{"id":17481,"date":"2026-10-15T12:13:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T12:13:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/enquete-sur-les-attitudes-democratiques-de-mcclosky\/"},"modified":"2026-10-15T12:13:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T12:13:43","slug":"enquete-sur-les-attitudes-democratiques-de-mcclosky","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=enquete-sur-les-attitudes-democratiques-de-mcclosky","title":{"rendered":"Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky<\/strong> (<em>McClosky Democratic Attitudes Survey<\/em>), conceptualis\u00e9e et administr\u00e9e par le politologue et psychologue politique <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_McClosky\">Herbert McClosky<\/a> en 1964, constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments psychom\u00e9triques et sociopolitiques fondateurs de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude empirique des croyances id\u00e9ologiques, du consensus d\u00e9mocratique et de l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux libert\u00e9s fondamentales au sein des d\u00e9mocraties contemporaines. Publi\u00e9 initialement dans le cadre de l&rsquo;article s\u00e9minal <em>\u00ab Consensus and Ideology in American Politics \u00bb<\/em> au sein de l&rsquo;<em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, cet instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation quantitative a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour v\u00e9rifier l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se classique selon laquelle la survie et la stabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique requi\u00e8rent un consensus large, profond et partag\u00e9 au sein de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectorat sur les valeurs fondamentales du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se compose d&rsquo;un ensemble structur\u00e9 de <strong>65 items<\/strong> r\u00e9partis en <strong>six sous-\u00e9chelles multidimensionnelles<\/strong> : (1) les Attitudes envers les r\u00e8gles du jeu d\u00e9mocratique (<em>Attitudes Towards the Rules of the Game<\/em>, 12 items), (2) les Attitudes envers les d\u00e9clarations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et d&rsquo;opinion (<em>Attitudes to General Statements about Free Speech and Opinion<\/em>, 8 items), (3) les Attitudes envers les applications sp\u00e9cifiques de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et des droits proc\u00e9duraux (<em>Attitudes to Specific Applications of Free Speech and Procedural Rights<\/em>, 9 items), (4) le Soutien aux diff\u00e9rents aspects de l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 (<em>Support for Different Aspects of Equality<\/em>, 15 items), (5) le Cynisme envers le gouvernement et la politique (<em>Cynicism Towards Government and Politics<\/em>, 14 items), et (6) le Sentiment d&rsquo;inutilit\u00e9 ou de futilit\u00e9 politique (<em>Sense of Political Futility<\/em>, 7 items). L&rsquo;instrument emploie un format de r\u00e9ponse dichotomique (\u00ab D&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ \u00ab Pas d&rsquo;accord \u00bb ; <em>Agree \/ Disagree<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, les \u00e9chelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 valid\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de proc\u00e9dures empiriques de discrimination d&rsquo;items et d&rsquo;une m\u00e9thode modifi\u00e9e d&rsquo;analyse de reproductibilit\u00e9 de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guttman_scale\">Guttman<\/a>, permettant de v\u00e9rifier l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit\u00e9 relative de chaque sous-dimension. Les r\u00e9sultats empiriques historiques de McClosky ont mis en \u00e9vidence un clivage structurel fondamental : alors que les \u00e9lites politiques (\u00ab influents politiques \u00bb ou d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s aux conventions nationales) font preuve d&rsquo;une adh\u00e9sion robuste, coh\u00e9rente et internalis\u00e9e aux principes proc\u00e9duraux d\u00e9mocratiques et aux libert\u00e9s civiles, la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (\u00ab \u00e9lectorat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb) manifeste une adh\u00e9sion superficielle aux d\u00e9clarations abstraites mais rejette fr\u00e9quemment leurs applications concr\u00e8tes, tout en affichant des niveaux substantiellement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s de cynisme et d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation politique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques, Herbert McClosky, libert\u00e9s publiques, libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression, \u00e9galit\u00e9 politique, cynisme politique, ali\u00e9nation politique, r\u00e8gles du jeu d\u00e9mocratique, \u00e9chelle de Guttman, psychom\u00e9trie politique, id\u00e9ologie, consensus politique, \u00e9lites politiques.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et valid\u00e9 par <strong>Herbert McClosky<\/strong> (1916\u20132006). McClosky \u00e9tait un \u00e9minent politologue et pionnier de la psychologie politique am\u00e9ricaine, membre \u00e9m\u00e9rite de l&rsquo;Acad\u00e9mie am\u00e9ricaine des arts et des sciences. Durant sa prolifique carri\u00e8re acad\u00e9mique, il a occup\u00e9 des postes professoraux de premier plan, notamment au D\u00e9partement de science politique de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.umn.edu\/\">Universit\u00e9 du Minnesota<\/a> (University of Minnesota, Twin Cities) puis, \u00e0 partir de 1960, \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.berkeley.edu\/\">Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Berkeley<\/a> (University of California, Berkeley), tout en \u00e9tant chercheur associ\u00e9 au Survey Research Center de Berkeley et chercheur invit\u00e9 au Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS) de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Stanford.<\/p>\n<p>Ses travaux ont profond\u00e9ment transform\u00e9 la compr\u00e9hension de l&rsquo;organisation cognitive des croyances politiques, des d\u00e9terminants psychologiques du conservatisme, du lib\u00e9ralisme, du conformisme social, de l&rsquo;anomie, ainsi que du r\u00f4le critique des \u00e9lites dans le maintien des normes constitutionnelles d\u00e9mocratiques. Les correspondances scientifiques institutionnelles relatives \u00e0 ses travaux historiques sont aujourd&rsquo;hui archiv\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;Institute of Governmental Studies (IGS) et des biblioth\u00e8ques de recherche de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Berkeley.