{"id":17791,"date":"2026-10-15T22:11:57","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T22:11:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/batterie-d-opinions-de-l-auto-evaluation-de-l-universite-de-syracuse\/"},"modified":"2026-10-15T22:11:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T22:11:57","slug":"batterie-d-opinions-de-l-auto-evaluation-de-l-universite-de-syracuse","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=batterie-d-opinions-de-l-auto-evaluation-de-l-universite-de-syracuse","title":{"rendered":"Batterie d&rsquo;opinions de l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>La <strong>Batterie d&rsquo;opinions de l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Syracuse University Self-Survey Opinion Battery<\/em> ou <strong>SUSSOB<\/strong>) constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique et docimologique d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1950 par Norville Morgan Downie, C. Robert Pace et Maurice E. Troyer. Con\u00e7ue initialement dans le cadre d&rsquo;un vaste programme institutionnel d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation interne \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syracuse_University\">Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse<\/a>, cette batterie d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation vise \u00e0 quantifier et \u00e0 analyser les attitudes sociopolitiques, culturelles, philosophiques et acad\u00e9miques des \u00e9tudiants de premier cycle vis-\u00e0-vis des finalit\u00e9s de l&rsquo;enseignement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (<em>General Education<\/em>). L&rsquo;instrument comprend 60 items structur\u00e9s en dix sous-\u00e9chelles th\u00e9matiques de six items chacune : la politique, le gouvernement, les relations civiques, le monde, les experts, la science, la philosophie, la musique, l&rsquo;art et la litt\u00e9rature. Le protocole de passation repose sur une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse ordinale \u00e0 trois points (1 = Accord, 2 = Sans opinion, 3 = D\u00e9saccord).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, la SUSSOB se distingue par son approche innovante d&rsquo;\u00e9talonnage par consensus d&rsquo;experts : les r\u00e9ponses des \u00e9tudiants sont compar\u00e9es \u00e0 une grille de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (\u00ab cl\u00e9 de correction \u00bb) \u00e9tablie \u00e0 partir du consensus majoritaire des membres du corps professoral universitaire. Cette m\u00e9thode permet de calculer un indice de concordance normative entre la maturation intellectuelle des \u00e9tudiants et les attentes \u00e9pist\u00e9miques de l&rsquo;institution acad\u00e9mique. Les analyses psychom\u00e9triques originelles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 globale mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 substantielle selon les sous-\u00e9chelles, ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de contenu et de construit attest\u00e9e par des contrastes inter-cohortes significatifs (notamment entre \u00e9tudiants de premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e et finissants). L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le historique pr\u00e9curseur dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des programmes universitaires d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s-guerre, \u00e9clairant les processus d&rsquo;acculturation intellectuelle, la perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;esprit critique et la r\u00e9sistance aux dogmatismes id\u00e9ologiques.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, attitudes \u00e9tudiantes, culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, consensus professoral, docimologie institutionnelle, esprit critique, validation d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle, \u00e9ducation civique, sciences de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>La conception et l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rimentation de la batterie ont \u00e9t\u00e9 dirig\u00e9es par trois figures de proue de la psychom\u00e9trie et de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation p\u00e9dagogique de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Norville Morgan Downie, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1910\u20131993) : Professeur de psychologie et de statistique appliqu\u00e9e, affili\u00e9 au <em>Psychological Research Center<\/em> et au <em>Department of Psychology<\/em> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse, ult\u00e9rieurement professeur \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Purdue_University\">Universit\u00e9 Purdue<\/a>. Sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu de la mesure psychologique et des m\u00e9thodes quantitatives en \u00e9ducation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C. Robert Pace, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1912\u20132009) : Professeur en sciences de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et pionnier de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des environnements universitaires, chercheur associ\u00e9 au <em>Evaluation Service Center<\/em> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse, plus tard professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\">Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Los Angeles (UCLA)<\/a>. Concepteur renomm\u00e9 des <em>College Student Experiences Questionnaires<\/em> (CSEQ).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maurice E. Troyer, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1903\u20131996) : Directeur du <em>Evaluation Service Center<\/em> et vice-doyen de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse, expert international en \u00e9valuation curriculaire et en d\u00e9veloppement institutionnel, ayant conseill\u00e9 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Council_on_Education\">American Council on Education<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Correspondance historique : <em>Evaluation Service Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, \u00c9tats-Unis<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de la <em>Syracuse University Self-Survey Opinion Battery<\/em> s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation curriculaire, de la sociologie de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et de la psychologie diff\u00e9rentielle des attitudes. