{"id":18187,"date":"2026-10-16T14:29:01","date_gmt":"2026-10-16T14:29:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelles-de-depression-danxiete-et-de-stress-version-longue-dass-42\/"},"modified":"2026-10-16T14:29:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T14:29:01","slug":"echelles-de-depression-danxiete-et-de-stress-version-longue-dass-42","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelles-de-depression-danxiete-et-de-stress-version-longue-dass-42","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelles de d\u00e9pression, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de stress &#8211; Version longue (DASS-42)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9pression, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de stress &#8211; Version longue<\/strong> (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Depression_Anxiety_Stress_Scales\">Depression Anxiety Stress Scales<\/a>, DASS-42) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation con\u00e7u \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par Syd H. Lovibond et Peter F. Lovibond en 1995 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Compos\u00e9e de 42 items r\u00e9partis \u00e9quitablement en trois sous-\u00e9chelles de 14 items chacune, elle est sp\u00e9cifiquement \u00e9labor\u00e9e pour isoler, mesurer et contraster les \u00e9tats affectifs n\u00e9gatifs fondamentaux que sont la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9pression_(psychiatrie)\">d\u00e9pression<\/a>, l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxi%C3%A9t%C3%A9\">anxi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/a> et le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress\">stress<\/a> psychologique (ou tension nerveuse non sp\u00e9cifique). Contrairement \u00e0 de nombreux instruments traditionnels de diagnostic cat\u00e9goriel, le DASS-42 repose sur une conception dimensionnelle des troubles \u00e9motionnels, postulant que les manifestations symptomatiques chez les individus sains et les populations cliniques diff\u00e8rent en intensit\u00e9 et en fr\u00e9quence plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;en nature.<\/p>\n<p>Les participants \u00e9valuent la pertinence de chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 au cours de la semaine \u00e9coul\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse de type Likert en 4 points, gradu\u00e9e de 0 (\u00ab Ne s&rsquo;applique pas du tout \u00e0 moi \u00bb) \u00e0 3 (\u00ab S&rsquo;applique tout \u00e0 fait \u00e0 moi, ou la plupart du temps \u00bb). Sur le plan des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente une coh\u00e9rence interne remarquable : dans les \u00e9chantillons normatifs initiaux (n = 2 914), les coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> atteignent respectivement 0,91 pour la sous-\u00e9chelle D\u00e9pression, 0,84 pour l&rsquo;Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et 0,90 pour le Stress. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires appuient vigoureusement une structure tri-factorielle oblique corr\u00e9l\u00e9e, tout en confirmant la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;outil \u00e0 discriminer de mani\u00e8re fine l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 physiologique de l&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie d\u00e9pressive et de l&rsquo;hyperactivit\u00e9 neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative li\u00e9e au stress. Utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle internationale en recherche fondamentale, \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique et en pratique clinique de routine, le DASS-42 s&rsquo;impose comme une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence incontournable de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation dimensionnelle de la d\u00e9tresse psychologique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>DASS-42, d\u00e9pression, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, stress, psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation dimensionnelle, sant\u00e9 mentale, affect n\u00e9gatif, coh\u00e9rence interne, analyse factorielle, mod\u00e8le tripartite, validit\u00e9 discriminante.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Les auteurs originaux et concepteurs de l&rsquo;instrument sont :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sydney H. Lovibond, Ph.D.