{"id":18536,"date":"2026-10-17T10:15:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-d-expression-religieuse-res\/"},"modified":"2026-10-17T10:15:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T10:15:58","slug":"echelle-d-expression-religieuse-res","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-d-expression-religieuse-res","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse<\/strong> (<em>Religious Expression Scale<\/em> [RES]), con\u00e7ue initialement par le psychologue David M. Boan en 1977 dans le cadre de ses travaux doctoraux \u00e0 la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biola_University\">Biola University<\/a>, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique multidimensionnel pionnier \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer les diff\u00e9rentes modalit\u00e9s par lesquelles les individus manifestent et structurent leur foi religieuse au sein du christianisme \u00e9vang\u00e9lique. L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de cet outil est de mesurer et de distinguer une orientation religieuse \u00e0 dominante doctrinale et intellectuelle d&rsquo;une orientation \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance affective et intuitive. S&rsquo;inspirant de la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dichotomie introduite par le psychologue et philosophe <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_James\">William James<\/a> en 1902 entre l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience religieuse institutionnelle\/intellectuelle et l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience religieuse personnelle\/\u00e9motionnelle, ainsi que des mod\u00e8les ult\u00e9rieurs de lat\u00e9ralisation c\u00e9r\u00e9brale h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique (Ash et al., 1996), l&rsquo;instrument se d\u00e9compose en deux sections distinctes : une premi\u00e8re partie psychom\u00e9trique comprenant 59 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s (souvent num\u00e9rot\u00e9s jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 60 selon la structure du protocole) \u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Likert_scale\">Likert<\/a> en 6 points (allant de 1 = \u00ab d\u00e9saccord total \u00bb \u00e0 6 = \u00ab accord total \u00bb), et une seconde partie sociod\u00e9mographique et comportementale de 24 questions consacr\u00e9e aux ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents de vie, aux affiliations confessionnelles et aux pratiques concr\u00e8tes de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 (par exemple, fr\u00e9quence de lecture biblique, glossolalie, \u00e9vang\u00e9lisation de proximit\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle exploratoire conduite sur la premi\u00e8re partie de l&rsquo;instrument a mis en \u00e9vidence une structure robuste en neuf facteurs : l&rsquo;engagement religieux g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, l&rsquo;accent intellectuel, l&rsquo;accent affectif, l&rsquo;orientation philosophique, l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience affective intense, le style social\/affectivement d\u00e9pendant, l&rsquo;orientation vers l&rsquo;enseignement biblique, le style affectif social, ainsi qu&rsquo;un groupe d&rsquo;items de religiosit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale non affili\u00e9s aux huit axes majeurs. Les indices de coh\u00e9rence interne mesur\u00e9s au moyen des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation de Spearman-Brown attestent d&rsquo;une excellente fid\u00e9lit\u00e9, surpassant 0,80 pour chacun des facteurs. La validit\u00e9 de crit\u00e8re et la validit\u00e9 discriminante ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une capacit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive remarquable (72,9 % d&rsquo;assignation correcte par analyse discriminante entre des populations d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de s\u00e9minaires th\u00e9ologiques intellectuels versus charismatiques), confirmant la pertinence de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle pour la recherche empirique en psychologie de la religion, en neurosciences cognitives et en psychologie clinique interculturelle.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse, Religious Expression Scale, psychom\u00e9trie, psychologie de la religion, christianisme \u00e9vang\u00e9lique, orientation intellectuelle, style affectif, William James, lat\u00e9ralisation h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique, analyse factorielle, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de Spearman-Brown, pratiques religieuses.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse a \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement conceptualis\u00e9e et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>David M. Boan, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Psychologue clinicien et chercheur en psychologie sociale et transculturelle. Cet instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u dans le cadre de sa th\u00e8se de doctorat soutenue \u00e0 la Rosemead Graduate School of Professional Psychology, rattach\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Biola (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biola_University\">Biola University<\/a>), situ\u00e9e \u00e0 La Mirada, en Californie, \u00c9tats-Unis. Le Dr Boan s&rsquo;est par la suite illustr\u00e9 au sein du Humanitarian Disaster Institute (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)\">Wheaton College<\/a>) et aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;organismes de sant\u00e9 communautaire internationaux, en consacrant ses travaux \u00e0 la r\u00e9silience psychologique, \u00e0 l&rsquo;attachement divin et au soutien communautaire en contexte de crise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collaborateurs ult\u00e9rieurs