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les universit\u00e9s nord-am\u00e9ricaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9es \u00e0 un afflux massif de nouveaux profils d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants (stimul\u00e9 notamment par le <em>G.I. Bill<\/em>) et \u00e0 une red\u00e9finition profonde de leur mission \u00e9ducative. L&rsquo;\u00e9mergence du mouvement d&rsquo;\u00ab \u00e9ducation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00bb (<em>General Education<\/em>), popularis\u00e9 par le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre rapport de Harvard (1945), exigeait que l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur ne se cantonne pas \u00e0 l&rsquo;instruction technique ou professionnelle, mais forme des citoyens \u00e9clair\u00e9s, dou\u00e9s de discernement moral, esth\u00e9tique et civique.<\/p>\n<p>Dans ce contexte, la SUSSOB a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ue pour mesurer l&rsquo;impact formateur du tronc commun universitaire sur la structuration des opinions \u00e9tudiantes face aux grands enjeux contemporains. Contrairement \u00e0 un test de connaissances factuelles conventionnel, l&rsquo;instrument \u00e9value l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion des \u00e9tudiants \u00e0 des postulats d\u00e9mocratiques, scientifiques, humanistes et culturels. Il cherche \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer si le passage \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 favorise l&rsquo;abandon des pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s \u00e9troits, d\u00e9veloppe la tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 et rapproche les sch\u00e8mes de pens\u00e9e des \u00e9tudiants des standards \u00e9pist\u00e9miques incarn\u00e9s par les experts disciplinaires de la facult\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>En mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;applications de recherche et d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nierie p\u00e9dagogique, l&rsquo;outil permet :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le diagnostic institutionnel :<\/strong> Identifier les zones de congruence ou de clivage id\u00e9ologique entre les cohortes \u00e9tudiantes et le corps professoral.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de programme longitudinale :<\/strong> Mesurer le gain net d&rsquo;acculturation intellectuelle entre l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e en premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e (<em>freshmen<\/em>) et la fin du cycle universitaire (<em>seniors<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;analyse des biais perceptifs :<\/strong> D\u00e9pister les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes socioculturels, le scepticisme anti-scientifique ou l&rsquo;autoritarisme latent chez les futurs dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La recherche en psychom\u00e9trie sociale :<\/strong> \u00c9tudier comment les dispositions cognitives et attitudinales s&rsquo;organisent en grappes coh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 travers des domaines de connaissances h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par la SUSSOB est l&rsquo;<strong>alignement axiologique et attitudinal sur les canons de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale humaniste<\/strong>. Ce m\u00e9taconstruit est conceptualis\u00e9 non comme une adh\u00e9sion dogmatique, mais comme une disposition cognitive int\u00e9gr\u00e9e englobant l&rsquo;esprit critique, l&rsquo;universalisme \u00e9thique, l&rsquo;appr\u00e9ciation esth\u00e9tique \u00e9clair\u00e9e et la confiance rationnelle dans la d\u00e9marche scientifique. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d\u00e9compose ce macro-construit en dix dimensions interd\u00e9pendantes de six items chacune :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Politique (Politics)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure le sentiment d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 politique personnelle et la compr\u00e9hension fonctionnelle des dynamiques d\u00e9mocratiques repr\u00e9sentatives. Elle oppose un fatalisme cynique (croyance selon laquelle le vote est inutile ou que les partis sont monopolis\u00e9s par des \u00e9lites imperm\u00e9ables) \u00e0 une vision participative et nuanc\u00e9e du r\u00f4le des groupes de pression et de la libert\u00e9 de conscience des \u00e9lus.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Gouvernement (Government)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce volet \u00e9value les repr\u00e9sentations th\u00e9oriques et pratiques de l&rsquo;\u00c9tat. Il sonde les attitudes envers l&rsquo;interventionnisme public, la planification \u00e9conomique, l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre entre libert\u00e9s individuelles et r\u00e9gulation collective, ainsi que la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 distinguer les nuances entre diff\u00e9rentes id\u00e9ologies socio-\u00e9conomiques (socialisme, communisme, fascisme, libre entreprise).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Relations civiques (Civic Relations)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante fondamentale quantifie l&rsquo;\u00e9galitarisme social, l&rsquo;ouverture \u00e0 l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;absence de pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s x\u00e9nophobes ou ethnocentriques. Les items explorent l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 stricte des droits civiques pour les minorit\u00e9s raciales et religieuses, tout en mesurant la propension aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes stigmatisants (par exemple, associer l&rsquo;agitation sociale aux personnes n\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Le Monde (The World)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension op\u00e9rationnalise la vision des relations internationales : elle oppose un isolationnisme nationaliste frileux (protectionnisme douanier rigide, rejet de l&rsquo;immigration sous pr\u00e9texte de d\u00e9gradation culturelle) \u00e0 un internationalisme solidaire fond\u00e9 sur le multilat\u00e9ralisme (r\u00f4le contraignant de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\">ONU<\/a>) et la r\u00e9duction des disparit\u00e9s mondiales.