{"id":1726,"date":"2026-09-05T10:23:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T10:23:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-la-culture-globale-de-consommation-gccs\/"},"modified":"2026-09-05T10:23:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T10:23:12","slug":"echelle-de-la-culture-globale-de-consommation-gccs","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-la-culture-globale-de-consommation-gccs","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de la culture globale de consommation (GCCS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de la culture globale de consommation<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Global Consumer Culture Scale<\/em> &#8211; GCCS, fr\u00e9quemment conceptualis\u00e9e sous le prisme de l&rsquo;<em>Acculturation to Global Consumer Culture<\/em> ou AGCC) constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique multidimensionnel con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion, l&rsquo;internalisation et l&rsquo;identification des individus aux symboles, pratiques marchandes, m\u00e9dias et modes de vie partag\u00e9s qui transcendent les fronti\u00e8res nationales. \u00c9tablie initialement sur les bases th\u00e9oriques pos\u00e9es par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jan-Benedict_Steenkamp\">Jan-Benedict Steenkamp<\/a>, Dana L. Alden et Rajeev Batra (1999), puis formellement op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9e \u00e0 travers une batterie standardis\u00e9e par Mark Cleveland et Michel Laroche (2007), cette \u00e9chelle quantifie le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;exposition et d&rsquo;acculturation du consommateur aux dynamiques de la mondialisation culturelle.<\/p>\n<p>Dans sa configuration \u00e9tendue et rigoureusement valid\u00e9e de 57 items, la GCCS structure le construit autour de sept dimensions fondamentales : le cosmopolitisme (<em>Cosmopolitanism<\/em>, 11 items), l&rsquo;exposition aux activit\u00e9s marketing des multinationales (<em>Exposure to Multinational Marketing Activities<\/em>, 8 items), l&rsquo;exposition aux m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (<em>Exposure to Global Mass Media<\/em>, 8 items), l&rsquo;utilisation et la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la langue anglaise (<em>English Language Usage \/ Preference<\/em>, 6 items), les interactions sociales via les voyages internationaux (<em>Social Interactions through Travel<\/em>, 7 items), la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (<em>Global Mass Media Preference<\/em>, 7 items) et l&rsquo;ouverture ainsi que le d\u00e9sir d&rsquo;\u00e9muler la culture globale de consommation (<em>Openness to and Desire to Emulate Global Consumer Culture<\/em>, 10 items). Les participants r\u00e9pondent au moyen d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de Likert en 7 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb) \u00e0 7 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan des qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente une coh\u00e9rence interne robuste, avec des coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,74 et 0,93 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles et les \u00e9chantillons transnationaux. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires attestent d&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de construit solide, d&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 convergente confirm\u00e9e (variance moyenne extraite sup\u00e9rieure aux seuils conventionnels) et d&rsquo;une invariance de mesure v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e \u00e0 travers des contextes g\u00e9ographiques et culturels h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;est impos\u00e9e comme un dispositif central dans les recherches sur le positionnement de marque mondiale (<em>Global Brand Positioning<\/em>), la standardisation publicitaire, l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 cosmopolite et la segmentation internationale des march\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Culture de consommation mondiale, mondialisation, cosmopolitisme, acculturation, comportement du consommateur, marques globales, psychom\u00e9trie, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9, validit\u00e9 transculturelle, analyse factorielle.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;assise conceptuelle et les raffinements psychom\u00e9triques de la mesure de la culture globale de consommation r\u00e9sultent des contributions conjointes de chercheurs pionniers en marketing international et en psychologie transculturelle :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dana L. Alden<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de marketing \u00e0 la Shidler College of Business, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/manoa.hawaii.edu\/\">University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa<\/a> (Honolulu, \u00c9tats-Unis). Sp\u00e9cialiste du positionnement des marques globales, de la communication persuasive et des comparaisons transculturelles. Courriel : dalden@hawaii.edu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp<\/strong> : Professeur distingu\u00e9 Knox Massey de marketing \u00e0 la Kenan-Flagler Business School, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unc.edu\/\">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<\/a> (Chapel Hill, \u00c9tats-Unis). Autorit\u00e9 mondiale sur le branding global, les dynamiques d&rsquo;\u00e9mergence des march\u00e9s et la mod\u00e9lisation quantitative multivari\u00e9e. Courriel : jbs@unc.edu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rajeev Batra<\/strong> : Professeur S.S. Kresge de marketing \u00e0 la Ross School of Business, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/umich.edu\/\">University of Michigan<\/a> (Ann Arbor, \u00c9tats-Unis). Sp\u00e9cialiste de la valeur de marque, de l&rsquo;affect du consommateur et de la publicit\u00e9 internationale. Courriel : rbatra@umich.edu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mark Cleveland<\/strong> : Professeur titulaire et titulaire de la Chaire de recherche Dancap en comportement du consommateur au D\u00e9partement de gestion et d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes organisationnelles, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uwo.ca\/\">Western University<\/a> (London, Ontario, Canada). Chercheur cl\u00e9 ayant formalis\u00e9 la structure psychom\u00e9trique en 57 items de l&rsquo;acculturation \u00e0 la culture globale de consommation. Courriel : mclevela@uwo.ca.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Michel Laroche<\/strong> : Professeur distingu\u00e9 de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale du Canada et titulaire de la Chaire de recherche de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Concordia en marketing, John Molson School of Business, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.concordia.ca\/\">Concordia University<\/a> (Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada). Sommit\u00e9 dans le domaine de la mod\u00e9lisation structurelle de l&rsquo;acculturation et de la psychom\u00e9trie transculturelle. Courriel : michel.laroche@concordia.ca.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de la culture globale de consommation<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un d\u00e9fi empirique et paradigmatique majeur n\u00e9 de l&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration des \u00e9changes internationaux au tournant du XXIe si\u00e8cle : comment mesurer de mani\u00e8re quantitative, standardis\u00e9e et rigoureuse l&rsquo;impact psychologique, identitaire et comportemental de la mondialisation sur l&rsquo;individu ? Alors que les approches anthropologiques et sociologiques traditionnelles appr\u00e9hendaient la mondialisation sous un angle principalement qualitatif ou macro-\u00e9conomique, la psychologie du consommateur n\u00e9cessitait un outil capable d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser le degr\u00e9 auquel un citoyen, ind\u00e9pendamment de son pays de r\u00e9sidence, int\u00e8gre des sch\u00e8mes de consommation, des valeurs symboliques et des r\u00e9pertoires de comportements transnationaux.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan fondamental, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle vise \u00e0 d\u00e9construire l&rsquo;illusion d&rsquo;une appartenance culturelle purement territoriale. Dans le paradigme classique, la culture \u00e9tait assimil\u00e9e aux fronti\u00e8res g\u00e9opolitiques des \u00c9tats-nations (la \u00ab culture nationale \u00bb selon les cadres d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geert_Hofstede\">Hofstede<\/a>). Or, l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence d&rsquo;une s\u00e9iosph\u00e8re commerciale unifi\u00e9e, port\u00e9e par les conglom\u00e9rats m\u00e9diatiques, les r\u00e9seaux d&rsquo;information mondiaux et les cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement globales, a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 une \u00ab culture globale de consommation \u00bb (<em>Global Consumer Culture<\/em> &#8211; GCC). La GCCS a donc pour objectif premier d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer la force de l&rsquo;attachement individuel \u00e0 cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me mondialis\u00e9 de symboles et de pratiques.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche empirique et des sciences du marketing, l&rsquo;instrument remplit des fonctions critiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9solution du d\u00e9bat standardisation versus adaptation<\/strong> : Elle permet aux chercheurs de d\u00e9terminer si les segments de consommateurs ayant un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle r\u00e9agissent plus favorablement \u00e0 des campagnes publicitaires universelles, standardis\u00e9es et ax\u00e9es sur des symboles cosmopolites (<em>Global Consumer Culture Positioning<\/em> &#8211; GCCP), par opposition \u00e0 des messages ancr\u00e9s dans les traditions locales (<em>Local Consumer Culture Positioning<\/em> &#8211; LCCP) ou \u00e9trang\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques (<em>Foreign Consumer Culture Positioning<\/em> &#8211; FCCP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tude de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 hybride et de l&rsquo;acculturation bidimensionnelle<\/strong> : L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est exploit\u00e9e pour mod\u00e9liser la mani\u00e8re dont les individus n\u00e9gocient simultan\u00e9ment leur identit\u00e9 ethnique\/locale originelle et leur affiliation \u00e0 la modernit\u00e9 globale, sans que l&rsquo;une n&rsquo;annule n\u00e9cessairement l&rsquo;autre.