majeurs<\/strong> : L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle et ses sous-dimensions ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un examen empirique approfondi par l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe de recherche dirig\u00e9e par Michael J. Boivin et comprenant C. Ash, C. Crist, D. Salisbury et M. Dewell (1996), rattach\u00e9s au d\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Nazarene d&rsquo;Olivet (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olivet_Nazarene_University\">Olivet Nazarene University<\/a>) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Indiana, qui ont explor\u00e9 les liens entre les styles cognitifs d&rsquo;expression religieuse mesur\u00e9s par la RES et le traitement visuel h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique unilat\u00e9ral et bilat\u00e9ral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse est de fournir une mesure standardis\u00e9e, quantitative et diff\u00e9rentielle des modalit\u00e9s cognitives, affectives et comportementales par lesquelles les croyants int\u00e8grent et verbalisent leur foi chr\u00e9tienne \u00e9vang\u00e9lique. Dans le champ de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_religion\">psychologie de la religion<\/a>, les premiers instruments de mesure \u00e9valuaient fr\u00e9quemment la religiosit\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re globale ou unidimensionnelle (par exemple, simple mesure de la fr\u00e9quence d&rsquo;assistance au culte ou adh\u00e9sion doctrinale litt\u00e9rale) ou sous l&rsquo;angle de la motivation intrins\u00e8que versus extrins\u00e8que (mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;Allport et Ross). Bien que ces outils aient apport\u00e9 des \u00e9clairages cruciaux, ils ne permettaient pas de distinguer finement les dynamiques fonctionnelles de la foi : un individu peut manifester un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d&rsquo;engagement religieux intrins\u00e8que tout en vivant sa foi par une qu\u00eate purement herm\u00e9neutique, rationnelle et textuelle, alors qu&rsquo;un autre exprimera cet engagement \u00e0 travers une exp\u00e9rience mystique intense, une communion \u00e9motionnelle interpersonnelle et une d\u00e9pendance aux ressentis d&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 avec l&rsquo;Esprit Saint.<\/p>\n<p>Face \u00e0 cette lacune, Boan (1977, 1978) a con\u00e7u la RES pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des imp\u00e9ratifs \u00e0 la fois th\u00e9oriques, empiriques et pratiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Op\u00e9rationnaliser les polarit\u00e9s cognitives et affectives<\/strong> : D\u00e9terminer si un individu favorise une approche discursive, analytique, logique et scripturaire (qualifi\u00e9e m\u00e9taphoriquement de mode \u00e0 dominance h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique gauche) ou plut\u00f4t une posture contemplative, \u00e9motionnellement sensible, intuitive et communautaire (mode \u00e0 dominance h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique droite).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Applications en recherche fondamentale<\/strong> : Faciliter l&rsquo;analyse neuro-cognitive et psychologique des typologies de croyants. Les recherches exp\u00e9rimentales (telles que celles men\u00e9es par Ash et al., 1996) ont utilis\u00e9 l&rsquo;instrument pour corr\u00e9ler les styles de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 avec des t\u00e2ches de traitement d&rsquo;information visuelle et de lat\u00e9ralisation fonctionnelle c\u00e9r\u00e9brale, investiguant ainsi l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;une corr\u00e9lation entre les sch\u00e9mas cognitifs religieux habituels et la plasticit\u00e9 ou la dominance fonctionnelle neuropsychologique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Applications cliniques et pastorales<\/strong> : Dans le cadre de la psychoth\u00e9rapie d&rsquo;inspiration chr\u00e9tienne ou de la relation d&rsquo;aide pastorale, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle permet d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer le syst\u00e8me de valeurs et les m\u00e9canismes de d\u00e9fense spirituels du patient. Identifier si un individu utilise l&rsquo;intellectualisation dogmatique pour supprimer l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 ou, au contraire, si sa vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle engendre une d\u00e9tresse existentielle en l&rsquo;absence de transcendance ressentie, offre au th\u00e9rapeute une voie d&rsquo;adaptation des interventions cliniques adapt\u00e9es aux r\u00e9pertoires de coping du sujet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exploration sociologique et eccl\u00e9siologique<\/strong> : Mesurer l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation entre le style individuel d&rsquo;un fid\u00e8le et l&rsquo;ambiance doctrinale ou liturgique de son assembl\u00e9e (par exemple, le passage d&rsquo;une \u00e9glise r\u00e9form\u00e9e traditionnelle ax\u00e9e sur l&rsquo;ex\u00e9g\u00e8se rigoureuse \u00e0 une \u00e9glise de r\u00e9veil pentec\u00f4tiste ax\u00e9e sur le charisme et la spontan\u00e9it\u00e9 expressive).