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Experts (Experts)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value la d\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9pist\u00e9mique rationnelle envers les comp\u00e9tences professionnelles et acad\u00e9miques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es (m\u00e9decins, \u00e9conomistes, psychologues, enseignants). Elle mesure la capacit\u00e9 des \u00e9tudiants \u00e0 distinguer le doute m\u00e9thodique sain d&rsquo;un anti-intellectualisme nihiliste ou populiste rejetant la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 des savoirs experts.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Science (Science)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension sonde la compr\u00e9hension du r\u00f4le soci\u00e9tal et prospectif de la science moderne. Elle aborde la reconnaissance du potentiel transformateur de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie atomique, l&rsquo;optimisme technologique quant \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9radication des fl\u00e9aux humains, le soutien au financement public de la recherche (fondamentale et en sciences sociales), ainsi que la d\u00e9limitation \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique des fronti\u00e8res de la preuve scientifique.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Philosophie (Philosophy)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce p\u00f4le \u00e9value la structure des valeurs existentielles et \u00e9thiques de l&rsquo;individu. Il met en contraste une morale machiav\u00e9lique (\u00ab la fin justifie les moyens \u00bb) et h\u00e9doniste-mat\u00e9rialiste (focalis\u00e9e sur le prestige financier) avec une \u00e9thique d\u00e9ontologique de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, de l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 personnelle et du respect sacr\u00e9 de la parole donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Musique (Music)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle mesure la sensibilit\u00e9 esth\u00e9tique musicale, la r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 aux formes compositionnelles modernes du XXe si\u00e8cle et le d\u00e9passement du simple subjectivisme na\u00eff (\u00ab le beau n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;une affaire de go\u00fbt personnel \u00bb). Elle \u00e9value la disposition \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer la musique comme un langage expressif universel m\u00e9ritant une diffusion d\u00e9mocratique large.<\/p>\n<h3>9. Art (Art)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;instar de la dimension musicale, ce volet explore la tol\u00e9rance aux avant-gardes picturales (impressionnisme, cubisme, surr\u00e9alisme), la reconnaissance de la place centrale de l&rsquo;art dans la vie humaine et l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 une esth\u00e9tique fonctionnelle contemporaine dans l&rsquo;architecture et le design industriel.<\/p>\n<h3>10. Litt\u00e9rature (Literature)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value le discernement critique litt\u00e9raire. Elle sonde la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9passer la censure morale conventionnelle, la reconnaissance de la valeur d&rsquo;auteurs novateurs complexes (tels que James Joyce ou Gertrude Stein), la distinction entre succ\u00e8s commercial \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8re (<em>best-sellers<\/em>) et valeur artistique intrins\u00e8que, ainsi que la compr\u00e9hension de la fonction critique de la litt\u00e9rature envers l&rsquo;ordre social.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le socle th\u00e9orique de la SUSSOB repose principalement sur la th\u00e9orie sociocognitive des attitudes formul\u00e9e au cours des ann\u00e9es 1930 et 1940 par des psychologues sociaux et \u00e9ducatifs tels que <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Leon_Thurstone\">Louis Leon Thurstone<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rensis_Likert\">Rensis Likert<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Allport\">Gordon Allport<\/a>. Selon Allport (1935), l&rsquo;attitude est un \u00e9tat mental et neuropsychologique de pr\u00e9paration \u00e0 l&rsquo;action, organis\u00e9 par l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience, qui exerce une influence directrice ou dynamique sur les r\u00e9ponses de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 tous les objets et situations qui s&rsquo;y rapportent.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le versant \u00e9ducatif, l&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;appuie explicitement sur la philosophie p\u00e9dagogique pragmatiste et progressiste de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dewey\">John Dewey<\/a> (<em>Democracy and Education<\/em>, 1916). Pour Dewey, l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur a pour fonction vitale d&rsquo;\u00e9manciper l&rsquo;intellect de l&rsquo;orni\u00e8re des pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s paroissiaux, de promouvoir la m\u00e9thode scientifique comme instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation critique de la vie collective et de consolider le tissu d\u00e9mocratique par une intelligence d\u00e9lib\u00e9rative partag\u00e9e. Pace et Troyer \u00e9taient profond\u00e9ment impr\u00e9gn\u00e9s des travaux du <em>Committee on the Objectives of a General Education in a Free Society<\/em> (Rapport Harvard, 1945), qui postulait que l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale doit d\u00e9velopper quatre capacit\u00e9s fondamentales : penser avec efficacit\u00e9, communiquer ses pens\u00e9es, formuler des jugements pertinents et discriminer entre diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles de valeurs.