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Segmentation psychographique internationale<\/strong> : L&rsquo;outil permet d&rsquo;identifier des groupes transnationaux de consommateurs qui partagent des profils attitudinaux similaires \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;Europe, l&rsquo;Asie, les Am\u00e9riques ou l&rsquo;Afrique, facilitant ainsi les strat\u00e9gies de ciblage par-del\u00e0 les d\u00e9limitations g\u00e9ographiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analyse de la r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 aux innovations<\/strong> : Les recherches d\u00e9montrent que les individus manifestant un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d&rsquo;acculturation \u00e0 la culture globale de consommation affichent une propension statistiquement plus forte \u00e0 adopter des innovations technologiques, des modes vestimentaires avant-gardistes et des habitudes alimentaires internationales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par la GCCS est complexe, latent et intrins\u00e8quement multidimensionnel. Il ne s&rsquo;agit pas d&rsquo;un trait de personnalit\u00e9 monolithique, mais d&rsquo;une constellation de dispositions cognitives, affectives et comportementales r\u00e9gissant l&rsquo;interface entre l&rsquo;individu et les flux mondiaux de marchandises, de messages et d&rsquo;id\u00e9es. Les 57 items de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sont structur\u00e9s autour de sept facettes conceptuelles distinctes mais interd\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Cosmopolitisme (Cosmopolitanism &#8211; COS, 11 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Le cosmopolitisme renvoie \u00e0 une orientation intellectuelle et esth\u00e9tique d&rsquo;ouverture active envers les cultures \u00e9trang\u00e8res, les modes de vie alternatifs et l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9. Contrairement au simple touriste passif, l&rsquo;individu cosmopolite \u00e9prouve une curiosit\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que pour les visions du monde divergentes, recherche le contact interculturel pour s&rsquo;enrichir et remet volontairement en question son propre ethnocentrisme. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle, cette dimension est illustr\u00e9e par l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat pour l&rsquo;apprentissage d&rsquo;autres modes de vie (Item 1) et l&rsquo;immersion r\u00e9flexive lors des s\u00e9jours \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger (Item 10 et 11).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Exposition aux activit\u00e9s marketing des multinationales (Exposure to Multinational Marketing Activities &#8211; EXPM, 8 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle mesure le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;impr\u00e9gnation sensorielle, cognitive et affective de l&rsquo;individu par les dispositifs promotionnels d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par les firmes transnationales. Elle \u00e9value dans quelle mesure les c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9s internationales, les d\u00e9nominations de produits \u00e0 consonance \u00e9trang\u00e8re et les r\u00e9cits publicitaires globaux suscitent chez le consommateur un sentiment de modernit\u00e9 et de connexion avec la communaut\u00e9 mondiale. Des items sp\u00e9cifiques mesurent par exemple le fait que porter des marques globales conf\u00e8re un sentiment de modernit\u00e9 (Item 14) ou le plaisir retir\u00e9 du visionnage de publicit\u00e9s internationales (Item 19).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Exposition aux m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (Exposure to Global Mass Media &#8211; GMM, 8 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante quantifie la fr\u00e9quence passive et active de contact avec les infrastructures informationnelles et de divertissement mondiales. Elle englobe le visionnage de cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;information en continu (telles que CNN ou la BBC), la fr\u00e9quentation de sites internet h\u00e9berg\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger, ainsi que la consommation de programmes t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s et cin\u00e9matographiques \u00e9trangers. Elle refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;ancrage de l&rsquo;individu dans un flux m\u00e9diatique transnational continu (Items 20 \u00e0 27).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Utilisation et pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la langue anglaise (English Language Usage \/ Preference &#8211; ELU, 6 items)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_language\">anglais<\/a> agissant comme la <em>lingua franca<\/em> incontest\u00e9e des affaires internationales, du commerce num\u00e9rique, des sciences et de la culture pop, cette dimension \u00e9value la ma\u00eetrise per\u00e7ue, la fr\u00e9quence d&rsquo;usage et la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence affective de l&rsquo;individu pour la langue anglaise dans ses communications interpersonnelles, ses lectures, sa navigation web et son visionnage audiovisuel (Items 28 \u00e0 33).