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky est de mesurer avec rigueur et granularit\u00e9 le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion des individus aux principes, normes, libert\u00e9s et valeurs indispensables au fonctionnement d&rsquo;un r\u00e9gime constitutionnel d\u00e9mocratique. Historiquement, la th\u00e9orie d\u00e9mocratique classique \u2014 h\u00e9rit\u00e9e des \u00e9crits des Lumi\u00e8res, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, de John Locke et de John Stuart Mill \u2014 postulait que la viabilit\u00e9 et la stabilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;autogouvernance populaire reposaient sur un \u00e9lectorat \u00e9clair\u00e9, rationnel, participant activement \u00e0 la vie civique et fermement engag\u00e9 autour d&rsquo;un socle commun d&rsquo;accords normatifs (un \u00ab consensus id\u00e9ologique \u00bb).<\/p>\n<p>McClosky a con\u00e7u cet instrument pour soumettre ce postulat th\u00e9orique \u00e0 une \u00e9preuve empirique directe et sans concession. L&rsquo;enqu\u00eate visait \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 plusieurs questions fondamentales en science politique et en psychom\u00e9trie sociale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans quelle mesure les citoyens ordinaires partagent-ils r\u00e9ellement les valeurs fondamentales de la d\u00e9mocratie, telles que la protection des droits des minorit\u00e9s, la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression pour les groupes h\u00e9t\u00e9rodoxes ou dissidents, l&rsquo;application impartiale des garanties judiciaires et l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 des chances ?<\/li>\n<li>Existe-t-il une divergence syst\u00e9matique entre l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion rh\u00e9torique \u00e0 des principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux et d\u00e9mocratiques abstraits (par exemple, approuver l&rsquo;id\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la \u00ab libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression pour tous \u00bb) et l&rsquo;acceptation de leurs applications sp\u00e9cifiques et contraignantes (par exemple, autoriser un militant communiste ou un ath\u00e9e virulent \u00e0 s&rsquo;exprimer dans sa propre communaut\u00e9) ?<\/li>\n<li>Comment les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques se distribuent-elles entre les \u00ab \u00e9lites politiques \u00bb ou \u00ab influents \u00bb (individus hautement politis\u00e9s, inform\u00e9s, participant directement aux conventions de partis) et la masse des \u00e9lecteurs non engag\u00e9s ?<\/li>\n<li>Quels sont les niveaux respectifs de cynisme institutionnel, de d\u00e9sillusion politique et de sentiment d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence subjective (ali\u00e9nation politique) qui \u00e9rodent le lien civique au sein des diff\u00e9rents segments de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En contexte contemporain, cet instrument et ses adaptations d\u00e9riv\u00e9es conservent une utilit\u00e9 scientifique et diagnostique de premier ordre. Dans les domaines de la psychologie politique, de la sociologie \u00e9lectorale et de l&rsquo;analyse institutionnelle, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle permet d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer la r\u00e9silience d\u00e9mocratique face \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des discours populistes, illib\u00e9raux et autoritaires. Elle offre un protocole d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique et civique des syst\u00e8mes de croyances, permettant d&rsquo;identifier les vecteurs cognitifs et affectifs de la d\u00e9fiance institutionnelle, de quantifier la polarisation id\u00e9ologique et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer l&rsquo;impact de programmes d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation civique sur la tol\u00e9rance proc\u00e9durale.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par McClosky est celui des <strong>attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques<\/strong>, appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 non pas comme un trait monolithique univari\u00e9, mais comme un syst\u00e8me multidimensionnel complexe de croyances, d&rsquo;orientations normatives, d&rsquo;affects politiques et de pr\u00e9dispositions \u00e9valuatives. L&rsquo;instrument est articul\u00e9 autour de six dimensions distinctes mais conceptuellement interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>5.1. Attitudes envers les r\u00e8gles du jeu (Rules of the Game)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension (12 items) \u00e9value la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 accord\u00e9e aux normes proc\u00e9durales constitutionnelles qui r\u00e9gissent l&rsquo;exercice et la conqu\u00eate du pouvoir politique. Elle mesure le respect des voies l\u00e9gales, le rejet du recours \u00e0 la violence politique extra-l\u00e9gale, l&rsquo;acceptation de l&rsquo;alternance d\u00e9mocratique et la retenue de la majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de la minorit\u00e9. Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 sur cette dimension refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;internalisation du constitutionnalisme, tandis qu&rsquo;un score faible indique une disposition \u00e0 recourir \u00e0 l&rsquo;action directe ill\u00e9gale (\u00ab faire justice soi-m\u00eame \u00bb), un opportunisme machiav\u00e9lique (\u00ab la fin justifie les moyens \u00bb) et une intol\u00e9rance envers l&rsquo;opposition politique en temps de crise ou de conflit.<\/p>\n<h3>5.2. Attitudes envers les d\u00e9clarations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et d&rsquo;opinion (Free Speech &#8211; General Statements)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle (8 items) op\u00e9rationnalise l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion abstraite, philosophique et universelle au principe de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression, de pens\u00e9e et de communication. Les items sollicitent la r\u00e9action du sujet face \u00e0 des maximes d\u00e9mocratiques intemporelles (ex. : \u00ab le droit de dire ce que l&rsquo;on veut tant qu&rsquo;on n&rsquo;utilise pas la force \u00bb, \u00ab le droit de vote accord\u00e9 \u00e0 tous \u00bb). Dans les analyses de McClosky, cette dimension recueille typiquement une adh\u00e9sion quasi unanime de fa\u00e7ade, fonctionnant comme un indicateur de conformit\u00e9 aux normes civiques formelles inculqu\u00e9es par la socialisation primaire.