<\/strong> : \u00c9m\u00e9rite Professeur de psychologie clinique, School of Psychology, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unsw.edu.au\/\">University of New South Wales (UNSW)<\/a>, Sydney, Australie. Pionnier des approches comportementales et de la psychom\u00e9trie appliqu\u00e9e en Oc\u00e9anie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peter F. Lovibond, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur titulaire de psychologie exp\u00e9rimentale et cognitive, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australie. Chercheur sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans les m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;apprentissage associatif, le conditionnement de la peur et la mod\u00e9lisation dimensionnelle des \u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives. Courriel de contact institutionnel pour la recherche : <em>p.lovibond@unsw.edu.au<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle DASS-42 r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une probl\u00e9matique m\u00e9thodologique et clinique majeure identifi\u00e9e d\u00e8s la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970 : le chevauchement symptomatique excessif entre les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression et de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 couramment utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, telles que le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inventaire_de_d%C3%A9pression_de_Beck\">Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)<\/a>, la State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), ou l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 de Hamilton. Ces instruments affichaient fr\u00e9quemment des corr\u00e9lations inter-\u00e9chelles tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es (souvent sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 r = 0,70), rendant presque impossible la diff\u00e9renciation empirique entre un \u00e9tat d\u00e9pressif caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 et une r\u00e9action anxieuse aigu\u00eb. L&rsquo;objectif premier des fr\u00e8res Lovibond \u00e9tait donc de concevoir des \u00e9chelles pures, poss\u00e9dant une validit\u00e9 discriminante maximale, capables d&rsquo;isoler le noyau ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique exclusif de la d\u00e9pression, de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et d&rsquo;un troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tat r\u00e9siduel souvent confondu avec les deux premiers, \u00e0 savoir le stress ou la tension nerveuse chronique.<\/p>\n<p>En pratique clinique, le DASS-42 ne vise pas \u00e0 poser un diagnostic cat\u00e9goriel formel selon les nomenclatures du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_diagnostique_et_statistique_des_troubles_mentaux\">DSM-5<\/a>) ou de la Classification internationale des maladies (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classification_internationale_des_maladies\">CIM-11<\/a>). Sa fonction fondamentale est de clarifier le locus pr\u00e9dominant de la perturbation \u00e9motionnelle chez un patient donn\u00e9, d&rsquo;en quantifier la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 sur un continuum et d&rsquo;objectiver l&rsquo;\u00e9volution des sympt\u00f4mes au cours d&rsquo;une psychoth\u00e9rapie (notamment cognitive et comportementale) ou d&rsquo;une intervention pharmacologique. Il permet d&rsquo;\u00e9clairer le clinicien sur la nature exacte de la d\u00e9tresse : s&rsquo;agit-il d&rsquo;un effondrement motivationnel et d&rsquo;une perte d&rsquo;affect positif (d\u00e9pression), d&rsquo;un emballement autonome et d&rsquo;une hyperactivit\u00e9 de la peur (anxi\u00e9t\u00e9), ou d&rsquo;un \u00e9puisement face \u00e0 la charge per\u00e7ue et d&rsquo;une incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rel\u00e2cher la tension (stress) ?<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche empirique, le DASS-42 offre aux investigateurs un outil standardis\u00e9 d&rsquo;une tr\u00e8s haute pr\u00e9cision m\u00e9trique pour examiner les d\u00e9terminants cognitifs, biologiques et environnementaux de l&rsquo;affectivit\u00e9 n\u00e9gative. En raison de sa structure factorielle stable et robuste, il est massivement d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques transversales, les essais contr\u00f4l\u00e9s randomis\u00e9s \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des protocoles th\u00e9rapeutiques, ainsi que dans les paradigmes de neurosciences affectives cherchant \u00e0 corr\u00e9ler des marqueurs neurophysiologiques \u00e0 des composantes affectives distinctes.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le DASS-42 op\u00e9rationnalise la d\u00e9tresse psychologique \u00e0 travers trois construits distincts mais mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment intercorr\u00e9l\u00e9s, chacun capturant des constellations s\u00e9miologiques sp\u00e9cifiques :<\/p>\n<h3>5.1. La sous-\u00e9chelle de D\u00e9pression<\/h3>\n<p>La sous-\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9pression mesure le noyau affectif et motivationnel caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;affect positif, la dysphorie, le d\u00e9sespoir, la d\u00e9valorisation de soi et l&rsquo;inhibition motrice. Plut\u00f4t que d&rsquo;inclure des sympt\u00f4mes somatiques non sp\u00e9cifiques (comme les troubles de l&rsquo;app\u00e9tit ou du sommeil, qui sont \u00e9galement fr\u00e9quents dans l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 ou les pathologies m\u00e9dicales), cette dimension se focalise sur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie et la perte d&rsquo;enthousiasme :<\/strong> l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 radicale \u00e0 ressentir du plaisir ou un affect positif face aux activit\u00e9s quotidiennes (ex. item 3 : <em>\u00ab I