a> et dans la th\u00e9orie des traits de Gordon Allport. Le mod\u00e8le con\u00e7oit le caract\u00e8re spirituel non pas comme une entit\u00e9 mystique purement abstraite, mais comme un agr\u00e9gat de dispositions cognitives et comportementales stables exprim\u00e9es dans les arbitrages du quotidien (gestion financi\u00e8re, pulsions sexuelles, dynamique col\u00e9rique, relations familiales). Cette vision fait \u00e9cho aux travaux ult\u00e9rieurs sur le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiritual_leadership_(management)\">leadership spirituel en milieu organisationnel<\/a> (Fry, 2003), o\u00f9 la vision, l&rsquo;espoir\/foi et l&rsquo;amour altruiste constituent le moteur central du bien-\u00eatre et de l&rsquo;efficience collective.<\/p>\n<p>Parall\u00e8lement, les liens \u00e9tablis par Rockwood (1986) avec la th\u00e9orie des syst\u00e8mes familiaux de Murray Bowen soulignent que l&rsquo;exercice d&rsquo;un leadership m\u00fbr n\u00e9cessite une <em>diff\u00e9renciation de soi<\/em> aboutie. Un individu incapable de g\u00e9rer son impulsivit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;exercer une r\u00e9gulation saine dans son syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;origine ne saurait assumer l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 pastorale sans risquer des d\u00e9rives autocratiques ou de l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement d\u00e9fensif.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 du SLQI pr\u00e9sente un tableau empirique riche, marqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois par des forces discriminantes \u00e9videntes et par certaines limitations structurelles :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 discriminante (groupes connus) :<\/strong> Townsend et Wichern (1984) ont administr\u00e9 l&rsquo;outil \u00e0 un \u00e9chantillon comparatif de 71 adultes de Dallas (Texas), r\u00e9partis entre 22 anciens, 22 diacres et 27 adultes non chr\u00e9tiens (\u00e2g\u00e9s de 18 \u00e0 65 ans). Les tests <em>t<\/em> de Student r\u00e9v\u00e8lent qu&rsquo;aucun des 19 traits n&rsquo;a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 de score moyen sup\u00e9rieur dans le groupe non-chr\u00e9tien par rapport aux responsables eccl\u00e9siaux. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle discrimine nettement les leaders chr\u00e9tiens des non-croyants. En revanche, le SLQI ne parvient pas \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier statistiquement les anciens des diacres sur la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des \u00e9chelles, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception notable des traits \u00ab douceur \u00bb (<em>gentle<\/em>) et \u00ab non-obstination \u00bb (<em>not self-willed<\/em>), sur lesquels les anciens obtiennent des scores significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 convergente :<\/strong> Ewing, Parker et Quinn (1983) ont mis en \u00e9vidence des corr\u00e9lations positives statistiquement significatives entre les \u00e9chelles du SLQI et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;orientation religieuse intrins\u00e8que d&rsquo;Allport et Ross (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_Orientation_Scale\">Religious Orientation Scale<\/a>), ainsi qu&rsquo;avec la <em>Spiritual Well-Being Scale<\/em> d&rsquo;Ellison et Paloutzian.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 de construit et chevauchement d&rsquo;\u00e9chelles :<\/strong> Les matrices inter-\u00e9chelles indiquent des intercorr\u00e9lations \u00e9lev\u00e9es (souvent sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 <em>r<\/em> = 0,60) entre plusieurs des 19 dimensions. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne traduit un chevauchement conceptuel substantiel (manque de discrimination sp\u00e9cifique d&rsquo;un trait par rapport \u00e0 un autre), ce qui indique que l&rsquo;instrument capte avant tout une dimension globale de vertu religieuse plut\u00f4t que 19 comp\u00e9tences isol\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corr\u00e9lats d\u00e9veloppementaux :<\/strong> Rockwood (1986) a document\u00e9 une association significative entre les traits du SLQI et les scores de maturit\u00e9 psychologique \u00e9valu\u00e9s par le <em>Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire<\/em> (PAFS-Q), corroborant l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se selon laquelle les vertus mesur\u00e9es \u00e9voluent de concert avec l&rsquo;autonomie affective et l&rsquo;\u00e2ge chronologique des participants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La consistance m\u00e9trologique du SLQI a fait l&rsquo;objet de v\u00e9rifications publi\u00e9es dans le manuel de Wichern (1980) et par Townsend et Wichern (1984) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> \u00c9valu\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;une cohorte de 100 adultes chr\u00e9tiens s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s al\u00e9atoirement ayant compl\u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;inventaire \u00e0 deux reprises avec un intervalle de huit semaines. Le coefficient de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 pour le score composite total atteint <strong><em>r<\/em> = 0,94<\/strong> (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001), attestant d&rsquo;une excellente stabilit\u00e9 globale de la mesure du construit dans le temps.