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la th\u00e9orie de la mesure, la SUSSOB adopte une d\u00e9marche singuli\u00e8re de <strong>cotation par consensus normatif<\/strong> (<em>criterion-keyed \/ consensus scoring<\/em>). Contrairement aux \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;attitudes habituelles o\u00f9 il n&rsquo;existe ni \u00ab bonne \u00bb ni \u00ab mauvaise \u00bb r\u00e9ponse, Downie, Pace et Troyer ont postul\u00e9 que, dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d&rsquo;une communaut\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique d&rsquo;\u00e9lite, les jugements convergents de la majorit\u00e9 du corps professoral (les \u00ab experts \u00bb) repr\u00e9sentent l&rsquo;id\u00e9al-type de la maturit\u00e9 r\u00e9flexive. Ainsi, l&rsquo;accord majoritaire professoral sur un item (qu&rsquo;il exprime l&rsquo;accord ou le d\u00e9saccord avec l&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9) d\u00e9finit la r\u00e9ponse \u00e9pist\u00e9miquement d\u00e9sirable (\u00ab correcte \u00bb). L&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant est ainsi \u00e9valu\u00e9 sur sa proximit\u00e9 vectorielle avec la communaut\u00e9 des pairs savants.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la validit\u00e9 de la <em>Syracuse University Self-Survey Opinion Battery<\/em> a fait l&rsquo;objet de plusieurs investigations document\u00e9es par Downie, Pace et Troyer (1950) :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu (Content Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de contenu a \u00e9t\u00e9 garantie par une proc\u00e9dure d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillonnage de domaine rigoureuse. Les 60 items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9s et raffin\u00e9s par des comit\u00e9s interdisciplinaires de professeurs repr\u00e9sentant les humanit\u00e9s, les sciences sociales et les sciences naturelles. Chaque proposition a \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e pour refl\u00e9ter des controverses sociopolitiques et culturelles r\u00e9elles de la fin des ann\u00e9es 1940, \u00e9liminant les formulations ambigu\u00ebs ou purement anecdotiques afin de couvrir de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e les dix sous-domaines cibl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et contrastes de groupes (Known-Groups Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tay\u00e9e par la m\u00e9thode des groupes contrast\u00e9s. Les auteurs ont administr\u00e9 la batterie \u00e0 deux \u00e9chantillons distincts au sein de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un groupe d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e (<em>freshmen<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li>Un groupe d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de quatri\u00e8me ann\u00e9e (<em>seniors<\/em>) ayant compl\u00e9t\u00e9 le cursus d&rsquo;enseignement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ;<\/li>\n<li>Un \u00e9chantillon normatif d&rsquo;experts constitu\u00e9 de professeurs titulaires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats empiriques ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des gradients statistiquement significatifs ($p < .01$) : les scores moyens d'alignement sur la cl\u00e9 professorale augmentent syst\u00e9matiquement de la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 la quatri\u00e8me ann\u00e9e. Les \u00e9tudiants finissants pr\u00e9sentaient des scores de convergence avec les professeurs nettement sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des nouveaux entrants, notamment sur les \u00e9chelles de <em>Relations civiques<\/em>, <em>Art<\/em> et <em>Gouvernement<\/em>, d\u00e9montrant la sensibilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument aux effets maturateurs et formatifs de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience universitaire.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante et convergente<\/h3>\n<p>Des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = .25\">$r = .25$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".42\">$.42$<\/span>) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es entre les scores aux sous-\u00e9chelles de la batterie et les mesures conventionnelles d&rsquo;aptitude verbale et acad\u00e9mique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (comme l&rsquo;<em>American Council on Education Psychological Examination<\/em>). Ces corr\u00e9lations positives mais non redondantes confirment que la SUSSOB ne mesure pas une simple intelligence psychom\u00e9trique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (facteur <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"g\">$g$<\/span>), mais bien une constellation distincte d&rsquo;attitudes critiques, de dispositions axiologiques et de perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 culturelle.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La consistance interne et la stabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9trologique de la SUSSOB ont \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9es au moyen des techniques statistiques disponibles lors de sa cr\u00e9ation dans les ann\u00e9es 1950, principalement par les formules de Kuder-Richardson adapt\u00e9es aux items polytomiques et par la m\u00e9thode du partage fractionn\u00e9 (<em>split-half reliability<\/em>) corrig\u00e9e par la formule de Spearman-Brown :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 globale de la batterie (60 items) :<\/strong> Le coefficient de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 composite de l&rsquo;ensemble de la batterie atteignait un niveau hautement satisfaisant, oscillant entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".82\">$.82$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".88\">$.88$<\/span> selon les sous-\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants analys\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne des sous-\u00e9chelles (6 items chacune) :<\/strong> En raison de la bri\u00e8vet\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de chaque \u00e9chelle (seulement 6 items par dimension), les coefficients de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9taient plus modestes, variant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".48\">$.48$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".71\">$.71$<\/span>. Les sous-\u00e9chelles relatives aux <em>Relations civiques<\/em> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007pprox .70\">$\u0007pprox .70$<\/span>) et au <em>Gouvernement<\/em> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007pprox .68\">$\u0007pprox .68$<\/span>) montraient la plus forte coh\u00e9rence, tandis que des domaines plus h\u00e9t\u00e9roclites comme la <em>Philosophie<\/em> ou la <em>Musique<\/em> pr\u00e9sentaient des indices plus faibles (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007pprox .50\">$\u0007pprox .50$<\/span>), refl\u00e9tant la dispersion intrins\u00e8que des jugements esth\u00e9tiques individuels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest) :<\/strong> Des r\u00e9administrations men\u00e9es \u00e0 plusieurs semaines d&rsquo;intervalle sur des cohortes t\u00e9moins ont produit des coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".75\">$.75$<\/span>, indiquant une robustesse ad\u00e9quate des sch\u00e8mes attitudinaux mesur\u00e9s face aux fluctuations passag\u00e8res de l&rsquo;humeur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Bien que le d\u00e9veloppement initial en 1950 ait pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 l&rsquo;informatisation moderne des analyses multivari\u00e9es, les corr\u00e9lations inter-\u00e9chelles rapport\u00e9es par Downie, Pace et Troyer ont mis en lumi\u00e8re une organisation structurale coh\u00e9rente :<\/p>\n<h3>Intercorr\u00e9lations et structure dimensionnelle<\/h3>\n<p>Les matrices de corr\u00e9lation r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les dix sous-\u00e9chelles ne sont pas orthogonales (ind\u00e9pendantes), mais entretiennent des associations positives mutuelles, formant un r\u00e9seau factoriel d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur socio-politique et civique :<\/strong> Les \u00e9chelles <em>Politique<\/em>, <em>Gouvernement<\/em>, <em>Relations civiques<\/em> et <em>Le Monde<\/em> pr\u00e9sentent de fortes intercorr\u00e9lations (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = .45\">$r = .45$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".62\">$.62$<\/span>), d\u00e9finissant un facteur primaire robuste d&rsquo;\u00e9galitarisme d\u00e9mocratique et d&rsquo;universalisme cosmopolite.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur d&rsquo;humanisme esth\u00e9tique :<\/strong> Les sous-\u00e9chelles <em>Art<\/em>, <em>Musique<\/em> et <em>Litt\u00e9rature<\/em> s&rsquo;agr\u00e8gent distinctement (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = .50\">$r = .50$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".65\">$.65$<\/span>), traduisant une dimension latente de r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 esth\u00e9tique moderne et de rejet du conventionnalisme artistique st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 \u00e9pist\u00e9mique et scientifique :<\/strong> Les dimensions <em>Science<\/em> et <em>Experts<\/em> manifestent un lien mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r \u0007pprox .40\">$r \u0007pprox .40$<\/span>), refl\u00e9tant une valorisation de la rationalit\u00e9 empirique face aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s profanes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces observations sugg\u00e8rent l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un <em>facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d&rsquo;acculturation lib\u00e9rale<\/em> (au sens anglo-saxon d&rsquo;humanit\u00e9s classiques et d&rsquo;esprit ouvert), mod\u00e9rant l&rsquo;ensemble des r\u00e9ponses \u00e9tudiantes et expliquant approximativement 35 \u00e0 40 % de la variance totale de la batterie.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme d&rsquo;un questionnaire standardis\u00e9 auto-administr\u00e9, exploitable sur support papier-crayon ou format num\u00e9rique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Batterie d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation attitudinale et axiologique par consensus normatif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Individuel ou collectif ; auto-\u00e9valuation non chronom\u00e9tr\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e de passation :<\/strong> Environ 25 \u00e0 35 minutes pour la totalit\u00e9 des 60 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 60 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s r\u00e9partis \u00e9galement en 10 sous-\u00e9chelles de 6 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse authentique :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle ordinale \u00e0 trois modalit\u00e9s :<br \/>\n    <strong>1 = Agree<\/strong> (D&rsquo;accord)<br \/>\n    <strong>2 = No opinion at all<\/strong> (Sans opinion)<br \/>\n    <strong>3 = Disagree<\/strong> (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cotation brute par item :<\/em> Enregistrement de la valeur choisie (1, 2 ou 3).<\/li>\n<li><em>Cotation normative consensuelle :<\/em> Pour chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9, la r\u00e9ponse majoritaire valid\u00e9e par le panel des professeurs experts de l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 sert de cl\u00e9 d&rsquo;exactitude. Une r\u00e9ponse de l&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant en phase avec la majorit\u00e9 professorale re\u00e7oit 1 point ; une r\u00e9ponse discordante ou neutre re\u00e7oit 0 point.<\/li>\n<li><em>Scores d\u00e9riv\u00e9s :<\/em> Calcul d&rsquo;un score de concordance par sous-\u00e9chelle (sur 6 points) et d&rsquo;un score d&rsquo;alignement intellectuel global (sur 60 points).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1950.