couldn&rsquo;t seem to experience any positive feeling at all \u00bb<\/em> ; item 24 : <em>\u00ab I couldn&rsquo;t seem to get any enjoyment out of the things I did \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;aboulie et l&rsquo;inertie motivationnelle :<\/strong> la difficult\u00e9 subjective \u00e0 initier une action ou \u00e0 mobiliser l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie psychique n\u00e9cessaire (ex. item 5 : <em>\u00ab I just couldn&rsquo;t seem to get going \u00bb<\/em> ; item 42 : <em>\u00ab I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le d\u00e9sespoir et la vision n\u00e9gative de l&rsquo;avenir :<\/strong> l&rsquo;absence totale de perspective optimiste (ex. item 10 : <em>\u00ab I felt that I had nothing to look forward to \u00bb<\/em> ; item 37 : <em>\u00ab I could see nothing in the future to be hopeful about \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>La d\u00e9valorisation personnelle et le sentiment de vacuit\u00e9 :<\/strong> la croyance en sa propre inutilit\u00e9 fondamentale et l&rsquo;impression d&rsquo;une vie d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de sens (ex. item 17 : <em>\u00ab I felt I wasn&rsquo;t worth much as a person \u00bb<\/em> ; item 38 : <em>\u00ab I felt that life was meaningless \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.2. La sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>La sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 isole les r\u00e9ponses physiologiques d&rsquo;hyperactivation neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative, les r\u00e9ponses de peur aigu\u00eb et l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience subjective de l&rsquo;appr\u00e9hension panique. Les items capturent la symptomatologie somatique et cognitive directe li\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9charge sympathique et aux biais d&rsquo;attention envers les menaces corporelles :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;activation du syst\u00e8me nerveux autonome :<\/strong> s\u00e9cheresse buccale, difficult\u00e9s respiratoires subjectives sans effort physique, tachycardie per\u00e7ue, transpiration excessive (ex. item 2 : <em>\u00ab I was aware of dryness of my mouth \u00bb<\/em> ; item 4 : <em>\u00ab I experienced breathing difficulty \u00bb<\/em> ; item 25 : <em>\u00ab I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les manifestations motrices et musculaires :<\/strong> tremblements p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques, sensation d&rsquo;instabilit\u00e9 motrice (ex. item 7 : <em>\u00ab I had a feeling of shakiness \u00bb<\/em> ; item 41 : <em>\u00ab I experienced trembling \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 situationnelle et l&rsquo;anticipation panique :<\/strong> la terreur soudaine sans cause apparente, la peur de perdre le contr\u00f4le ou d&rsquo;avoir une crise en public (ex. item 20 : <em>\u00ab I felt scared without any good reason \u00bb<\/em> ; item 28 : <em>\u00ab I felt I was close to panic \u00bb<\/em> ; item 40 : <em>\u00ab I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.3. La sous-\u00e9chelle de Stress<\/h3>\n<p>La sous-\u00e9chelle de stress conceptualise un \u00e9tat de tension psychologique non sp\u00e9cifique, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une activation nerveuse soutenue, une difficult\u00e9 chronique \u00e0 la d\u00e9tente, une intol\u00e9rance aux contrari\u00e9t\u00e9s et une r\u00e9activit\u00e9 disproportionn\u00e9e aux stimuli stresseurs du quotidien :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La tension nerveuse et la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9compresser :<\/strong> l&rsquo;impression d&rsquo;\u00eatre continuellement sous pression et de d\u00e9penser un montant excessif d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie nerveuse (ex. item 8 : <em>\u00ab I found it difficult to relax \u00bb<\/em> ; item 12 : <em>\u00ab I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy \u00bb<\/em> ; item 22 : <em>\u00ab I found it hard to wind down \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;irritabilit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;hyper-r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle :<\/strong> une tendance \u00e0 s&#8217;emporter pour des motifs futiles et une susceptibilit\u00e9 exacerb\u00e9e (ex. item 1 : <em>\u00ab I found myself getting upset by quite trivial things \u00bb<\/em> ; item 6 : <em>\u00ab I tended to over-react to situations \u00bb<\/em> ; item 18 : <em>\u00ab I felt that I was rather touchy \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;impatience et l&rsquo;intol\u00e9rance aux retards ou interruptions :<\/strong> l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 supporter les ralentissements environnementaux ou les perturbations des activit\u00e9s en cours (ex. item 14 : <em>\u00ab I found myself becoming impatient when I was delayed in any way \u00bb<\/em> ; item 32 : <em>\u00ab I found it difficult to tolerate interruptions to what I was doing \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique au fondement du DASS-42 s&rsquo;articule directement avec le <strong>mod\u00e8le