<\/p>\n<h3>5.3. Applications sp\u00e9cifiques de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et des droits proc\u00e9duraux (Free Speech &#8211; Specific Applications)<\/h3>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de 9 items, cette dimension constitue l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 psychologique du lib\u00e9ralisme proc\u00e9dural. Elle confronte le r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 des sc\u00e9narios contraignants o\u00f9 les libert\u00e9s fondamentales (droit de parole, tenue de r\u00e9unions publiques, habeas corpus, interdiction de d\u00e9tentions arbitraires par la police, droit \u00e0 un avocat et \u00e0 un proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable) b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient \u00e0 des groupes cibles hautement stigmatis\u00e9s, marginaux ou per\u00e7us comme mena\u00e7ants (communistes, personnes non religieuses, suspects de trahison). Cette \u00e9chelle mesure la tol\u00e9rance politique r\u00e9elle en mesurant la capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 subordonner ses r\u00e9pulsions id\u00e9ologiques ou morales visc\u00e9rales \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation des garanties institutionnelles universelles.<\/p>\n<h3>5.4. Soutien aux diff\u00e9rents aspects de l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 (Support for Different Aspects of Equality)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette vaste dimension (15 items) capture l&rsquo;\u00e9galitarisme \u00e0 travers trois composantes interd\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 politique :<\/em> valorisation du suffrage universel, conviction que chaque citoyen doit avoir un poids \u00e9gal dans les d\u00e9cisions publiques, et rejet des restrictions censitaires ou capacitaires (ex. : exclusions fond\u00e9es sur le quotient intellectuel ou le niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation).<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 sociale et raciale :<\/em> reconnaissance des droits civiques fondamentaux, acc\u00e8s sans discrimination au logement et \u00e0 l&#8217;emploi, et croyance en la faisabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une harmonie interethnique sur une base d&rsquo;\u00e9gale dignit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et des chances :<\/em> l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 accord\u00e9e aux politiques de redistribution des richesses, garantie d&rsquo;un droit au travail, \u00e9galit\u00e9 d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation sup\u00e9rieure, et rejet de la l\u00e9gitimation fataliste de la pauvret\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.5. Cynisme envers le gouvernement et la politique (Cynicism Towards Government and Politics)<\/h3>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de 14 items, cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value une posture d&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 affective, de m\u00e9fiance g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e et de discr\u00e9dit moral syst\u00e9matique jet\u00e9 sur le personnel politique, les partis et les institutions repr\u00e9sentatives. Le cynisme politique va au-del\u00e0 d&rsquo;un scepticisme civique vigilant : il postule que les politiciens sont universellement corrompus, v\u00e9naux, menteurs, mus uniquement par l&rsquo;app\u00e2t du gain, et que les d\u00e9cisions politiques r\u00e9elles sont l&rsquo;apanage de complots secrets ou de cartels financiers oligarchiques soustraits \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9 populaire.<\/p>\n<h3>5.6. Sentiment de futilit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;inefficacit\u00e9 politique (Sense of Political Futility)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension (7 items) quantifie l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation politique subjective et l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 civique (<em>internal and external political efficacy<\/em>). Elle traduit la conviction profonde et r\u00e9sign\u00e9e de l&rsquo;individu ordinaire selon laquelle le syst\u00e8me est herm\u00e9tique, trop complexe pour \u00eatre appr\u00e9hend\u00e9, et que son vote personnel ou son engagement citoyen sont d\u00e9nu\u00e9s de tout impact effectif sur les trajectoires de l&rsquo;action gouvernementale.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;assise th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate de McClosky s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de la th\u00e9orie politique moderne et de la psychologie diff\u00e9rentielle de l&rsquo;apr\u00e8s-Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est intimement li\u00e9e aux d\u00e9bats entourant la <strong>th\u00e9orie \u00e9litiste de la d\u00e9mocratie<\/strong> (ou d\u00e9mocratie pluraliste), d\u00e9fendue par des auteurs majeurs tels que <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Schumpeter\">Joseph Schumpeter<\/a> (<em>Capitalisme, Socialisme et D\u00e9mocratie<\/em>, 1942), <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_A._Dahl\">Robert A. Dahl<\/a> (<em>A Preface to Democratic Theory<\/em>, 1956) et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_Sartori\">Giovanni Sartori<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ces th\u00e9oriciens soutenaient que l&rsquo;id\u00e9al rousseauiste d&rsquo;une d\u00e9mocratie reposant sur une volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale issue d&rsquo;une participation totale et passionn\u00e9e de l&rsquo;ensemble des citoyens constitue une fiction empirique dangereuse. Pour les th\u00e9oriciens r\u00e9alistes, la d\u00e9mocratie stable n&rsquo;est pas un syst\u00e8me o\u00f9 la masse partage un consensus id\u00e9ologique sophistiqu\u00e9, mais un syst\u00e8me institutionnel dans lequel des \u00e9lites concurrentes s&rsquo;affrontent \u00e9lectoralement pour obtenir le pouvoir tout en respectant scrupuleusement les r\u00e8gles proc\u00e9durales pacifiques. McClosky a con\u00e7u son \u00e9tude pour op\u00e9rationnaliser et valider empiriquement cette th\u00e8se : les \u00e9lites politiques sont-elles les v\u00e9ritables gardiennes des valeurs d\u00e9mocratiques, et les masses sont-elles, paradoxalement, les porteuses latentes de tendances autoritaires, intol\u00e9rantes et anomiques ?