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut juridique et droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Publi\u00e9 initialement dans la revue scientifique <em>Educational and Psychological Measurement<\/em> sous l&rsquo;\u00e9gide de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse. Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation am\u00e9ricaine sur les \u0153uvres publi\u00e9es avant 1978 sans renouvellement sp\u00e9cifique de copyright, et compte tenu de sa diffusion institutionnelle ouverte pour la recherche acad\u00e9mique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle rel\u00e8ve du domaine public scientifique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Libre de droits (<em>free of charge<\/em>) \u00e0 des fins d&rsquo;enseignement, de recherche psychom\u00e9trique et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation universitaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acc\u00e8s et conditions d&rsquo;usage :<\/strong> Les chercheurs et praticiens sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 utiliser, adapter ou traduire l&rsquo;instrument sous r\u00e9serve de mentionner ad\u00e9quatement la source originale (Downie, Pace, &#038; Troyer, 1950).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les publications fondatrices et ouvrages th\u00e9oriques aff\u00e9rents \u00e0 la batterie incluent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), <em>A Handbook of Social Psychology<\/em> (pp. 798\u2013844). Clark University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Dewey, J. (1916). <em>Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education<\/em>. Macmillan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/852\">https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/852<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Downie, N. M., Pace, C. R., &#038; Troyer, M. E. (1950). The opinions of Syracuse University students on some widely discussed current issues. <em>Educational and Psychological Measurement<\/em>, 10(4), 628\u2013636. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316445001000407\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316445001000407<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Harvard Committee. (1945). <em>General education in a free society: Report of the Harvard Committee<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. <em>Archives of Psychology<\/em>, 22(140), 1\u201355.<\/li>\n<li>Pace, C. R. (1951). Evaluation of general education: A review of the Syracuse University self-survey. <em>The Journal of Higher Education<\/em>, 22(5), 259\u2013266. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1976694\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1976694<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thurstone, L. L. (1928). Attitudes can be measured. <em>American Journal of Sociology<\/em>, 33(4), 529\u2013554. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214483\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214483<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> Items on the Syracuse University Self-Survey Opinion Battery were scored on a 3-point scale, 1 = agree, 2 = no opinion at all; and 3 = disagree.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sending letters and telegrams to congressmen has little influence on legislation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Political parties are run by insiders who are not concerned with public opinion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When the public is really concerned about an issue, its judgment is usually correct and unassailable, no<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In some elections there is not much point in voting because the outcome is fairly certain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Pressure groups are useful and important features of representative government.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">On most issues we should expect our representatives to vote according to their convictions, even though they may not always reflect the opinion of their constituents.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The best government is one which governs least.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Democracy depends fundamentally on the existence of free business enterprise.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Communism and Fascism are basically and historically similar.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most serious danger to democracy in this country comes from Communists and Communist-<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Government planning should be strictly limited, for it almost inevitably results in the loss of essential<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Individual liberty and justice under law are nor possible in Socialist countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">All Americans\u2012Negroes, Jews, the foreign born, and others\u2012should have equal opportunity in social,<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Familiarity breeds contempt.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Foreigners usually have peculiar and annoying habits.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Children of minority groups or other races should play among themselves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most children, these days, need more discipline.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Agitators and trouble-makers are more likely to be foreign born than native Americans.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are not likely to have lasting peace until the U. S. and the Allies are stronger than all the other<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If we lower our tariffs to permit more foreign goods in this country, we will lower our standard of living.