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong> Pour chacune des 19 dimensions sp\u00e9cifiques, les coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent de <strong><em>r<\/em> = 0,30<\/strong> \u00e0 <strong><em>r<\/em> = 0,63<\/strong> (tous significatifs \u00e0 <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,05). Cette dispersion plus modeste au niveau des sous-\u00e9chelles refl\u00e8te la bri\u00e8vet\u00e9 de certains regroupements d&rsquo;items et la sensibilit\u00e9 des comportements cibl\u00e9s aux fluctuations circonstancielles imm\u00e9diates.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Les intercorr\u00e9lations \u00e9lev\u00e9es entre items appartenant au m\u00eame domaine th\u00e9matique indiquent une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante, bien que les valeurs exactes de l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach par sous-\u00e9chelle souffrent parfois de la redondance de certains \u00e9nonc\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Plusieurs \u00e9tudes factorielles ind\u00e9pendantes ont examin\u00e9 la structure interne du questionnaire pour d\u00e9terminer si la partition en 19 dimensions \u00e9tait soutenable statistiquement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude de Campbell, Carr et Parker (1983) :<\/strong> Ces auteurs ont conduit une analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) sur l&rsquo;ensemble des 222 items du SLQI. Leurs travaux ont d\u00e9gag\u00e9 une solution \u00e0 <strong>cinq facteurs<\/strong> principaux rendant compte de <strong>70 % de la variance totale<\/strong> des scores. Ces facteurs regroupent principalement : (1) la d\u00e9votion et priorit\u00e9 accord\u00e9e \u00e0 Dieu, (2) la ma\u00eetrise des app\u00e9tits et pulsions sensuelles\/addictives, (3) l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 relationnelle et refus de l&rsquo;esprit de vengeance, (4) l&rsquo;aptitude organisationnelle et d\u00e9cisionnelle, et (5) l&rsquo;engagement altruiste au service de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Investigations de Parker (1984) et Carr (1987) :<\/strong> Recourant \u00e0 des analyses en composantes principales, Parker (1984) a valid\u00e9 l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tabilit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 cinq facteurs. Ult\u00e9rieurement, Carr (1987) a compar\u00e9 des solutions variant de deux \u00e0 six facteurs. Les deux chercheurs ont cependant point\u00e9 une limite psychom\u00e9trique majeure : une proportion massive de la variance est absorb\u00e9e par un seul facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 et de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne orthodoxe. Cela confirme que sur le plan strictement empirique, les 19 cat\u00e9gories ex\u00e9g\u00e9tiques originales se fondent en un ensemble multidimensionnel plus restreint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory (SLQI)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement :<\/strong> 1980 (Manuel de formation) ; 1984 (Publication acad\u00e9mique)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 222 propositions affirmatives auto-rapport\u00e9es<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Questionnaire papier-crayon ou formulaire informatis\u00e9 en auto-passation individuelle<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle dichotomique obligatoire (Vrai [V \/ T] vs Faux [F \/ F])<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e approximative de passation :<\/strong> Environ 50 minutes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dispositif de cotation :<\/strong> Grille de correction transparente standardis\u00e9e \u00e0 sept colonnes (une par page de test) ; report manuel en 4 \u00e9tapes sur la feuille de profil d&rsquo;analyse (<em>Analysis Profile<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Niveaux d&rsquo;analyse :<\/strong> Les scores bruts sont convertis graphiquement en trois zones normatives : \u00ab Nouveau croyant \u00bb (<em>New Believer<\/em>), \u00ab Chr\u00e9tien ordinaire \u00bb (<em>Normal Christian<\/em>) et \u00ab Spirituellement m\u00fbr \u00bb (<em>Spiritually Mature<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelles mesur\u00e9es :<\/strong> 19 traits op\u00e9rationnels d\u00e9riv\u00e9s de 1 Timoth\u00e9e 3 et Tite 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9 en 1980 sous copyright par Frank B. Wichern et publi\u00e9 via <em>Believer Renewal Resources<\/em> (Richardson, Texas). Le manuel original comprenait 22 pages d&rsquo;instructions techniques, des \u00e9tudes de cas cliniques et des plans d&rsquo;action pastoraux (Annexe D).