tripartite de la d\u00e9pression et de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/strong> formul\u00e9 par Lee Anna Clark et David Watson en 1991. Selon cette mod\u00e9lisation th\u00e9orique majeure en psychologie diff\u00e9rentielle et cognitive, les troubles de l&rsquo;humeur et les troubles anxieux partagent une composante d&rsquo;affectivit\u00e9 n\u00e9gative g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (ou n\u00e9vrosisme), qui explique leur fr\u00e9quente comorbidit\u00e9 clinique et la corr\u00e9lation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e observ\u00e9e entre les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation. Cependant, ces deux entit\u00e9s psychopathologiques se diff\u00e9rencient par des dimensions distinctives sp\u00e9cifiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La <em>d\u00e9pression<\/em> se distingue par un <strong>d\u00e9ficit sp\u00e9cifique d&rsquo;affectivit\u00e9 positive<\/strong> (anh\u00e9donie, perte d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, l\u00e9thargie, sentiment de d\u00e9sespoir).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;<em>anxi\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em> se caract\u00e9rise par une <strong>hyperactivit\u00e9 physiologique sp\u00e9cifique<\/strong> (activation neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative, tremblements, palpitations, dyspn\u00e9e et sentiment de terreur somatosensorielle).<\/li>\n<li>La troisi\u00e8me composante, identifi\u00e9e empiriquement par Clark et Watson comme une d\u00e9tresse non sp\u00e9cifique, a \u00e9t\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9e par Lovibond et Lovibond (1995) sous la d\u00e9signation de <strong>Stress<\/strong>. Le stress repr\u00e9sente un \u00e9tat interm\u00e9diaire d&rsquo;hypervigilance tonique, de tension neuromusculaire et d&rsquo;intol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la frustration, qui se rapproche du concept d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e sans se confondre avec la terreur autonome aigu\u00eb de l&rsquo;attaque de panique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De surcro\u00eet, le DASS-42 adopte une posture <em>dimensionnelle<\/em> en rupture d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e avec le r\u00e9ductionnisme n\u00e9o-kraepelinien des classifications nosographiques (DSM). Selon cette perspective inspir\u00e9e de la psychom\u00e9trie diff\u00e9rentielle contemporaine, il n&rsquo;existe pas de fronti\u00e8re discontinue qualitative entre l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience affective de l&rsquo;individu tout-venant confront\u00e9 aux vicissitudes de l&rsquo;existence et l&rsquo;\u00e9tat d&rsquo;un patient souffrant d&rsquo;un \u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif majeur ou d&rsquo;un trouble anxieux s\u00e9v\u00e8re. Les diff\u00e9rences sont de nature strictement quantitative (degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9, persistance temporelle, alt\u00e9ration du fonctionnement adaptatif). Cette conception permet d&rsquo;\u00e9viter les seuils arbitraires et autorise une granularit\u00e9 bien plus fine pour le monitorage clinique longitudinal.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques du DASS-42 a fait l&rsquo;objet de centaines de publications ind\u00e9pendantes \u00e0 travers le monde, attestant d&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 remarquable sur plusieurs plans :<\/p>\n<h3>7.1. Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e en corr\u00e9lant les scores du DASS-42 avec ceux des instruments psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9tablis. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Lovibond et Lovibond (1995), ainsi que dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de validation sur grand \u00e9chantillon clinique et non clinique men\u00e9e par Antony et al. (1998) et Crawford et Henry (2003), la sous-\u00e9chelle D\u00e9pression du DASS-42 pr\u00e9sente une tr\u00e8s forte corr\u00e9lation avec le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inventaire_de_d%C3%A9pression_de_Beck\">Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)<\/a> (r variant typiquement entre 0,74 et 0,79). De fa\u00e7on analogue, la sous-\u00e9chelle Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 du DASS-42 corr\u00e8le fortement avec le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory\">Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)<\/a> (r = 0,81 \u00e0 0,84). La sous-\u00e9chelle Stress montre des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes avec les mesures de stress per\u00e7u (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perceived_Stress_Scale\">Perceived Stress Scale, PSS<\/a> de Cohen) et les \u00e9chelles de tension du STAI-Trait (r = 0,65 \u00e0 0,72).<\/p>\n<h3>7.2. Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Le point fort distinctif du DASS-42 r\u00e9side dans sa validit\u00e9 discriminante sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs. Dans les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es par Antony et al. (1998), la corr\u00e9lation entre la sous-\u00e9chelle D\u00e9pression du DASS et le BAI (anxi\u00e9t\u00e9) est significativement plus faible (r = 0,55) que la corr\u00e9lation entre le BDI et le BAI (r = 0,68). De m\u00eame, la sous-\u00e9chelle Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 du DASS corr\u00e8le de mani\u00e8re bien plus faible avec le BDI (r = 0,58) qu&rsquo;avec le BAI (r = 0,81). Cela prouve que le DASS parvient avec succ\u00e8s \u00e0 extraire la variance somatique sp\u00e9cifique de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sans la contaminer avec les affects de dysphorie et d&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie propres \u00e0 la d\u00e9pression.<\/p>\n<h3>7.3. Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et sensibilit\u00e9 au changement<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan pr\u00e9dictif et clinique, les scores du DASS-42 discriminent avec acuit\u00e9 les patients ambulatoires diagnostiqu\u00e9s avec des troubles anxio-d\u00e9pressifs par rapport \u00e0 des populations t\u00e9moins d&#8217;employ\u00e9s de banque, de compagnies a\u00e9riennes, de dockers navals ou d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants (Lovibond &#038; Lovibond, 1995). L&rsquo;instrument fait preuve d&rsquo;une excellente r\u00e9activit\u00e9 clinique (\u00ab responsiveness \u00bb), traduisant une r\u00e9duction statistiquement et cliniquement significative des scores bruts \u00e0 l&rsquo;issue d&rsquo;interventions psychoth\u00e9rapeutiques ou psychopharmacologiques valid\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les indices de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du DASS-42 atteignent les standards les plus exigeants de la psychom\u00e9trie appliqu\u00e9e (crit\u00e8re de Nunnally sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 0,80 pour la clinique et \u00e0 0,90 pour la recherche) :<\/p>\n<h3>8.1. Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon normatif initial australien compos\u00e9 de 2 914 individus issus de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (1 044 hommes et 1 870 femmes \u00e2g\u00e9s de 17 \u00e0 69 ans), les coefficients de consistance interne se sont \u00e9tablis comme suit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle D\u00e9pression :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,91\">$\\alpha = 0,91$<\/span> (Moyenne = 6,34 ; \u00c9cart-type = 6,97).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,84\">$\\alpha = 0,84$<\/span> (Moyenne = 4,70 ; \u00c9cart-type = 4,91).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Stress :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,90\">$\\alpha = 0,90$<\/span> (Moyenne = 10,11 ; \u00c9cart-type = 7,91).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement confirm\u00e9es dans des cohortes internationales ind\u00e9pendantes. Notamment, l&rsquo;\u00e9tude britannique de standardisation men\u00e9e par Crawford et Henry (2003) sur un \u00e9chantillon de 1 794 adultes a rapport\u00e9 des alphas de Cronbach de 0,95 pour la D\u00e9pression, 0,90 pour l&rsquo;Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, 0,93 pour le Stress, et un alpha global impressionnant de 0,97 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle totale (42 items).<\/p>\n<h3>8.2. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest) a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e sur des intervalles variant de deux semaines \u00e0 plusieurs mois. En l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;intervention th\u00e9rapeutique, les corr\u00e9lations test-retest se situent couramment entre r = 0,71 et r = 0,88, d\u00e9montrant une remarquable stabilit\u00e9 des construits mesur\u00e9s tout en conservant la souplesse m\u00e9trique n\u00e9cessaire pour d\u00e9tecter les fluctuations p\u00e9riodiques de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat \u00e9motionnel.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture factorielle du DASS-42 a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois par analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) et par analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) :<\/p>\n<h3>9.1. D\u00e9veloppement initial et analyses factorielles exploratoires<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la phase initiale de cr\u00e9ation, Lovibond et Lovibond ont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 un pool exhaustif d&rsquo;items refl\u00e9tant les sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs et anxieux recens\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature clinique. Une premi\u00e8re exp\u00e9rimentation sur 950 \u00e9tudiants de premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e d&rsquo;universit\u00e9 (dont 504 protocoles complets analys\u00e9s par rotation oblique) a permis d&rsquo;\u00e9liminer les items ambigus ou saturant de mani\u00e8re confuse sur plusieurs dimensions. L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales a invariablement mis en \u00e9vidence trois facteurs distincts : un facteur D\u00e9pression caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie, un facteur Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 domin\u00e9 par l&rsquo;hyperactivation neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative, et un troisi\u00e8me facteur inattendu \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine mais tr\u00e8s robuste, regroupant la tension nerveuse, l&rsquo;agitation et la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 au stress quotidien.