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Deep idealogical differences between countries are irreconcilable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If we allow more immigrants into this country, we will lower our standards of culture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The United Nations should have the right to make conclusions which would bind members to a course of<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Over the next decade, we must try to make the standard of living in the rest of the world rise more rapidly<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The predictions of economists about the future are no better than guesses.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Doctors\u2019 diagnoses of illnesses turn out to be wrong almost as often as right.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Parents know as much about how to teach children as public school teachers know.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The findings of psychologists are not helpful in fitting workers to jobs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Contemporary painters, designers, playwrights, and musicians are engaged in work as important as my<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person in a skilled trade is worth as much to society as one in a profession.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are many worthwhile and important concepts which can not be proved scientifically.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The harnessing of atomic energy will bring about fundamental changes in our economic and social order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The government should promote and subsidize research in the social sciences.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There will be as many or more scientific discoveries, inventions, and technological changes in the world<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We now have enough scientific and technological knowledge to substantially eliminate poverty, disease,<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The government should promote and subsidize research in the physical and biological sciences.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What one does with his life is not very important, except to oneself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If the goal is worthwhile, almost any method is justified in attaining it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personal integrity of conduct and continuous searching for truth are the most important goals in life for<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A contract is morally binding; one should never default on his pIedged word.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Religion has little to offer intelligent, scientific people today.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The greatest satisfactions in life for me come from financial success, influence, and prestige.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What is good and bad in music is a matter of personal taste.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The tendency of some modem composers to use strange harmonies and discords makes poor music.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Music is a form of expression which normal people are not capable of understanding.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The main thing about good music is its lovely melodies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There has been little or no outstanding music composed in the 20th century.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Radio should give people much more opportunity to hear good serious music.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What is good and bad in art is a matter of personal taste.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Art is a side line, not part of the main business of life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Modern painting\u2012impressionism, expressionism, cubism, surrealism and the rest\u2012is mostly the work of<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Many paintings which were considered radical at the first are regarded as classics today.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">New houses should be built of modem design rather than Colonial, Cape Cod, Spanish or some older style.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Electric lighting fixtures should not look like candles.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Writers who use a different and cryptic style such as Gertrude Stein or James Joyce-should not be taken<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Good writing by promising young writers is more likely to be found in Harpers or the Atlantic Monthly than<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Literature should not question the basic moral concept of society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Hollywood versions of novels or plays are usually as good as the originals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The current list of best sellers in fiction and non-fiction does not provide a very good index of literary<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Literature should be judged primarily by its contribution to our understanding of the social order.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de la Batterie d&rsquo;opinions de l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Syracuse (SUSSOB), instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des attitudes \u00e9tudiantes envers l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale con\u00e7u par Downie, Pace et Troyer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[3456,154,2],"tags":[27676,27680,27678,27677,511,10772,16,27674,27679,27675],"class_list":["post-17791","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-pedagogique","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-attitudes-etudiantes","tag-consensus-professoral","tag-downie","tag-education-generale","tag-esprit-critique","tag-pace","tag-psychometrie","tag-sussob","tag-troyer","tag-universite-de-syracuse"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/17791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17791"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/17791\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}