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique non lucrative, de th\u00e8ses doctorales ou de projets d&rsquo;enseignement th\u00e9ologique requiert de citer scrupuleusement les publications sources (Townsend &amp; Wichern, 1984 ; Wichern, 1980). Toute reproduction commerciale int\u00e9grale ou diffusion \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle dans des programmes d&rsquo;accr\u00e9ditation confessionnelle n\u00e9cessite une autorisation formelle aupr\u00e8s des titulaires des droits ou de leurs ayants droit institutionnels.<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Bassett, R. L., Camplin, W., Humphrey, D., Door, C., Biggs, S., Distaffen, R., Doxtator, I., Flaherty, M., Hunsberger, P., Poage, R., &amp; Thompson, H. (1991). Measuring Christian maturity: A comparison of several scales. <em>Journal of Psychology and Theology<\/em>, 19(1), 84\u201393. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164719101900109\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164719101900109<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Campbell, C., Carr, S., &amp; Parker, T. (1983). <em>Factor analysis of the Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/em> [Manuscrit non publi\u00e9]. Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, Portland, OR.<\/p>\n<p>Carr, S. A. (1987). <em>A theoretical and empirical examination of the construct validity of the Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/em> (Publication n\u00b0 8722650) [Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Western Conservative Baptist Seminary]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.<\/p>\n<p>Ewing, B., Parker, T., &amp; Quinn, J. (1983). <em>Correlates of the Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory, the Religious Orientation Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale<\/em> [Manuscrit non publi\u00e9]. Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, Portland, OR.<\/p>\n<p>Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. <em>The Leadership Quarterly<\/em>, 14(6), 693\u2013727. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2003.09.001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2003.09.001<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Greene, M. P. (1987). <em>The relationship between faculty-led small groups and character development of seminarians in an evangelical seminary<\/em> (Publication n\u00b0 8713653) [Th\u00e8se de doctorat, University of North Texas]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.<\/p>\n<p>Parker, T. G. (1984). <em>An empirical examination of the construct validity of the Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory<\/em> (Publication n\u00b0 8426210) [Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Western Conservative Baptist Seminary]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.<\/p>\n<p>Rockwood, J. T. (1986). <em>The relationship of spiritual development to psychological development based on family of origin theory<\/em> (Publication n\u00b0 8706304) [Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Texas Woman&rsquo;s University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.<\/p>\n<p>Townsend, J. S., &amp; Wichern, F. B. (1984). The development of the Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory. <em>Journal of Psychology and Theology<\/em>, 12(4), 305\u2013313. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164718401200406\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164718401200406<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Wichern, F. B. (1980). <em>Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory instruction manual<\/em>. Believer Renewal Resources.<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>Instructions:<\/strong> This survey consists of numbered statements. Read each statement and decide whether it is true as applied to you or false as applied to you. If a statement is true or mostly true, as applied to you, blacken in the circle in the column headed &lsquo;T&rsquo;. If a statement is false or not usually true, as applied to you, blacken in the circle in the column headed &lsquo;F&rsquo;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Response format:<\/strong> T = True | F = False<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If others fail to recognize how good I am, it is because of their own limitations.<\/li>\n<li>I rarely find myself so overcome by emotion that I cannot meet the people I work with.<\/li>\n<li>At times I am afraid that things I have done in the past will catch up with me.<\/li>\n<li>I have little trouble because of a guilty conscience.<\/li>\n<li>At my work area or desk, I frequently create such a mess that I can&rsquo;t get anything done.<\/li>\n<li>My will power is strong when it comes to passing up food.<\/li>\n<li>It makes me angry when others refuse to accept my good ideas.<\/li>\n<li>If you don&rsquo;t look out for yourself, nobody else will.