<\/p>\n<h3>9.2. Mod\u00e9lisations factorielles confirmatoires contemporaines<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations en \u00e9quations structurelles (AFC) conduites dans divers pays ont test\u00e9 plusieurs structures comp\u00e9titives :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel :<\/strong> un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral unique de d\u00e9tresse psychologique. Ce mod\u00e8le pr\u00e9sente syst\u00e9matiquement un tr\u00e8s mauvais ajustement aux donn\u00e9es (indices RMSEA &gt; 0,08, CFI\/TLI &lt; 0,85).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le bidimensionnel classique :<\/strong> s\u00e9parant l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et la d\u00e9pression en fusionnant les items de stress. L&rsquo;ajustement demeure m\u00e9diocre.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le trifactoriel corr\u00e9l\u00e9 (mod\u00e8le canonique des auteurs) :<\/strong> trois facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s (D\u00e9pression, Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, Stress). Ce mod\u00e8le pr\u00e9sente un ajustement excellent (RMSEA &lt; 0,05 ; CFI &gt; 0,93 ; TLI &gt; 0,92) dans la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes empiriques. Les items affichent des saturations factorielles tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur leur dimension cible (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement comprises entre 0,55 et 0,85) avec des saturations crois\u00e9es quasi nulles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le bifactoriel (Bifactor Model) :<\/strong> propos\u00e9 par certains auteurs (comme Henry et Crawford, 2005), ce mod\u00e8le postule un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sous-jacent d&rsquo;\u00ab affect n\u00e9gatif g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb commun aux 42 items, tout en pr\u00e9servant trois facteurs sp\u00e9cifiques r\u00e9siduels autonomes pour la d\u00e9pression, l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et le stress. Ce mod\u00e8le fournit souvent un ajustement statistique optimal, appuyant \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;utilisation des scores sous-dimensionnels et celle du score global.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> \u00c9chelles de d\u00e9pression, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de stress &#8211; Version longue (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales &#8211; Long Form, DASS-42).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auteurs :<\/strong> Sydney H. Lovibond et Peter F. Lovibond (1995).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation dimensionnelle (auto-questionnaire papier-crayon ou num\u00e9rique).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adultes et adolescents \u00e0 partir de 17 ans (valid\u00e9 empiriquement d\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e2ge de 12 ans gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la clart\u00e9 linguistique des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 42 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s affirmatifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9partition des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>D\u00e9pression (14 items) :<\/em> Items 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, 42.<\/li>\n<li><em>Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (14 items) :<\/em> Items 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41.<\/li>\n<li><em>Stress (14 items) :<\/em> Items 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 39.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>P\u00e9riode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence temporelle :<\/strong> Les 7 derniers jours (\u00ab over the past week \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse authentique :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle ordinale de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9\/fr\u00e9quence en 4 points (de 0 \u00e0 3) :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0<\/strong> = Did not apply to me at all (Ne s&rsquo;appliquait pas du tout \u00e0 moi)<\/li>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time (S&rsquo;appliquait \u00e0 moi \u00e0 un certain degr\u00e9, ou une partie du temps)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time (S&rsquo;appliquait \u00e0 moi \u00e0 un degr\u00e9 consid\u00e9rable, ou une bonne partie du temps)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Applied to me very much, or most of the time (S&rsquo;appliquait \u00e0 moi tout \u00e0 fait, ou la plupart du temps)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e8gles de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Aucun item invers\u00e9. Tous les items sont cot\u00e9s positivement de 0 \u00e0 3.