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit th\u00e9orique au c\u0153ur de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse repose sur la conceptualisation de l&rsquo;expression religieuse en tant qu&rsquo;entit\u00e9 multidimensionnelle, non exclusive, o\u00f9 s&rsquo;articulent la cognition analytique, la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie affective, la r\u00e9gulation sociale et la praxis doctrinale. L&rsquo;analyse factorielle a formellement isol\u00e9 neuf dimensions distinctes, dont huit repr\u00e9sentent des constructions psychologiques hautement coh\u00e9rentes :<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur I : Engagement religieux g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (General religious commitment)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce facteur refl\u00e8te le niveau global d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la spiritualit\u00e9 dans le fonctionnement de l&rsquo;individu, sa centralit\u00e9 dans la vie quotidienne et l&rsquo;importance accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la dimension transcendante. Il \u00e9value l&rsquo;ampleur avec laquelle la religion innerve l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 personnelle (exemple : item 59, <em>\u00ab My religion is very important to me and touches all of my life \u00bb<\/em>). Cette sous-\u00e9chelle agit comme une mesure de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de la force de la d\u00e9votion.<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur II : Accent intellectuel (Intellectual emphasis)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension quantifie la propension \u00e0 formuler sa spiritualit\u00e9 sous une forme rationalis\u00e9e, propositionnelle et acad\u00e9mique. L&rsquo;individu privil\u00e9gie une d\u00e9marche cognitive r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie, se d\u00e9finissant comme une personne analytique dont les convictions reposent sur des d\u00e9monstrations logiques et un examen critique des textes (exemples : item 3, <em>\u00ab I would say that I express my faith primarily through the intellectual areas of my life \u00bb<\/em> ; item 6, <em>\u00ab I would say that I &lsquo;think&rsquo; my religion \u00bb<\/em> ; item 55, <em>\u00ab My beliefs are well organized and thought out \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur III : Accent affectif (Affective emphasis)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9 direct de l&rsquo;intellectualisation stricte, ce facteur mesure le degr\u00e9 selon lequel la foi est v\u00e9cue, ressentie et communiqu\u00e9e sous un registre \u00e9motionnel, subjectif et sentimental. Le croyant accorde une primaut\u00e9 au ressenti int\u00e9rieur de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, \u00e0 la paix spirituelle et \u00e0 la chaleur affective de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience divine (exemples : item 8, <em>\u00ab I tend to express my faith through the emotional aspects of my life \u00bb<\/em> ; item 24, <em>\u00ab I would say that I &lsquo;feel&rsquo; my religion \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur IV : Orientation philosophique (Philosophical orientation)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante \u00e9value la sensibilit\u00e9 aux enjeux existentiels, aux questionnements m\u00e9taphysiques complexes et \u00e0 l&rsquo;impact sociopolitique de la doctrine religieuse. Le sujet s&rsquo;int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la coh\u00e9rence historique, scientifique et institutionnelle de la foi ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 son implication dans la transformation soci\u00e9tale (exemples : item 2, <em>\u00ab In relating to non-Christians, I would feel most comfortable speaking about the philosophical soundness of my experience \u00bb<\/em> ; item 12, <em>\u00ab For myself, the Bible is best interpreted so that it will be consistent with history and science \u00bb<\/em> ; item 25, <em>\u00ab I tend to be concerned about the political and social implications of the gospel \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur V : Exp\u00e9rience affective intense (Intense affective experience)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit renvoie \u00e0 la qu\u00eate ou au v\u00e9cu d&rsquo;exp\u00e9riences extatiques, de d\u00e9bordements \u00e9motionnels sous l&rsquo;action pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e du divin, d&rsquo;abandons corporels ou liturgiques et de manifestations miraculeuses. Elle est fortement caract\u00e9ristique du christianisme n\u00e9o-pentec\u00f4tiste et charismatique (exemples : item 16, <em>\u00ab During a church service I may become emotionally overwhelmed by the Spirit of God \u00bb<\/em> ; item 45, <em>\u00ab I may lose control of myself during prayer or worship \u00bb<\/em> ; item 46, <em>\u00ab Miracles and supernatural events are a regular part of a &lsquo;spirit-filled&rsquo; Christian&rsquo;s life \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur VI : Style social \/ affectivement d\u00e9pendant (Social\/emotionally-dependent style)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension cerne le besoin d&rsquo;\u00e9tayage interpersonnel, de partage intime des \u00e9preuves au sein de la communaut\u00e9 eccl\u00e9siale et d&rsquo;un climat de compassion r\u00e9ciproque pour soutenir la vie de foi. Le croyant trouve dans le groupe religieux un vecteur fondamental de r\u00e9gulation affective (exemples : item 7, <em>\u00ab I need other people to help me through the emotional aspects of my life \u00bb<\/em> ; item 28, <em>\u00ab When troubled I prefer to talk to a person who will show me compassion \u00bb<\/em> ; item 29, <em>\u00ab I prefer a church group which emphasizes personal sharing \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur VII : Orientation vers l&rsquo;enseignement biblique (Bible teaching orientation)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce facteur exprime l&rsquo;attachement fondamental \u00e0 l&rsquo;ex\u00e9g\u00e8se scrupuleuse, \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9rudition herm\u00e9neutique de l&rsquo;officiant religieux et \u00e0 la primaut\u00e9 accord\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;enseignement rigoureux du texte biblique sur toute autre forme d&rsquo;animation liturgique ou de partage informel (exemples : item 1, <em>\u00ab For myself, reading the Bible is most important for understanding the truths of God&rsquo;s revelation \u00bb<\/em> ; item 26, <em>\u00ab I prefer to listen to a minister who is a good Biblical scholar \u00bb<\/em> ; item 