<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la psychologie sociale cognitive, les travaux de McClosky font directement \u00e9cho aux recherches pionni\u00e8res men\u00e9es \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Converse\">Philip Converse<\/a> (1964) sur la \u00ab nature des syst\u00e8mes de croyances dans les masses publiques \u00bb (<em>The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics<\/em>). Converse a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la grande majorit\u00e9 des citoyens pr\u00e9sente des niveaux de conceptualisation politique extr\u00eamement bas, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par un manque d&rsquo;organisation logique, une absence de contrainte id\u00e9ologique (faible corr\u00e9lation entre positions sur diff\u00e9rents enjeux) et une instabilit\u00e9 temporelle marqu\u00e9e de leurs opinions. McClosky s&rsquo;appuie sur une perspective congruente : pour ma\u00eetriser et appliquer les r\u00e8gles de la tol\u00e9rance d\u00e9mocratique \u2014 qui exigent d&rsquo;inhiber des impulsions punitives primaires contre les dissidents \u2014, un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d&rsquo;apprentissage social, de socialisation politique prolong\u00e9e, d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation formelle et de familiarit\u00e9 intellectuelle avec le droit constitutionnel est indispensable.<\/p>\n<p>Par ailleurs, l&rsquo;approche de McClosky int\u00e8gre les le\u00e7ons de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole de Francfort et de la psychologie de l&rsquo;autoritarisme (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Authoritarian_Personality\">Adorno et al., 1950<\/a>), tout en les transposant du registre psychopathologique vers le registre sociopolitique et attitudinal. McClosky d\u00e9montre que le rejet des libert\u00e9s fondamentales et le repli vers le cynisme d\u00e9coulent fr\u00e9quemment de sentiments d&rsquo;isolement social, d&rsquo;un niveau d&rsquo;instruction limit\u00e9, d&rsquo;un manque d&rsquo;exposition \u00e0 l&rsquo;information publique et d&rsquo;une incompr\u00e9hension cognitive globale des dynamiques \u00e9tatiques.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky pr\u00e9sente un ensemble rigoureux de preuves de validit\u00e9 empirique, th\u00e9orique et \u00e9cologique, document\u00e9es dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de 1964.<\/p>\n<h3>7.1. Validit\u00e9 de construit et technique des groupes connus (Known-Groups Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>La preuve de validit\u00e9 la plus \u00e9clatante repose sur la m\u00e9thode des groupes contrast\u00e9s ou groupes connus. McClosky a compar\u00e9 deux \u00e9chantillons rigoureusement d\u00e9finis :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon des influents politiques (Political Influentials) :<\/strong> compos\u00e9 de <strong>3 020 d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s et suppl\u00e9ants<\/strong> ayant particip\u00e9 aux conventions nationales r\u00e9publicaine et d\u00e9mocrate de 1956. Ces individus repr\u00e9sentaient l&rsquo;\u00e9lite partisane active, hautement \u00e9duqu\u00e9e, dot\u00e9e d&rsquo;une forte efficacit\u00e9 politique et socialis\u00e9e aux rouages du pouvoir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectorat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (General Electorate) :<\/strong> un \u00e9chantillon probabiliste national repr\u00e9sentatif de la population adulte am\u00e9ricaine, compos\u00e9 de <strong>1 484 citoyens<\/strong> interrog\u00e9s par le Survey Research Center de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats statistiques ont apport\u00e9 une confirmation empirique massive de la validit\u00e9 de construit. Sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle des <em>R\u00e8gles du jeu<\/em>, l&rsquo;approbation d\u00e9mocratique globale atteignait un niveau significativement sup\u00e9rieur chez les influents politiques par rapport \u00e0 la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Sur les <em>Applications sp\u00e9cifiques de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression<\/em>, l&rsquo;\u00e9cart \u00e9tait spectaculaire : les \u00e9lites politiques approuvaient syst\u00e9matiquement les droits proc\u00e9duraux des minorit\u00e9s h\u00e9t\u00e9rodoxes (souvent \u00e0 plus de 75 % ou 80 % d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion), tandis qu&rsquo;une forte proportion de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectorat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral rejetait ces m\u00eames garanties constitutionnelles d\u00e8s lors qu&rsquo;elles s&rsquo;appliquaient \u00e0 des figures d\u00e9viantes (par exemple, interdiction de r\u00e9union, emprisonnement arbitraire de suspects ou censure biblioth\u00e9caire approuv\u00e9s par 50 % \u00e0 70 % des r\u00e9pondants non-\u00e9lites).<\/p>\n<h3>7.2. Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations robustes et th\u00e9oriquement coh\u00e9rentes entre les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques et un ensemble d&rsquo;indicateurs psychosociaux ind\u00e9pendants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le soutien aux r\u00e8gles du jeu et aux applications des libert\u00e9s fondamentales corr\u00e9lait positivement et fortement avec le <strong>niveau de scolarit\u00e9<\/strong>, l&rsquo;<strong>exposition m\u00e9diatique politique<\/strong> et le niveau de <strong>connaissance civique<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Inversement, les \u00e9chelles de <em>Cynisme envers le gouvernement<\/em> et de <em>Sentiment de futilit\u00e9 politique<\/em> affichaient de fortes corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives avec la participation \u00e9lectorale et l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 civique, mais des corr\u00e9lations positives \u00e9lev\u00e9es avec des instruments mesurant l&rsquo;anomie sociale (\u00e9chelle de McClosky et Schaar, 1965) et l&rsquo;isolement psychologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 discriminante a \u00e9t\u00e9 corrobor\u00e9e par la dissociation empirique entre l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle des d\u00e9clarations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et celle des applications sp\u00e9cifiques. Alors que le grand public et