<\/li>\n<li>There are a few people who know things about me which if told, could cause me great embarrassment.<\/li>\n<li>I am sometimes depressed because of things that I did in my past.<\/li>\n<li>l l. I admire someone who will point out an error even though it may cost them.<\/li>\n<li>I am often bothered by feelings of guilt.<\/li>\n<li>I believe each person has complete freedom to eat, drink, or act however he wants.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t mind being asked to do a humbling job which no one else will take.<\/li>\n<li>At times I feel like swearing.<\/li>\n<li>My conscience often bothers me with the feeling that I am not doing what I ought to be doing.<\/li>\n<li>I often laugh at a dirty joke or story just so my friends or coworkers don&rsquo;t think I&rsquo;m stuck-up.<\/li>\n<li>If I took a test and the grader missed a mistake I made, I wouldn&rsquo;t tell him.<\/li>\n<li>I believe that there is a code which demands that all men act fairly toward one another.<\/li>\n<li>If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure I was not seen, I would probably do it.<\/li>\n<li>I usually feel irritated when I have to take orders from others.<\/li>\n<li>People in my community would say that I am a person with high moral values.<\/li>\n<li>At times I feel like swearing.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently laugh at dirty jokes.<\/li>\n<li>What others think of me does not bother me.<\/li>\n<li>I secretly enjoy someone who is good at fooling others even if it sometimes embar\u00ad rasses them.<\/li>\n<li>Most people are too soft and if they were more critical they wouldn&rsquo;t get taken advan\u00ad tage of.<\/li>\n<li>I think nearly anyone would tell a lie to keep out of trouble.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently find myself going out of my way to make sure the other guy has an equal chance.<\/li>\n<li>I really enjoy a good hot argument.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t enjoy conversations in which the faults or misdeeds of others are being dis\u00ad cussed.<\/li>\n<li>I secretly feel good when I learn that someone I dislike has gotten into trouble.<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes when others speak too highly of an acquaintance, I try to point out his de\u00adfects.<\/li>\n<li>If I am given the wrong change by a clerk, I usually try to return the incorrect amount.<\/li>\n<li>If I had to choose, I would rather be spiritually close to God than be physically and emotionally close to people.<\/li>\n<li>People who invest their time in studying the Bible are not aware of the real problems facing man.<\/li>\n<li>I have often thought that I would like to be a leader in a local church.<\/li>\n<li>The main purpose of man is to know God and worship Him.<\/li>\n<li>Frankly, there are so many religions and cults that I doubt if any of them are right.<\/li>\n<li>I sometimes find myself continuing a discussion just because I don&rsquo;t want to be wrong.<\/li>\n<li>I am not impressed by the men who lead the church I attend.<\/li>\n<li>Being able to teach a subject well is as important as knowing that subject.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t have any desire to be a church leader.<\/li>\n<li>I would rather read a good novel or a true life adventure than to read the Bible.<\/li>\n<li>I wouldn&rsquo;t mind being an elder or deacon if I was chosen.<\/li>\n<li>While I may not consistently study truths about God, I do make it a priority to seek Him.<\/li>\n<li>A regular program of Bible study should be a priority for most people.<\/li>\n<li>I would like to be an elder or deacon if chosen.<\/li>\n<li>I believe that by meditating on the Bible and praying one may know God better.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy being able to get up in front of a group and sharing new ideas I have had.<\/li>\n<li>Elders or deacons are sincere people who should be praised for their work.<\/li>\n<li>The life of Jesus shows that all men can know God if they just look in themselves.<\/li>\n<li>Some of the greatest moments of my life have come through seeking to know God.<\/li>\n<li>Theologians have so confused people about religion that I would rather watch TV than read a religious book.<\/li>\n<li>Elders or deacons are just like anyone else, only they try to look good.<\/li>\n<li>Serving in activities at my church is more important than having time just for myself.<\/li>\n<li>I have made the study of the Bible and seeking God my highest priority.<\/li>\n<li>I would rather help a person grow spiritually than develop my own interests.<\/li>\n<li>I would feel good about working regularly on projects for my church.<\/li>\n<li>Christians overemphasize the abstract knowledge of God and forget to see the good in human beings.<\/li>\n<li>I am a doer, not a planner.<\/li>\n<li>Planning ahead makes things tum out better.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t easily become impatient with people.<\/li>\n<li>Talking in front of a group of people makes me very anxious.<\/li>\n<li>The main purpose of man is to know God and worship Him.