43, <em>\u00ab In church I expect to be taught the Word of God \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur VIII : Style affectif social (Social affective style)<\/h3>\n<p>Contrairement au style d\u00e9pendant, ce profil est tourn\u00e9 vers l&rsquo;ext\u00e9riorisation, le pros\u00e9lytisme relationnel et l&rsquo;\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation v\u00e9cue comme un partage chaleureux de l&rsquo;amour du Christ, centr\u00e9 sur le d\u00e9veloppement de liens interpersonnels bienveillants plut\u00f4t que sur des argumentations dogmatiques (exemples : item 15, <em>\u00ab I prefer to witness about the love I experience in Christ \u00bb<\/em> ; item 18, <em>\u00ab To evangelize means to work within groups, developing relationships \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Facteur IX : Items de religiosit\u00e9 diverse (Miscellaneous religiosity items)<\/h3>\n<p>Regroupe un ensemble restreint d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s qui, bien qu&rsquo;\u00e9valuant des attitudes spirituelles authentiques, ne pr\u00e9sentaient pas de saturations primaires suffisamment discriminantes pour \u00eatre subsum\u00e9s sous l&rsquo;une des huit structures factorielles majeures.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse proc\u00e8de d&rsquo;une convergence historique et interdisciplinaire unissant la psychologie ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique du d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle et les th\u00e9ories neuropsychologiques de la sp\u00e9cialisation h\u00e9misph\u00e9rique en vogue dans le dernier tiers du XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage jamesien : religion de seconde main versus religion de premi\u00e8re main<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan psychologique et philosophique, Boan s&rsquo;est directement appuy\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;ouvrage fondateur de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_James\">William James<\/a>, <em>The Varieties of Religious Experience<\/em> (1902). James postulait que la religion institutionnelle, formaliste et doctrinale constituait une expression \u00ab de seconde main \u00bb, fond\u00e9e sur des syst\u00e8mes de croyances intellectualis\u00e9s, des th\u00e9ologies dogmatiques et des rituels codifi\u00e9s. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, la \u00ab religion de premi\u00e8re main \u00bb \u00e9merge de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience personnelle, affective, intuitive et directe du divin, souvent marqu\u00e9e par des \u00e9tats de conscience modifi\u00e9s, des sentiments d&rsquo;inondation mystique et une conversion dramatique. Boan a transpos\u00e9 ce mod\u00e8le au sein de la sous-culture protestante \u00e9vang\u00e9lique nord-am\u00e9ricaine, observant que les clivages confessionnels contemporains (par exemple, s\u00e9minaires calvinistes\/dispensationalistes traditionnels versus instituts th\u00e9ologiques charismatiques\/pentec\u00f4tistes) r\u00e9activaient avec acuit\u00e9 la tension entre intellectualisme scripturaire et imm\u00e9diatet\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se neuropsychologique de la lat\u00e9ralisation c\u00e9r\u00e9brale<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les d\u00e9cennies 1970 et 1980, sous l&rsquo;impulsion des travaux sur le cerveau d\u00e9doubl\u00e9 (<em>split-brain<\/em>) de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry\">Roger Sperry<\/a> et Michael Gazzaniga, la communaut\u00e9 scientifique s&rsquo;est fortement int\u00e9ress\u00e9e aux asym\u00e9tries fonctionnelles des h\u00e9misph\u00e8res c\u00e9r\u00e9braux :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche (cortical gauche)<\/strong> : Associ\u00e9 pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement au traitement s\u00e9quentiel, analytique, logique, verbal et rationnel des stimuli.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u00e9misph\u00e8re droit (cortical droit)<\/strong> : Associ\u00e9 au traitement holistique, visuospatial, intuitif, non verbal et \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation des tonalit\u00e9s affectives majeures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Boan (1977), puis ult\u00e9rieurement Ash et al. (1996), ont postul\u00e9 que les croyants pouvaient manifester des \u00ab styles cognitivo-spirituels \u00bb congruentiels avec ces modalit\u00e9s de traitement de l&rsquo;information. L&rsquo;expression religieuse intellectualis\u00e9e (recherche d&rsquo;exactitude terminologique, logique des syst\u00e8mes doctrinaux, argumentation philosophique) \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e s&rsquo;ancrer dans des styles cognitifs favorisant les processus de l&rsquo;h\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche. Inversement, l&rsquo;expression religieuse affective (perception sensorielle de la pr\u00e9sence de Dieu, effusions \u00e9motionnelles, louange spontan\u00e9e et m\u00e9taphorique) semblait mobiliser des r\u00e9seaux associ\u00e9s aux comp\u00e9tences de l&rsquo;h\u00e9misph\u00e8re droit. Cette hypoth\u00e8se a motiv\u00e9 la construction d&rsquo;items opposant directement le verbe \u00ab penser \u00bb sa foi (<em>\u00ab I &lsquo;think&rsquo; my religion \u00bb<\/em>) au verbe \u00ab ressentir \u00bb sa foi (<em>\u00ab I &lsquo;feel&rsquo; my religion \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Le processus de validation psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse a \u00e9t\u00e9 orchestr\u00e9 par David M. Boan (1977, 1978) \u00e0 travers quatre \u00e9tapes m\u00e9thodologiques rigoureuses :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Sensibilit\u00e9 et analyse des distributions des items<\/h3>\n<p>La premi\u00e8re phase a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 analyser la forme de la distribution de fr\u00e9quences pour chacun des 59 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sur l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon initial. L&rsquo;auteur a examin\u00e9 l&rsquo;aplatissement (kurtosis) et l&rsquo;asym\u00e9trie (skewness) afin d&rsquo;identifier d&rsquo;\u00e9ventuels <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceiling_effect_(statistics)\">effets de plafond<\/a> (saturation d&rsquo;accords extr\u00eames) ou d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Floor_effect\">effets de plancher<\/a> (saturation de d\u00e9saccords extr\u00eames). Les items pr\u00e9sentant une dispersion ad\u00e9quate et une excellente variance ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retenus, garantissant ainsi un pouvoir discriminant optimal sur l&rsquo;ensemble du continuum de r\u00e9ponse en 6 points.