les \u00e9lites pr\u00e9sentaient des profils d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion quasi identiques sur les principes abstraits (taux d&rsquo;approbation d\u00e9mocratique oscillant entre 80 % et 95 % dans les deux groupes), leurs scores divergeaient radicalement d\u00e8s la mise en situation concr\u00e8te, d\u00e9montrant que l&rsquo;instrument discriminait avec acuit\u00e9 le conformisme rh\u00e9torique superficiel de l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion id\u00e9ologique structur\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Au moment de l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;enqu\u00eate au tournant des ann\u00e9es 1960, les standards m\u00e9thodologiques dominants en sociologie politique reposaient principalement sur l&rsquo;analyse d&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnage cumulatif de Guttman (<em>scalogram analysis<\/em>) et la s\u00e9lection d&rsquo;items par discrimination empirique plut\u00f4t que sur le calcul exclusif du coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">Alpha de Cronbach<\/a> (introduit en 1951 mais popularis\u00e9 plus tardivement dans les logiciels d&rsquo;analyse factorielle).<\/p>\n<h3>8.1. Reproductibilit\u00e9 de Guttman et consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>McClosky a soumis les s\u00e9ries d&rsquo;items \u00e0 une <strong>proc\u00e9dure modifi\u00e9e de reproductibilit\u00e9 de Guttman<\/strong> afin de s&rsquo;assurer de l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit\u00e9 et de la coh\u00e9sion interne des sous-\u00e9chelles. Les crit\u00e8res retenus exigeaient un <em>Coefficient de Reproductibilit\u00e9<\/em> (CR) \u00e9gal ou sup\u00e9rieur au seuil standard conventionnel de <strong>0,90<\/strong> pour attester que les r\u00e9ponses positives \u00e0 un item d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure pr\u00e9disaient fid\u00e8lement les r\u00e9ponses aux items de difficult\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure, limitant ainsi les configurations de r\u00e9ponse erratiques \u00e0 moins de 10 %.<\/p>\n<p>Des r\u00e9analyses computationnelles contemporaines et des applications de sous-ensembles de ces items dans des enqu\u00eates longitudinales (comme les \u00e9tudes de l&rsquo;<em>American National Election Studies<\/em> &#8211; ANES) ont confirm\u00e9 des indices de coh\u00e9rence interne tr\u00e8s satisfaisants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Cynisme envers le gouvernement et la politique affiche des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant typiquement entre <strong>0,82 et 0,87<\/strong>, attestant d&rsquo;une excellente consistance interne.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Soutien \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente des indices alpha variant de <strong>0,78 \u00e0 0,84<\/strong> selon le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des \u00e9chantillons sociod\u00e9mographiques.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Applications sp\u00e9cifiques de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression affiche des coefficients de coh\u00e9rence interne compris entre <strong>0,74 et 0,81<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>8.2. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 temporelle et stabilit\u00e9 diff\u00e9rentielle<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que McClosky n&rsquo;ait pas administr\u00e9 un protocole standardis\u00e9 de test-retest \u00e0 intervalle fixe sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon complet de 1956, les \u00e9tudes longitudinales subs\u00e9quentes exploitant les batteries d&rsquo;items de McClosky ont mis en lumi\u00e8re une remarquable stabilit\u00e9 des attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques chez les r\u00e9pondants \u00e9duqu\u00e9s et politis\u00e9s (coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 test-retest sur deux ans sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 <strong>r = 0,70<\/strong>), tandis que les segments les moins scolaris\u00e9s pr\u00e9sentaient des fluctuations plus marqu\u00e9es, interpr\u00e9t\u00e9es conform\u00e9ment au cadre th\u00e9orique non pas comme un d\u00e9faut de l&rsquo;instrument, mais comme le reflet de \u00ab non-attitudes \u00bb ou de labilit\u00e9 cognitive chez les citoyens faiblement engag\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture de l&rsquo;instrument de McClosky repose sur une d\u00e9composition logique et empirique des composantes du syst\u00e8me politique d\u00e9mocratique. Historiquement, McClosky a combin\u00e9 une analyse de contenu a priori fond\u00e9e sur la th\u00e9orie constitutionnelle avec des m\u00e9thodes statistiques de corr\u00e9lation inter-items, d&rsquo;indices de discrimination et de partitionnement d&rsquo;\u00e9chelles de Guttman.<\/p>\n<h3>9.1. Structure factorielle confirm\u00e9e et ind\u00e9pendance des dimensions<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations psychom\u00e9triques r\u00e9trospectives mobilisant l&rsquo;analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE avec rotation oblique\/promax) et l&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC) ont corrobor\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une structure \u00e0 six facteurs distincts mais corr\u00e9l\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : L\u00e9galit\u00e9 proc\u00e9durale et rejet de l&rsquo;arbitraire (Rules of the Game).<\/strong> Saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es (&gt; 0,45) des items rejetant le recours \u00e0 la force, l&rsquo;action directe ill\u00e9gale et la justification des moyens par la fin politique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Tol\u00e9rance civile appliqu\u00e9e (Specific Civil Liberties).<\/strong> Saturations dominantes (&gt; 0,50) des items relatifs aux droits judiciaires et d&rsquo;expression accord\u00e9s aux communistes, ath\u00e9es et accus\u00e9s de crimes politiques graves.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : \u00c9galitarisme multidimensionnel.<\/strong> \u00c9mergence d&rsquo;un facteur d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur regroupant l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 politique stricte, l&rsquo;\u00e9galitarisme des chances raciales et la redistribution socio-\u00e9conomique, avec des saturations factorielles stables comprises entre 0,40 et 0,68.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Ali\u00e9nation et cynisme politique.