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Interactions sociales via les voyages internationaux (Social Interactions through Travel &#8211; SIT, 7 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle capture l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience v\u00e9cue de la mobilit\u00e9 internationale et son impact sur la transformation identitaire. Elle mesure non seulement la fr\u00e9quence des s\u00e9jours hors du pays d&rsquo;origine, mais surtout la volont\u00e9 d&rsquo;exp\u00e9rimenter les coutumes locales, d&rsquo;interagir directement avec les r\u00e9sidents et d&rsquo;\u00e9largir ses perspectives existentielles au contact du d\u00e9paysement g\u00e9ographique (Items 34 \u00e0 40).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (Global Mass Media Preference &#8211; GMMP, 7 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Distincte de la simple exposition quantitative, la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence m\u00e9diatique \u00e9value un choix d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 et hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9 : l&rsquo;individu accorde-t-il la priorit\u00e9 aux productions culturelles globales par rapport aux cr\u00e9ations locales ? Les items sondent la pr\u00e9dominance relative de la musique pop internationale, du cin\u00e9ma hollywoodien ou mondialis\u00e9, de la presse \u00e9trang\u00e8re et des portails web internationaux au sein de la di\u00e8te m\u00e9diatique habituelle du r\u00e9pondant (Items 41 \u00e0 47).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Ouverture et d\u00e9sir d&rsquo;\u00e9muler la culture globale de consommation (Openness to and Desire to Emulate Global Consumer Culture &#8211; OETG, 10 items)<\/h3>\n<p>Dimension t\u00e9l\u00e9ologique et identitaire culminante, elle traduit l&rsquo;aspiration consciente de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 adopter les styles de vie, les standards esth\u00e9tiques et les codes vestimentaires associ\u00e9s aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s occidentales modernes et aux classes moyennes mondialis\u00e9es. Elle inclut l&rsquo;auto-identification formelle au statut de \u00ab citoyen du monde \u00bb (Item 55), l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les tendances internationales de mode (Item 48) et le d\u00e9sir d&rsquo;\u00e9muler l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique v\u00e9hicul\u00e9e par les communications des marques globales (Item 56 et 57).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle repose sur une synth\u00e8se interdisciplinaire combinant l&rsquo;anthropologie de la mondialisation, la psychologie sociale de l&rsquo;acculturation et la th\u00e9orie de la communication persuasive.<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie des flux culturels mondiaux d&rsquo;Appadurai<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;assise anthropologique de l&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;enracine dans la conceptualisation d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arjun_Appadurai\">Arjun Appadurai<\/a> (1990, 1996) relative aux paysages de la modernit\u00e9 globale. Appadurai d\u00e9montre que la mondialisation culturelle ne s&rsquo;effectue pas de mani\u00e8re lin\u00e9aire, mais \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;interaction dynamique de cinq flux ou paysages disjonctifs (<em>scapes<\/em>) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les <em>ethnoscapes<\/em> : la mobilit\u00e9 physique des personnes (touristes, immigr\u00e9s, professionnels) qui alimente la dimension \u00ab Interactions sociales via les voyages \u00bb (SIT).<\/li>\n<li>Les <em>mediascapes<\/em> : la distribution plan\u00e9taire de l&rsquo;information \u00e9lectronique et de l&rsquo;imagerie narrative, op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9e par les sous-\u00e9chelles GMM et GMMP.<\/li>\n<li>Les <em>technoscapes<\/em> : la circulation rapide des infrastructures technologiques mondiales.<\/li>\n<li>Les <em>financescapes<\/em> et <em>ideoscapes<\/em> : les mouvements de capitaux et les id\u00e9ologies associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 marchande et aux droits individuels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle capture la mani\u00e8re dont ces flux transnationaux viennent heurter, f\u00e9conder ou reconfigurer les horizons mentaux des consommateurs locaux.<\/p>\n<h3>Le mod\u00e8le bidimensionnel de l&rsquo;acculturation de Berry<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan psychologique, la GCCS d\u00e9rive des travaux fondateurs de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Berry_(psychologist)\">John W. Berry<\/a> (1997) sur l&rsquo;acculturation psychologique. Historiquement appliqu\u00e9e aux minorit\u00e9s ethniques et aux r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s s&rsquo;int\u00e9grant physiquement dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;accueil, la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;acculturation a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue par Cleveland et Laroche au ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de l&rsquo;\u00ab acculturation \u00e0 distance \u00bb sans migration physique (<em>remote acculturation<\/em>). Dans ce cadre, la \u00ab soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;accueil \u00bb n&rsquo;est pas un lieu g\u00e9ographique d\u00e9fini, mais une culture globale virtuelle et d\u00e9territorialis\u00e9e, transmise par les m\u00e9dias et le marketing.