<\/li>\n<li>I am not easily swayed by others&rsquo; opinions.<\/li>\n<li>I have periods of days, weeks, or months when I can&rsquo;t take care of things because I can&rsquo;t \u00ab\u00a0get going.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I am called on by my friends in times of trouble.<\/li>\n<li>I feel I am well suited to be a leader.<\/li>\n<li>I usually have to stop and think before I act even in trifling matters.<\/li>\n<li>I have been asked to lead groups where a difficult decision had to be made.<\/li>\n<li>I do many things which I regret afterward (regret things more or more often than oth\u00ad ers seem to).<\/li>\n<li>I sometimes feel a good goal for myself would be to never have to rely on anyone for anything.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t easily become impatient with people.<\/li>\n<li>I have met problems so full of possibilities that I have been almost unable to make up my mind about them.<\/li>\n<li>There is no respect these days for people who really know what is going on.<\/li>\n<li>When I get into a conversation, I am uncomfortable unless I get people to talk about subjects I know a great deal about.<\/li>\n<li>If other people fail to recognize how good I am, it is because of their limitations.<\/li>\n<li>I have had periods in which I carried on activities without knowing later what I had been doing.<\/li>\n<li>The human mind has so much potential that it will be able to bring world peace, end pollution, and bring in a \u00ab\u00a0new age.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I feel resentment when others fail to notice and praise me for my achievements.<\/li>\n<li>People who say that man is innately bad are just too pessimistic and are overlooking the human potential for justness.<\/li>\n<li>One of my greatest desires is to be a truly wise man.<\/li>\n<li>I rarely experience times when I am so confused I can&rsquo;t decide what to do.<\/li>\n<li>I have good success in settling disputes between people.<\/li>\n<li>In order to be really successful, I must be willing to take big risks.<\/li>\n<li>I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken, even for a short time.<\/li>\n<li>I am a doer, not a planner.<\/li>\n<li>At times I feel like smashing things.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently feel like swearing.<\/li>\n<li>I feel better about my life than I ever have.<\/li>\n<li>At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I could speak them.<\/li>\n<li>I get mad easily and then get over it soon.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently find myself worrying about something.<\/li>\n<li>When you do something wrong, there is very little you can do to make it right.<\/li>\n<li>Wishing can make good things happen.<\/li>\n<li>Planning ahead makes things tum out better.<\/li>\n<li>I sometimes feel a good goal for myself would be to never have to rely on anyone for anything.<\/li>\n<li>I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken, even for a short time.<\/li>\n<li>Society has surrounded man&rsquo;s sex drive with too many prohibitions.<\/li>\n<li>I have very few quarrels with members of my family.<\/li>\n<li>I want my wife\/husband to feel that she\/he is the most important person in my life.<\/li>\n<li>Teenagers have too many problems and should be ignored.<\/li>\n<li>When I have problems with my family life, I usually try to work harder at my job.<\/li>\n<li>I think that any religion which teaches that God made man with a sex drive and then sets up restrictions is unreasonable.<\/li>\n<li>I spend time thinking about new and unusual ways to enjoy sex.<\/li>\n<li>Because mothers spend more time with their children they are better able to make decisions about privileges and discipline.<\/li>\n<li>The main part of man&rsquo;s life is his work, and a woman should take care of the home.<\/li>\n<li>An occasional visit to an adult bookstore never hurt anyone.<\/li>\n<li>If my children talked back to me, I&rsquo;d spank them.<\/li>\n<li>Sexual enjoyment is God&rsquo;s greatest gift to mankind.<\/li>\n<li>My wife\/husband and I rarely agree on any decision.<\/li>\n<li>My interest in sex is about average, but I sometimes find myself having long periods of erotic fantasy.<\/li>\n<li>I find I can talk more openly and honestly to friends at work than I can my family (or wife).<\/li>\n<li>If I have a choice, I will go see a sexy movie in preference to others.<\/li>\n<li>If I had teen-age children, I wouldn&rsquo;t be particularly embarrassed if they were arrested for alcohol or drug use.<\/li>\n<li>At times when I am around an attractive person of the opposite sex, I am preoccupied with thoughts of touching, embracing, and going to bed with that person.<\/li>\n<li>It is probably better not to tell your children about sex, since they probably learn more about it at school.<\/li>\n<li>In the final analysis, pleasure is not the most important thing in life.<\/li>\n<li>I agree with the concept that \u00ab\u00a0kids will be kids\u00a0\u00bb and should be allowed to sow their \u00ab\u00a0wild oats.