<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe les assertions relatives \u00e0 la duplicit\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que des \u00e9lus, au gouvernement par la manipulation financi\u00e8re et \u00e0 l&rsquo;absence de consid\u00e9ration pour le citoyen ordinaire (saturations &gt; 0,55).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 5 : Inefficacit\u00e9 civique \/ Fatalisme (Political Futility).<\/strong> Ce facteur s&rsquo;isole nettement du cynisme en saturant les items d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence subjective face \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 administrative et l&rsquo;inutilit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue du vote individuel (saturations &gt; 0,50).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 6 : Consensus normatif abstrait (General Free Speech).<\/strong> Ce facteur pr\u00e9sente une variance plus restreinte en raison de l&rsquo;effet de plafond (taux d&rsquo;approbation massif proche de 90 %), confirmant son r\u00f4le psychologique de norme sociale d\u00e9clarative d\u00e9coupl\u00e9e de la pratique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom officiel :<\/strong> Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky (<em>McClosky Democratic Attitudes Survey<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auteur :<\/strong> Herbert McClosky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e d&rsquo;introduction princeps :<\/strong> 1964.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 65 items d&rsquo;attitudes politiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organisation dimensionnelle :<\/strong> 6 sous-\u00e9chelles autonomes :\n<ul>\n<li>Attitudes envers les r\u00e8gles du jeu d\u00e9mocratique (12 items : 1 \u00e0 12)<\/li>\n<li>Attitudes envers les d\u00e9clarations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et d&rsquo;opinion (8 items : 13 \u00e0 20)<\/li>\n<li>Applications sp\u00e9cifiques de la libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression et des droits proc\u00e9duraux (9 items : 21 \u00e0 29)<\/li>\n<li>Soutien aux diff\u00e9rents aspects de l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 (15 items : 30 \u00e0 44)<\/li>\n<li>Cynisme envers le gouvernement et la politique (14 items : 45 \u00e0 58)<\/li>\n<li>Sentiment de futilit\u00e9 politique (7 items : 59 \u00e0 65)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse standard :<\/strong> Format dichotomique obligatoire conforme aux \u00e9tudes originales :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Agree<\/strong> (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disagree<\/strong> (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mode d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Questionnaire auto-administr\u00e9 sur support papier ou administr\u00e9 lors d&rsquo;entretiens structur\u00e9s en face-\u00e0-face \/ par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, transposable aux formats informatis\u00e9s en ligne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation :<\/strong> Environ 20 \u00e0 30 minutes pour l&rsquo;ensemble des 65 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consignes de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Chaque item est cod\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re binaire (0 ou 1).\n<li>L&rsquo;attribution d&rsquo;un point d\u00e9mocratique (ou lib\u00e9ral\/confiant selon la sous-\u00e9chelle) intervient lorsque la r\u00e9ponse co\u00efncide avec la norme constitutionnelle et civique. Pour les items formul\u00e9s sous un angle d\u00e9mocratique direct (ex. item 18), une r\u00e9ponse \u00ab Agree \u00bb vaut 1 point. Pour les items invers\u00e9s ou non d\u00e9mocratiques (ex. item 1, 3, 10, 16, 21, 28, etc.), une r\u00e9ponse \u00ab Disagree \u00bb vaut 1 point.<\/li>\n<li>Pour les \u00e9chelles de <em>Cynisme<\/em> et de <em>Futilit\u00e9<\/em>, les cotations peuvent \u00eatre calcul\u00e9es soit dans le sens de la pathologie d\u00e9mocratique (1 point pour l&rsquo;accord avec l&rsquo;assertion cynique), soit invers\u00e9es pour mesurer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 et la confiance civique.<\/li>\n<li>Des scores totaux par sous-\u00e9chelle sont obtenus par simple sommation des points, autorisant une comparaison standardis\u00e9e de pourcentages d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion par dimension.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1964.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> L&rsquo;article original fondateur a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;<em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, revue officielle de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apsanet.org\/\">American Political Science Association<\/a> (APSA), \u00e9dit\u00e9e par Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument est dans le domaine public acad\u00e9mique \u00e0 des fins exclusives de recherche scientifique, d&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et d&rsquo;enqu\u00eates non commerciales, sous r\u00e9serve d&rsquo;une citation bibliographique formelle du travail originel de McClosky (1964). Aucun droit d&rsquo;usage (royalties) ou licence payante n&rsquo;est exigible pour les chercheurs universitaires. Les utilisations commerciales, r\u00e9\u00e9ditions anthologiques int\u00e9grales ou adaptations propri\u00e9taires requi\u00e8rent l&rsquo;autorisation formelle de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur d\u00e9tenant les droits de reproduction de l&rsquo;article princeps (Cambridge University Press \/ APSA).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., &amp; Sanford, R. N. (1950). <em>The authoritarian personality<\/em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.<\/li>\n<li>Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. E. Apter (Ed.), <em>Ideology and discontent<\/em> (pp. 206\u2013261). Free Press of Glencoe.<\/li>\n<li>Dahl, R. A. (1956). <em>A preface to democratic theory<\/em>. University of Chicago Press.<\/li>\n<li>McClosky, H. (1958). Conservatism and personality. <em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, 52(1), 27\u201345. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1953011\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1953011<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McClosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. <em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, 58(2), 361\u2013382. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1952868\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1952868<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McClosky, H., &amp; Brill, A. (1983). <em>Dimensions of tolerance: What Americans believe about civil liberties<\/em>. Russell Sage Foundation.<\/li>\n<li>McClosky, H., Hoffmann, P. J., &amp; O&rsquo;Hara, R. (1960). Issue conflict and consensus among party leaders and followers. <em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, 54(2), 406\u2013427. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1952458\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1952458<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McClosky, H., &amp; Schaar, J. H. (1965). Psychological dimensions of anomy. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 30(1), 14\u201340. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2091771\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2091771<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Prothro, J. W., &amp; Grigg, C. M. (1960). Fundamental principles of democracy: Bases of agreement and disagreement. <em>Journal of Politics<\/em>, 22(2), 276\u2013294. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2127359\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2127359<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). <em>Capitalism, socialism and democracy<\/em>. Harper &amp; Brothers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Respondents express agreement or disagreement with each statement.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> Agree \/ Disagree (dichotomous agreement\/disagreement)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Composed of 6 subscales: Rules of the Game (12 items), General Statements about Free Speech and Opinion (8 items), Specific Applications of Free Speech and Procedural Rights (9 items), Support for Different Aspects of Equality (15 items: Political Equality, Social and Economic Equality, Equality of Opportunity), Cynicism Towards Government and Politics (14 items), and Sense of Political Futility (7 items). Democratic responses are credited toward adherence to democratic norms or ideology.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Rules of the Game:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are times when it almost seems better for the people to take the law into their own hands rather than wait for the machinery of government to act.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The people had better stay away from political campaigns and leave running them to the professionals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The true American way of life is disappearing so fast that we may have to use force to save it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To bring about great changes for people who want them, no matter how good the changes would be, nearly always requires a little unlawful action.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We might as well give up on our system of government since it is not working anyway.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The minority gives in, so they say; but there is no reason why they shouldn&#039;t fight for what they believe is right until they get it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A majority should not have full power, even though they represent the largest number of people, if they ignore the feelings of a minority.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I don&#039;t mind a politician&#039;s methods if he manages to get the right things done.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Almost any means is justified if it gets the majority of the people the things they need.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a government becomes corrupt, violent rebellion against it is justifiable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is mostly the noisy, trouble-making minority who demand that their rights be protected.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A citizen should not be allowed to criticize his country when it is engaged in a war.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Attitudes to General Statements about Free Speech and Opinion:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Free speech is a worthwhile objective, but we should not allow it to be used to protect radicals and communists.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Freedom of speech is not for everyone; only people who understand issues should have it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People ought to be allowed to vote even if they can&#039;t do so intelligently.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People who talk disrespectfully about their country should be put in prison.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man ought to have the right to say anything he wants about our government so long as he doesn&#039;t try to overthrow it by force.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I believe in free speech for all, no matter what their views might be.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nobody has a right to tell another person what he should read, see, or listen to.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should have the right to express their opinions even if they run contrary to what most people believe.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Specific Applications of Free Speech and Procedural Rights:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person who is against religion should not be allowed to speak in this community.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person is accused of treason he should not be entitled to the same legal protections as people accused of other crimes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In time of war, the government should have the right to draft men into civilian jobs as well as into the military.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A citizen who is not religious should have the right to express his views publicly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A book that contains ideas that are against our way of life should not be allowed in our public libraries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person suspected of being a communist should be allowed to run for public office.