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Validit\u00e9 de construit factorielle<\/h3>\n<p>La seconde phase a \u00e9valu\u00e9 la structure interne de l&rsquo;instrument au moyen de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factor_analysis\">analyse factorielle<\/a> exploratoire. Les r\u00e9sultats ont confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;axes conceptuellement distincts et interpr\u00e9tables s\u00e9parant sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 les polarit\u00e9s de l&rsquo;expression religieuse (facteurs intellectuels versus facteurs affectifs et relationnels). Cette diff\u00e9renciation nette confirme la validit\u00e9 dimensionnelle du construit th\u00e9orique sous-jacent.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Validit\u00e9 li\u00e9e aux crit\u00e8res et validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive \/ discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Pour mesurer la validit\u00e9 de crit\u00e8re, Boan a soumis l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 un test de classification empirique au moyen d&rsquo;une analyse discriminante. L&rsquo;objectif \u00e9tait de pr\u00e9dire l&rsquo;appartenance institutionnelle des \u00e9tudiants inscrits dans deux s\u00e9minaires th\u00e9ologiques aux orientations doctrinales et liturgiques volontairement contrast\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le <em>Talbot Theological Seminary<\/em> (La Mirada, Californie) : Institution r\u00e9put\u00e9e pour sa rigueur acad\u00e9mique, son attachement \u00e0 la th\u00e9ologie syst\u00e9matique, \u00e0 l&rsquo;ex\u00e9g\u00e8se biblique minutieuse et \u00e0 un style religieux intellectuel (orientation pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e \u00ab cerveau gauche \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li>La <em>Melodyland School of Theology<\/em> (Anaheim, Californie) : \u00c9tablissement embl\u00e9matique du mouvement charismatique des ann\u00e9es 1970, mettant au premier plan l&rsquo;effusion du Saint-Esprit, la glossolalie, les gu\u00e9risons miraculeuses et la ferveur affective (orientation pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e \u00ab cerveau droit \u00bb).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse discriminante reposant sur les scores factoriels de la RES a permis de pr\u00e9dire avec exactitude l&rsquo;appartenance de groupe de <strong>72,9 %<\/strong> des s\u00e9minaristes. Cette performance statistique confirme la validit\u00e9 concurrente et pr\u00e9dictive de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle pour discriminer les profils d&rsquo;individus immerg\u00e9s dans des milieux confessionnels aux normes expressives divergentes.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Validit\u00e9 convergente et comportementale<\/h3>\n<p>La quatri\u00e8me \u00e9tape de validation a compar\u00e9 les facteurs psychom\u00e9triques de la premi\u00e8re partie avec les comportements spirituels d\u00e9clar\u00e9s dans la seconde partie (24 questions sur les pratiques r\u00e9elles). Des corr\u00e9lations significatives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s au facteur <em>Orientation vers l&rsquo;enseignement biblique<\/em> et au facteur <em>Accent intellectuel<\/em> \u00e9taient associ\u00e9s \u00e0 une fr\u00e9quence sup\u00e9rieure d&rsquo;heures d&rsquo;\u00e9tude scripturaire hebdomadaire et \u00e0 la valorisation de pasteurs \u00e9rudits.<\/li>\n<li>Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s aux facteurs <em>Accent affectif<\/em> et <em>Exp\u00e9rience affective intense<\/em> corr\u00e9laient fortement avec la pratique de la glossolalie (parler en langues), le fait de rapporter une exp\u00e9rience de conversion \u00e9motionnelle soudaine et l&rsquo;affirmation certaine d&rsquo;avoir \u00ab ressenti physiquement \u00bb la pr\u00e9sence divine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse s&rsquo;est concentr\u00e9e sur la consistance interne des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s composant les diff\u00e9rents facteurs identifi\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/strong> : En raison des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s m\u00e9thodologiques de son \u00e9chantillonnage, Boan a calcul\u00e9 les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation corrig\u00e9s par la formule de pr\u00e9diction de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spearman%E2%80%93Brown_prediction_formula\">Spearman-Brown<\/a> pour chacune des sous-\u00e9chelles factorielles. Tous les coefficients obtenus pour l&rsquo;ensemble des facteurs ont d\u00e9pass\u00e9 le seuil de <strong>r &gt; 0,80<\/strong>, d\u00e9montrant une homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne remarquable des items au sein de chaque p\u00f4le factoriel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest)<\/strong> : Le protocole doctoral d&rsquo;origine ne comportait pas d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest \u00e0 moyen ou long terme. Les coefficients de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest ne sont donc pas document\u00e9s dans les publications de Boan. N\u00e9anmoins, les stabilit\u00e9s factorielles retrouv\u00e9es dans des travaux ult\u00e9rieurs (ex. Ash et al., 1996) confirment une invariance satisfaisante de la structure chez des populations \u00e9tudiantes sur des intervalles rapproch\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture psychom\u00e9trique de la premi\u00e8re partie de la RES repose sur une analyse factorielle des composantes principales (avec rotation orthogonale de type Varimax) r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Boan sur un \u00e9chantillon cumul\u00e9 de plusieurs centaines de participants (N = 283 au total dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps, combinant s\u00e9minaristes et la\u00efcs d&rsquo;\u00e9glises diverses du Sud de la Californie).