<\/p>\n<p>Selon cette perspective bidimensionnelle, l&rsquo;adoption de la culture globale de consommation (mesur\u00e9e par la GCCS) est th\u00e9oriquement orthogonale au maintien de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 culturelle d&rsquo;origine (<em>Maintenance of Local Ethnic Culture<\/em> &#8211; MLEA). L&rsquo;individu ne troque pas m\u00e9caniquement sa culture locale contre la culture mondiale ; il peut manifester une strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;<strong>int\u00e9gration<\/strong> (score \u00e9lev\u00e9 sur les deux dimensions, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant une biculturalit\u00e9 fluide), d&rsquo;<strong>assimilation<\/strong> (score \u00e9lev\u00e9 en GCCS, rejet du local), de <strong>s\u00e9paration<\/strong> (maintien du local, rejet de la culture globale) ou de <strong>marginalisation<\/strong> (rejet concomitant des deux rep\u00e8res identitaires).<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 sociale<\/h3>\n<p>Enfin, la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_identity_theory\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 sociale<\/a> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Henri Tajfel et John Turner \u00e9claire la composante motivationnelle de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle. Les marques globales et les modes de vie internationaux servent de symboles de statut et de vecteurs d&rsquo;appartenance \u00e0 un endocoupe d\u00e9sirable (l&rsquo;\u00ab \u00e9lite cosmopolite \u00bb ou la \u00ab jeunesse connect\u00e9e globale \u00bb). Les individus utilisent ces objets marchands et ces pratiques linguistiques pour rehausser leur auto-estime et proclamer publiquement leur insertion au sein de la modernit\u00e9 plan\u00e9taire.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de la GCCS ont fait l&rsquo;objet de v\u00e9rifications approfondies au sein de contextes g\u00e9ographiques, \u00e9conomiques et culturels diversifi\u00e9s (notamment en Am\u00e9rique du Nord, en Europe de l&rsquo;Ouest, en Am\u00e9rique latine et en Asie de l&rsquo;Est).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des mod\u00e9lisations en \u00e9quations structurelles (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_equation_modeling\">SEM<\/a>). Pour chacune des sept dimensions, les saturations factorielles standardis\u00e9es des items respectifs sont tr\u00e8s significatives (p &lt; 0,001) et s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent majoritairement au-dessus du seuil critique de 0,60, avec des valeurs fr\u00e9quentes exc\u00e9dant 0,75. La variance moyenne extraite (<em>Average Variance Extracted<\/em> &#8211; AVE) surpasse syst\u00e9matiquement le crit\u00e8re standard de 0,50 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des facteurs, confirmant que la variance expliqu\u00e9e par les traits latents est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la variance imputable aux erreurs de mesure.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 discriminante des sept dimensions a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie selon les crit\u00e8res stricts de Fornell et Larcker (1981) ainsi que par le ratio h\u00e9t\u00e9rotrait-monotrait (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discriminant_validity\">HTMT<\/a>) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La racine carr\u00e9e de l&rsquo;AVE de chaque facteur s&rsquo;av\u00e8re nettement sup\u00e9rieure aux corr\u00e9lations inter-factorielles correspondantes.<\/li>\n<li>Les valeurs du ratio HTMT demeurent syst\u00e9matiquement inf\u00e9rieures au seuil conservateur de 0,85, d\u00e9montrant empiriquement que le cosmopolitisme (COS), bien qu&rsquo;associ\u00e9 positivement \u00e0 l&rsquo;ouverture \u00e0 la culture globale (OETG) ou aux voyages (SIT), mesure un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne psychologique distinct.<\/li>\n<li>De surcro\u00eet, les sous-\u00e9chelles de la GCCS se distinguent nettement des mesures de patriotisme, d&rsquo;ethnocentrisme \u00e9conomique du consommateur (CETSCALE) et du mat\u00e9rialisme (\u00e9chelle de Richins et Dawson).