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I think I could give up about anything except sexual feelings, thoughts, and pleasures.<\/li>\n<li>Children should make up their own minds on religion without their parent&rsquo;s prejudices.<\/li>\n<li>I would rather read a magazine about current events than a magazine which contains sex-related articles.<\/li>\n<li>Most of the time parents listen to what their children have to say.<\/li>\n<li>It is useless to try to get my way at home.<\/li>\n<li>No one can tell me when and how and with whom I can make love.<\/li>\n<li>I have little to say about what I eat at home.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t especially enjoy watching movies depicting intimate love scenes.<\/li>\n<li>I have little to say about what my family does.<\/li>\n<li>Sexual enjoyment is God&rsquo;s greatest gift to mankind.<\/li>\n<li>I want my wife\/husband to feel that she\/he is the most important person in my life.<\/li>\n<li>I have resentments which I have stored up and harbored for long periods.<\/li>\n<li>Although I am usually aware of my immediate response to a situation, I have little difficulty with impulsiveness.<\/li>\n<li>At times I enjoy a good argument.<\/li>\n<li>Most people are uninformed and need someone to tell them what to do.<\/li>\n<li>I will go out of my way to avoid causing a fight.<\/li>\n<li>When someone insults or hurts me, I think for hours about things I should have said or done to get even.<\/li>\n<li>I do not let interruptions in my schedule disorganize me so that I cannot finish my jobs.<\/li>\n<li>In meetings I feel I should have something to say about every issue.<\/li>\n<li>Frequently I feel frustrated because I cannot think of a way to get even with someone who deserves it.<\/li>\n<li>I have frequently found myself so overwhelmed by anger that I have thrown something or cursed.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy seeing a shrewd lawyer change a jury&rsquo;s mind.<\/li>\n<li>When I think how many stupid people are allowed to drive, I get angry.<\/li>\n<li>Doing things on the spur of the moment is just not characteristic of me.<\/li>\n<li>If I propose an idea or belief, I usually will push it until the majority of people accept it.<\/li>\n<li>If I were in the military, I would have some problems in accepting the discipline.<\/li>\n<li>I am not surprised when someone goes out of his way to please me or to help me.<\/li>\n<li>It makes me angry when others refuse to accept my good ideas.<\/li>\n<li>I am known to my friends as a man who exhibits self- discipline.<\/li>\n<li>It is impossible to expect that any group of thinking men could agree consistently.<\/li>\n<li>The best defense is a strong offense.<\/li>\n<li>I believe that I can stop myself from catching a cold.<\/li>\n<li>I really enjoy a good hot argument.<\/li>\n<li>I hate to talk to people who I know have talked badly about me in the past.<\/li>\n<li>I believe that if somebody studies hard enough, he or she can pass any subject.<\/li>\n<li>I admire the concept, \u00ab\u00a0an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>God made the world but He expects men to work out their own problems.<\/li>\n<li>Some people make me so angry I&rsquo;d like to shout at them or slap their face.<\/li>\n<li>It makes me impatient to have people ask my advice or interrupt me when I am work\u00ading on something important.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently find myself daydreaming about ways to get back at people who have hurt me.<\/li>\n<li>I think most people mislead their friends just to gain sympathy and help.<\/li>\n<li>I can&rsquo;t think of anyone I really hate.<\/li>\n<li>I have sometimes opposed people who were trying to do something not because of what they were doing but just to oppose them.<\/li>\n<li>If I am angry, I think it&rsquo;s best to keep it to myself for several days.<\/li>\n<li>It takes a lot of argument to convince most people of the truth.<\/li>\n<li>If a credit card company doesn&rsquo;t bill me, I simply figure that it&rsquo;s their problem.<\/li>\n<li>I have used alcohol excessively.<\/li>\n<li>When I lose money, I get so uncomfortable I can hardly think about anything else.<\/li>\n<li>It&rsquo;s too bad so many people who haven&rsquo;t worked for it have money and position.<\/li>\n<li>In the final analysis, pleasure is the main thing in life.<\/li>\n<li>I would prefer an easy comfortable life where I need to exert myself as little as possible to a life full of challenges and demands.<\/li>\n<li>I couldn&rsquo;t care less what people think of me as long as I have plenty of money.<\/li>\n<li>One of the things I would like to do is keep a well-stocked liquor collection.<\/li>\n<li>If I am given the wrong change by a clerk, I usually try to return the incorrect amount.<\/li>\n<li>I feel I sometimes misuse medicines I have been given.<\/li>\n<li>I secretly dream of finding an envelope of money on the street.<\/li>\n<li>I prefer the company of people who drink very little or not at all.