<\/p>\n<h3>Extraction factorielle et s\u00e9mantique des composantes<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de neuf facteurs, expliquant une part pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante de la variance totale des r\u00e9ponses :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur I (G\u00e9n\u00e9ral)<\/strong> : \u00c9valuait l&rsquo;implication religieuse globale et transversale (ex. item 58 sur l&rsquo;importance vitale de la foi).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur II (Intellectuel)<\/strong> : Saturations tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es pour les items mentionnant l&rsquo;usage de la pens\u00e9e, la logique et la rationalit\u00e9 (items 3, 6, 35, 54, 55, 56).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur III (Affectif)<\/strong> : Saturations dominantes pour les items d\u00e9crivant la primaut\u00e9 du c\u0153ur, de l&rsquo;\u00e9motion et du sentiment (items 8, 9, 23, 47, 59).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur IV (Philosophique)<\/strong> : Saturations port\u00e9es par les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s mettant en jeu la compatibilit\u00e9 science-Bible et les r\u00e9flexions sociales de l&rsquo;\u00c9vangile (items 2, 11, 22, 24).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur V (Affectif intense)<\/strong> : Saturations fortes sur les manifestations \u00e9motionnelles puissantes en contexte de culte et la perte de contr\u00f4le extatique (items 15, 44, 45).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur VI (Style social d\u00e9pendant)<\/strong> : Saturations regroupant le recours au soutien d&rsquo;autrui, le partage personnel et le besoin d&rsquo;un encadrement bienveillant (items 7, 27, 28, 48 inverse).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur VII (Enseignement biblique)<\/strong> : Saturations polaris\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;ex\u00e9g\u00e8se pastorale, la primaut\u00e9 du sermon structur\u00e9 et l&rsquo;apprentissage dogmatique (items 1, 25, 42).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur VIII (Affectif social)<\/strong> : Saturations focalis\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation interpersonnelle par le partage de l&rsquo;amour plut\u00f4t que par la controverse apolog\u00e9tique (items 14, 18, 20).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur IX (R\u00e9siduel \/ Divers)<\/strong> : Items pr\u00e9sentant des poids factoriels diffus ou partag\u00e9s sans polarit\u00e9 th\u00e9matique univoque.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Proc\u00e9dure de calcul des scores factoriels (Ash et al., 1996)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la litt\u00e9rature subs\u00e9quente, notamment dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude d&rsquo;Ash, Crist, Salisbury, Dewell et Boivin (1996), les chercheurs ont op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 le calcul des scores des sous-\u00e9chelles en multipliant la r\u00e9ponse brute de chaque participant \u00e0 un item donn\u00e9 (cot\u00e9e de 1 \u00e0 6) par le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factor_analysis\">poids factoriel<\/a> (saturation) issu de la th\u00e8se doctorale de Boan, puis en sommant ces produits pond\u00e9r\u00e9s pour chaque dimension. Cette m\u00e9thode de cotation par r\u00e9gression factorielle maximise la repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 du construit en accordant un poids statistique proportionnel \u00e0 la puret\u00e9 de chaque variable observ\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse se compose de deux parties compl\u00e9mentaires et auto-administr\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Partie 1 : Inventaire des attitudes et styles d&rsquo;expression (59 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert \u00e0 6 modalit\u00e9s sans point neutre :\n<ul>\n<li>1 = Disagree strongly (D\u00e9saccord total)<\/li>\n<li>2 = Disagree mildly (D\u00e9saccord mod\u00e9r\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li>3 = Disagree slightly (D\u00e9saccord l\u00e9ger)<\/li>\n<li>4 = Agree slightly (Accord l\u00e9ger)<\/li>\n<li>5 = Agree mildly (Accord mod\u00e9r\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li>6 = Agree strongly (Accord total)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e de passation :<\/strong> Environ 15 \u00e0 20 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mode d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Questionnaire papier-crayon ou formulaire num\u00e9rique individuel. Les consignes garantissent l&rsquo;anonymat strict afin de limiter les biais de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale en milieu religieux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Partie 2 : Questionnaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sociod\u00e9mographique et comportemental (24 questions)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Variables d\u00e9mographiques :<\/strong> \u00c2ge, sexe, niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes, revenu annuel, statut matrimonial, profession, d\u00e9nomination confessionnelle actuelle, d\u00e9nomination des parents.