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive, crit\u00e9rielle et nomologique<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 nomologique et pr\u00e9dictive de l&rsquo;instrument est abondamment document\u00e9e dans la litt\u00e9rature :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Attitudes envers les marques globales<\/strong> : Les coefficients de r\u00e9gression structurelle d\u00e9montrent que les dimensions OETG, EXPM et GMMP pr\u00e9disent positivement et de fa\u00e7on hautement significative (\u03b2 variant entre 0,28 et 0,52, p &lt; 0,001) l&rsquo;attitude favorable envers les marques mondiales (ex. Apple, Nike, Coca-Cola) et l&rsquo;intention de les acqu\u00e9rir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Efficacit\u00e9 des positionnements publicitaires<\/strong> : Les r\u00e9pondants pr\u00e9sentant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur la GCCS manifestent des \u00e9valuations publicitaires et des intentions d&rsquo;achat significativement sup\u00e9rieures face \u00e0 des annonces mobilisant un positionnement de type GCCP (mettant en sc\u00e8ne des paysages urbains mondiaux, des langues universelles ou des \u00e9g\u00e9ries internationales), comparativement aux consommateurs ax\u00e9s sur la culture locale (LCCP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consommation mat\u00e9rielle et m\u00e9diatique<\/strong> : Les scores sur les sous-\u00e9chelles SIT, ELU et GMM corr\u00e9leront tr\u00e8s positivement avec des variables comportementales objectives telles que le nombre effectif de voyages \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger au cours des trois derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le temps pass\u00e9 en ligne sur des plateformes internationales et la d\u00e9tention de biens technologiques standardis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e au moyen d&rsquo;analyses de coh\u00e9rence interne et de protocoles de test-retest \u00e0 travers de multiples vagues d&rsquo;enqu\u00eates empiriques men\u00e9es par Cleveland, Laroche et leurs collaborateurs.<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach et Fiabilit\u00e9 Composite)<\/h3>\n<p>Les indices de coh\u00e9rence interne pour les sept dimensions attestent d&rsquo;une remarquable homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 statistique. Dans les \u00e9tudes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence initiales et de r\u00e9plication, les coefficients obtenus s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent comme suit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cosmopolitisme (COS)<\/strong> : \u03b1 de Cronbach = 0,88 \u00e0 0,93 ; fiabilit\u00e9 composite (CR) = 0,91.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exposition aux activit\u00e9s marketing des multinationales (EXPM)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,82 \u00e0 0,89 ; CR = 0,87.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exposition aux m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (GMM)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,81 \u00e0 0,87 ; CR = 0,85.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilisation et pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la langue anglaise (ELU)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,89 \u00e0 0,95 ; CR = 0,93.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interactions sociales via les voyages internationaux (SIT)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,85 \u00e0 0,91 ; CR = 0,89.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (GMMP)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,80 \u00e0 0,86 ; CR = 0,84.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ouverture et d\u00e9sir d&rsquo;\u00e9muler la culture globale (OETG)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = 0,84 \u00e0 0,90 ; CR = 0,88.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tous les coefficients surpassent amplement le standard psychom\u00e9trique minimal de 0,70 requis pour la recherche fondamentale, ainsi que le seuil de 0,80 recommand\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement de diagnostics pr\u00e9dictifs pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest et stabilit\u00e9 temporelle<\/h3>\n<p>Des \u00e9valuations de stabilit\u00e9 longitudinale men\u00e9es sur des intervalles de quatre \u00e0 huit semaines aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants et de panels de consommateurs ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest compris entre r = 0,76 et r = 0,89 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des dimensions. Cette stabilit\u00e9 temporelle d\u00e9montre que, si l&rsquo;acculturation globale \u00e9volue au fil des d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle soci\u00e9tale, elle refl\u00e8te chez l&rsquo;individu des sch\u00e9mas cognitifs et dispositionnels stables \u00e0 court et moyen terme.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture factorielle de la GCCS a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) rigoureuses, suivies de mod\u00e9lisations confirmatoires multivari\u00e9es (AFC) testant des structures concurrentes.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la phase de conception initiale, l&rsquo;extraction factorielle par la m\u00e9thode des axes principaux coupl\u00e9e \u00e0 des rotations obliques (Promax et Oblimin, justifi\u00e9es par l&rsquo;interd\u00e9pendance th\u00e9orique des dimensions culturelles) a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une structure claire \u00e0 sept facteurs distincts, expliquant cumulativement plus de 62 % de la variance totale des items. Aucun item ne pr\u00e9sentait de double saturation (<em>cross-loading<\/em>) sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,30 sur un facteur secondaire, et les saturations sur le facteur assign\u00e9 \u00e9taient toutes sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,55.