<\/li>\n<li>Le score de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;obtient en sommant directement les points des 14 items correspondants (score brut variant de 0 \u00e0 42 pour chaque sous-\u00e9chelle).<\/li>\n<li>Un score total de d\u00e9tresse g\u00e9n\u00e9rale peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 par la somme des 42 items (variant de 0 \u00e0 126).<\/li>\n<li><em>Remarque importante pour les praticiens :<\/em> Contrairement \u00e0 la version courte (DASS-21) dont les scores doivent \u00eatre multipli\u00e9s par 2 pour \u00eatre rapport\u00e9s aux normes, le DASS-42 utilise directement les scores bruts cumul\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paliers de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 conventionnels recommand\u00e9s (Manuel DASS) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>D\u00e9pression :<\/em> Normal (0\u20139), L\u00e9ger (10\u201313), Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (14\u201320), S\u00e9v\u00e8re (21\u201327), Extr\u00eamement s\u00e9v\u00e8re (28+).<\/li>\n<li><em>Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 :<\/em> Normal (0\u20137), L\u00e9ger (8\u20139), Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (10\u201314), S\u00e9v\u00e8re (15\u201319), Extr\u00eamement s\u00e9v\u00e8re (20+).<\/li>\n<li><em>Stress :<\/em> Normal (0\u201314), L\u00e9ger (15\u201318), Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (19\u201325), S\u00e9v\u00e8re (26\u201333), Extr\u00eamement s\u00e9v\u00e8re (34+).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Environ 8 \u00e0 12 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de premi\u00e8re publication officielle :<\/strong> 1995 (manuel de 2e \u00e9dition publi\u00e9 par la Psychology Foundation of Australia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut du droit d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Le DASS-42 est un instrument du domaine public scientifique (\u00ab Open Access \u00bb pour la recherche et la pratique clinique non commerciale). Les auteurs, Syd H. Lovibond et Peter F. Lovibond, ont express\u00e9ment souhait\u00e9 que le test soit librement accessible \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 scientifique mondiale pour favoriser l&rsquo;avancement de la psychom\u00e9trie et le soin aux patients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong> Les chercheurs et cliniciens sont enti\u00e8rement libres de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger, d&rsquo;imprimer et d&rsquo;utiliser les questionnaires du DASS sans demander d&rsquo;autorisation \u00e9crite pr\u00e9alable, \u00e0 condition de ne pas modifier le texte des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s, de respecter le format de r\u00e9ponse original et de citer correctement les auteurs dans leurs rapports et publications acad\u00e9miques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation du questionnaire papier ou sa mise en ligne pour des projets non commerciaux est totalement gratuite. Le manuel officiel complet (contenant les tables normatives d\u00e9taill\u00e9es par percentiles, l&rsquo;historique psychom\u00e9trique et les directives cliniques avanc\u00e9es) peut \u00eatre acquis pour une somme modique aupr\u00e8s de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.psy.unsw.edu.au\/dass\/\">Psychology Foundation of Australia<\/a> h\u00e9berg\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., &amp; Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. <em>Psychological Assessment<\/em>, 10(2), 176\u2013181. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., &amp; Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 56(6), 893\u2013897. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Clark, L. A., &amp; Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. <em>Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/em>, 100(3), 316\u2013336. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Crawford, J. R., &amp; Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. <em>British Journal of Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 42(2), 111\u2013131. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466503321903544\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466503321903544<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Henry, J. D., &amp; Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. <em>British Journal of Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 44(2), 227\u2013239. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X29657\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X29657<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lovibond, P. F., &amp; Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. <em>Behaviour Research and Therapy<\/em>, 33(3), 335\u2013343. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lovibond, S. H., &amp; Lovibond, P. F. (1995). <em>Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales<\/em> (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation of Australia. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.psy.unsw.edu.au\/dass\/\">http:\/\/www2.psy.unsw.edu.au\/dass\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Please read each statement and circle a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the statement applied to you over the past week. There are no right or wrong answers. Do not spend too much time on any statement.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 4-point severity\/frequency scale: 0 = Did not apply to me at all, 1 = Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time, 2 = Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time, 3 = Applied to me very much, or most of the time\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Scores for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items. There are no reverse-scored items.<br \/>\n&#8211; Depression: Items 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, 42<br \/>\n&#8211; Anxiety: Items 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41<br \/>\n&#8211; Stress: Items 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 39\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found myself getting upset by quite trivial things<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was aware of dryness of my mouth<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I couldn&#039;t seem to experience any positive feeling at all<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I experienced breathing difficulty (eg, excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I just couldn&#039;t seem to get going<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tended to over-react to situations<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I had a feeling of shakiness (eg, legs going to give way)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found it difficult to relax<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found myself in situations that made me so anxious I was most relieved when they ended<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that I had nothing to look forward to<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found myself getting upset rather easily<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt sad and depressed<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found myself becoming impatient when I was delayed in any way (eg, lifts, traffic lights, being kept waiting)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I had a feeling of faintness<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that I had lost interest in just about everything<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt I wasn&#039;t worth much as a person<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that I was rather touchy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I perspired noticeably (eg, hands sweaty) in the absence of high temperatures or physical exertion<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt scared without any good reason<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that life wasn&#039;t worthwhile<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found it hard to wind down<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I had difficulty in swallowing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I couldn&#039;t seem to get any enjoyment out of the things I did<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (eg, sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt down-hearted and blue<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found that I was very irritable<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt I was close to panic<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found it hard to calm down after something upset me<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feared that I would be &quot;thrown&quot; by some trivial but unfamiliar task<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found it difficult to tolerate interruptions to what I was doing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was in a state of nervous tension<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt I was pretty worthless<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt terrified<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I could see nothing in the future to be hopeful about<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that life was meaningless<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found myself getting agitated<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I experienced trembling (eg, in the hands)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Guide psychom\u00e9trique complet du DASS-42 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales) : fondements th\u00e9oriques, propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, validit\u00e9 et cotation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,2],"tags":[553,14418,484,194,16,419,356],"class_list":["post-18187","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychometrie","tag-anxiete","tag-dass-42","tag-depression","tag-evaluation-clinique","tag-psychometrie","tag-sante-mentale","tag-stress"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18187"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/18187\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}