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pratiques religieuses quantitatives :<\/strong> Fr\u00e9quence mensuelle d&rsquo;assistance au culte, fr\u00e9quence hebdomadaire de lecture\/\u00e9tude biblique, nombre de personnes aupr\u00e8s de qui le sujet a t\u00e9moign\u00e9 au cours du mois \u00e9coul\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exp\u00e9riences th\u00e9ologiques et spirituelles :<\/strong> Glossolalie (exp\u00e9rience et fr\u00e9quence), certitude du salut personnel, croyance en la perte possible du salut, pluralit\u00e9 des exp\u00e9riences de conversion, perception de la pr\u00e9sence de Dieu, doutes spirituels actuels ou pass\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9v\u00e9nements de vie r\u00e9cents et stresseurs :<\/strong> Mobilit\u00e9 r\u00e9sidentielle (d\u00e9m\u00e9nagements au cours des 5 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es), instabilit\u00e9 professionnelle (changements d&#8217;emploi), pr\u00e9sence de situations de stress ou de crises domestiques (maladie physique, difficult\u00e9s financi\u00e8res, conflits conjugaux, alcoolisme, toxicomanie, troubles \u00e9motionnels, d\u00e9c\u00e8s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation :<\/strong> Absence de bar\u00e8me universel unique. L&rsquo;utilisateur peut calculer la moyenne brute non pond\u00e9r\u00e9e des items constitutifs de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle ou utiliser la m\u00e9thode de pond\u00e9ration factorielle d&rsquo;Ash et al. (1996) pour des analyses statistiques avanc\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement :<\/strong> 1977 (soutenance doctorale) ; diffusion acad\u00e9mique officielle par <em>Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em> en 1978.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9 dans le cadre de la th\u00e8se de doctorat de David M. Boan \u00e0 la Rosemead Graduate School of Professional Psychology (Biola University). La reproduction int\u00e9grale des items et de la structure du test au sein de th\u00e8ses universitaires et d&rsquo;articles scientifiques (notamment dans le <em>Journal of Psychology and Theology<\/em>) a conf\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;instrument un statut de ressource disponible \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique non commerciale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est libre de droits d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 vis\u00e9e de recherche scientifique et d&rsquo;enseignement universitaire (open access for academic research). Les chercheurs souhaitant l&rsquo;utiliser en contexte institutionnel ou clinique sont invit\u00e9s \u00e0 citer formellement les travaux sources originaux (Boan, 1977, 1978 ; Ash et al., 1996).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Ash, C., Crist, C., Salisbury, D., Dewell, M., &amp; Boivin, M. J. (1996). Unilateral and bilateral brain hemispheric advantage on visual matching tasks and their relationship to styles of religiosity. <em>Journal of Psychology and Theology<\/em>, 24(2), 133\u2013154. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164719602400205\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164719602400205<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Boan, D. M. (1978). <em>The development and validation of a measure of religious expression<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, Rosemead Graduate School of Professional Psychology, Biola University, 1977). <em>Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em>, 40(04B), 1864.<\/li>\n<li>James, W. (1902). <em>The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature<\/em>. Longmans, Green, &amp; Co. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10004-000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10004-000<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For myself, reading the Bible is most important for understanding the truths of God&#039;s revelation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In relating to non-Christians, I would feel most comfortable speaking about the philosophical soundness of my experience.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would say that I express my faith primarily through the intellectual areas of my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For myself, the Bible is interpreted through the direct and immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To me, the beauty of Christianity lies in the way it helps me through the joys and trials of each day.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would say that I &quot;think&quot; my religion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I need other people to help me through the emotional aspects of my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tend to express my faith through the emotional aspects of my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In speaking to non-Christians I would probably emphasize the emotional security<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I experience with my faith.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Religion should not be &quot;intellectual.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For myself, the Bible is best interpreted so that it will be consistent with history and science.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In emphasizing the &quot;rational&quot; aspects of faith there is a danger in losing the applicability of that faith.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I experience the Holy Spirit working actively in my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to witness about the love I experience in Christ.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">During a church service I may become emotionally overwhelmed by the Spirit of God.