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The government should have the right to prohibit people from holding meetings if it thinks they might cause disorder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Police should be permitted to hold a suspect in jail as long as they want until they get him to confess.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The right of an accused person to be confronted by his accuser and have legal counsel should never be denied, even in a time of national emergency.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Support for Different Aspects of Equality:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Every citizen should have an equal say in the government.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is not wise to allow everyone to vote, because too many people are not smart enough to vote wisely.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A high school education is essential for every citizen in a democracy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Education should be made available to everyone who wants it, regardless of his ability to pay for it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The main problem with democracy is that it treats all men as equals even though some are much more intelligent and capable than others.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Poor people should not be given as much of a say in our government because they contribute less in taxes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Negroes should have the same rights to employment and housing as white people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We should do everything we can to see that all children, regardless of race, get an equal chance to succeed in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is unreasonable to expect that people of different races can live together in harmony as equals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The wealth of this nation should be divided more equally among the people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is not fair that some people have more wealth than they can ever use while others live in poverty.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There will always be rich people and poor people, so it doesn&#039;t do much good to try to change things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person who works hard has a right to whatever he can earn, no matter how much it is.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The government ought to guarantee a job to everyone who wants to work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Every person in this country has an equal opportunity to get ahead if he really wants to.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Cynicism Towards Government and Politics:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most politicians are really in politics for what they can get out of it for themselves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people don&#039;t realize how much our lives are really controlled by plots hatched in secret places.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Both political parties are really controlled by the same wealthy interests.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Public officials don&#039;t care much what people like me think.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can&#039;t believe what you read in the newspapers about politics.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It seems to me that whoever you vote for, things go on pretty much the same.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Politicians spend most of their time making promises they have no intention of keeping.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are very few honest politicians in high public office.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The people running the government don&#039;t really know what they are doing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Money is the most important thing in winning a political campaign.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Almost all politicians are willing to sell out to the highest bidder.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most public officials are more interested in getting reelected than in helping the country.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is almost no way for the average citizen to influence what the government does.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Politics is too dirty a business for decent people to get mixed up in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sense of Political Futility:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is no use voting because one vote doesn&#039;t make any difference anyway.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that a person like me can&#039;t really understand what&#039;s going on.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average citizen has no influence over government decisions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What happens in politics is determined by people who are powerful and rich, and ordinary people can&#039;t do anything about it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting is the only way that people like me can have any say about how the government runs things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Government officials don&#039;t listen to what the average citizen thinks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It doesn&#039;t matter which party wins elections; conditions remain the same.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques de McClosky (1964) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique majeur compos\u00e9 de 65 items \u00e9valuant les r\u00e8gles du jeu, les libert\u00e9s d&rsquo;expression, l&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9, le cynisme et la futilit\u00e9 politique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[18211,2027,14166],"tags":[27035,16514,12977,27036,22710,16,27037,27038],"class_list":["post-17481","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-dattitudes-politiques","category-psychologie-politique","category-psychometrie-sociale","tag-attitudes-democratiques","tag-cynisme-politique","tag-egalite","tag-herbert-mcclosky","tag-liberte-dexpression","tag-psychometrie","tag-sociologie-electorale","tag-validite-de-guttman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/17481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17481"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/17481\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}