<\/li>\n<li>One of my major goals in life is to acquire enough money so I can be sure of a secure future.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently find I am jealous when I hear about friends who have made fantastic sav\u00adings on expensive items such as cars.<\/li>\n<li>I believe there is some truth in the old saying that you can \u00ab\u00a0drown your sorrows\u00a0\u00bb with alcohol.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy telling my friends about tricking a salesman into making a good deal.<\/li>\n<li>At times I have so enjoyed the cleverness of a crook that I wished he would get away with it.<\/li>\n<li>I frequently use medication.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy movies or stories about men who \u00ab\u00a0beat the system\u00a0\u00bb either by taking valuables or escaping the authorities.<\/li>\n<li>My will-power is strong when it comes to passing up food or drink.<\/li>\n<li>I would rather have a savings account of over $5,000 than to have close relationships with my friends.<\/li>\n<li>I worry over money and business.<\/li>\n<li>I find it difficult to share food or drink with others.<\/li>\n<li>My health is not good, and I frequently use medicines to keep going.<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t enjoy conversations in which the faults or misdeeds of others are being dis\u00ad cussed.<\/li>\n<li>The philosophy of looking out for yourself appeals to me.<\/li>\n<li>People who get all the breaks need to experience a few more troubles.<\/li>\n<li>I sometimes enjoy conversations in which the faults or misdeeds of others are being discussed.<\/li>\n<li>It would give me pleasure to be at a party where someone more popular than I am suffered embarrassment.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy having friends come over for supper or an evening.<\/li>\n<li>God&rsquo;s plan for mankind is still the best plan.<\/li>\n<li>I secretly feel good when I learn that someone I dislike has gotten into trouble.<\/li>\n<li>I support missionaries because I believe they are doing a necessary job<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes when others speak too highly of an acquaintance, I try to point out his de\u00ad fects.<\/li>\n<li>My friends feel that I am optimistic about life.<\/li>\n<li>My meals are more enjoyable when I can feel free to eat as fast as I wish without wor\u00ad rying about others at the table.<\/li>\n<li>The world is full of too many idealistic Pollyannas; life is hard.<\/li>\n<li>Frequently I find that I have eaten so much I just don&rsquo;t feel like doing anything but lying around.<\/li>\n<li>When I get into a conversation, I am uncomfortable unless I get people to talk about subjects I know a great deal about.<\/li>\n<li>I wish I could get rid of the feeling of inferiority and resentment which the good for- tunes of others frequently arouse in me.<\/li>\n<li>Providing overnight lodging for my friends or even strangers does not bother me.<\/li>\n<li>I often think, \u00ab\u00a0I wish I were a child again.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t have problems saying no to my own desires over spending time with my family.<\/li>\n<li>People who seek their own self-interests before the needs of others probably have infe\u00adriority feelings.<\/li>\n<li>I think most people exaggerate their misfortunes in order to gain the sympathy and help of others.<\/li>\n<li>Most people will use somewhat unfair means to gain profit or advantage rather than to lose it.<\/li>\n<li>Some people are just born lucky.<\/li>\n<li>I am against giving money to beggars.<\/li>\n<li>People often disappoint me.<\/li>\n<li>I have a good luck piece.<\/li>\n<li>I find it hard to make talk when I meet new people.<\/li>\n<li>I basically am a selfish person.<\/li>\n<li>My motto is \u00ab\u00a0when the going gets tough, the tough get going.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I don&rsquo;t believe in letting the \u00ab\u00a0grass grow under my feet.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I believe that things will tum out as the Bible says.<\/li>\n<li>I feel good when I learn that someone I dislike has gotten into trouble.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory (SLQI) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Wichern et Townsend : cadre th\u00e9orique biblique, validit\u00e9 de construit, analyse factorielle et items int\u00e9graux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[19648,9067,2],"tags":[29403,29404,3465,29401,16020,16,29402,29400,271],"class_list":["post-18548","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-leadership-et-management","category-psychologie-de-la-religion","category-psychometrie","tag-epitres-pastorales","tag-ethique-chretienne","tag-fidelite-test-retest","tag-leadership-spirituel","tag-maturite-spirituelle","tag-psychometrie","tag-selection-pastorale","tag-slqi","tag-validite-de-construit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18548"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18548\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}