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The Holy Spirit works primarily through such means as culture and history.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find the Body of Christ to be a place where His Word is emphasized.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To evangelize means to work within groups, developing relationships.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to witness to the truth found in Christ.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I spend time reflecting on the wonder of God.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To evangelize means to witness to individuals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Society will change when institutions are changed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would say that I &quot;feel&quot; my religion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tend to be concerned about the political and social implications of the gospel.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to listen to a minister who is a good Biblical scholar.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I seek God&#039;s guidance through prayer and meditation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When troubled I prefer to talk to a person who will show me compassion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer a church group which emphasizes personal sharing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I seek God&#039;s guidance through the study of scripture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I rely on the Bible to help me understand what a conversion experience is.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am willing to accept another&#039;s con- version experience as real even if it is quite different from my own.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am an unemotional person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For myself, becoming a believer was the result of much study of Scripture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Christianity may be seen as a logical system of beliefs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The content of a person&#039;s testimony is more important than the feelings surrounding it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have never actually felt God&#039;s presence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As Christians, we are living in the Church Age; therefore, we should not expect God to intervene by supernatural means.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For me, worship services are most meaningful where we do not have to follow a set program.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I dislike it when a minister speaks with a lot of emotion and tries to create certain feelings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Midweek services at my church emphasize sharing needs rather than studying Scripture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What a person thinks is more important than how he feels.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In church I expect to be taught the Word of God.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Worship is when you reflect on God rather than his &quot;filling&quot; you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I may lose control of myself during prayer or worship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Miracles and supernatural events are a regular part of a &quot;spirit-filled&quot; Christian&#039;s life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am more emotional about my faith than other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I don&#039;t need other people to help me grow in my faith.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have had an emotional conversion experience.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel more comfortable doing things in groups than alone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tend to be more individualistic than other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would say that I have an analytic mind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am not as concerned about the details of the Bible as other people are.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can say for certain that I have felt God&#039;s presence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My beliefs are well organized and thought out.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am more intellectual about my beliefs than other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would describe myself as a very rational person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am a very sociable person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My religion is very important to me and touches all of my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would describe myself as a very emotional person.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;expression religieuse (Religious Expression Scale &#8211; RES), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par David M. Boan, est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique mesurant les dimensions intellectuelles et affectives de la foi chr\u00e9tienne \u00e9vang\u00e9lique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[165,9067,2],"tags":[23775,245,29373,29371,29374,15953,16,11111,29372,9752],"class_list":["post-18536","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-devaluation","category-psychologie-de-la-religion","category-psychometrie","tag-affectivite","tag-analyse-factorielle","tag-david-m-boan","tag-echelle-dexpression-religieuse","tag-foi-evangelique","tag-psychologie-de-la-religion","tag-psychometrie","tag-rationalite","tag-religious-expression-scale","tag-william-james"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18536"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18536\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}