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses confirmatoires conduites sous des logiciels de mod\u00e9lisation structurelle (tels que LISREL, AMOS et Mplus) ont compar\u00e9 le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique \u00e0 sept facteurs de premier ordre corr\u00e9l\u00e9s \u00e0 des mod\u00e8les alternatifs (mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel global, mod\u00e8le \u00e0 trois facteurs regroupant les m\u00e9dias, les comportements et les attitudes). Le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 sept dimensions distinctes a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 statistique univoque, atteignant d&rsquo;excellents indices d&rsquo;ajustement aux donn\u00e9es empiriques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ratio Chi-deux \/ Degr\u00e9s de libert\u00e9 (\u03c7\u00b2\/df)<\/strong> : compris entre 1,65 et 2,40 (valeurs inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 3,00 indiquant un ajustement tr\u00e8s satisfaisant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indice d&rsquo;ajustement comparatif (CFI &#8211; Comparative Fit Index)<\/strong> : valeurs oscillant entre 0,92 et 0,96 (seuil d&rsquo;acceptabilit\u00e9 &gt; 0,90).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI &#8211; Tucker-Lewis Index)<\/strong> : valeurs comprises entre 0,91 et 0,95.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (RMSEA &#8211; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)<\/strong> : valeurs situ\u00e9es entre 0,038 et 0,052 avec un intervalle de confiance \u00e0 90 % \u00e9troit, signalant une erreur r\u00e9siduelle minime.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9sidu quadratique moyen standardis\u00e9 (SRMR)<\/strong> : valeurs inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,050.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Invariance de mesure transculturelle<\/h3>\n<p>Un crit\u00e8re d\u00e9terminant pour tout instrument international r\u00e9side dans son <em>invariance de mesure<\/em> (invariance factorielle multi-groupes). Des tests m\u00e9thodiques ont valid\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;<strong>invariance configurale<\/strong> : la structure sous-jacente \u00e0 sept facteurs est identique d&rsquo;un pays \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;<strong>invariance m\u00e9trique<\/strong> (faible) : les charges factorielles des items sont \u00e9quivalentes \u00e0 travers les groupes culturels (permettant la comparaison des covariances et r\u00e9gressions).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;<strong>invariance scalaire<\/strong> (forte) : les seuils d&rsquo;interception des items sont comparables, autorisant la comparaison directe des scores moyens entre diff\u00e9rentes nations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument de mesure se pr\u00e9sente sous les caract\u00e9ristiques techniques suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nature de l&rsquo;outil<\/strong> : Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation psychologique et attitudinale (<em>self-report questionnaire<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration<\/strong> : Auto-administr\u00e9 en ligne, sur papier ou sur support num\u00e9rique (tablette, smartphone) ; compatible avec les panels de recherche consommateurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items<\/strong> : 57 items standardis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> : \u00c9chelle de Likert authentique en 7 points : 1 = Fortement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Strongly Disagree<\/em>), 2 = En d\u00e9saccord (<em>Disagree<\/em>), 3 = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Somewhat Disagree<\/em>), 4 = Neutre \/ Ni en accord ni en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Neither Agree nor Disagree<\/em>), 5 = L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Somewhat Agree<\/em>), 6 = D&rsquo;accord (<em>Agree<\/em>), 7 = Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord (<em>Strongly Agree<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9partition factorielle des items<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cosmopolitisme (COS)<\/em> : Items 1 \u00e0 11 (11 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Exposition aux activit\u00e9s marketing des multinationales (EXPM)<\/em> : Items 12 \u00e0 19 (8 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Exposition aux m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (GMM)<\/em> : Items 20 \u00e0 27 (8 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Utilisation et pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la langue anglaise (ELU)<\/em> : Items 28 \u00e0 33 (6 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Interactions sociales via les voyages internationaux (SIT)<\/em> : Items 34 \u00e0 40 (7 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les m\u00e9dias de masse mondiaux (GMMP)<\/em> : Items 41 \u00e0 47 (7 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Ouverture et d\u00e9sir d&rsquo;\u00e9muler la culture globale de consommation (OETG)<\/em> : Items 48 \u00e0 57 (10 items).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e8gle d&rsquo;inversion des scores (Reverse Scoring)<\/strong> : L&rsquo;<strong>Item 3<\/strong> (\u00ab <em>I do not care to know about other cultures.<\/em> \u00bb) est formul\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on n\u00e9gative et doit obligatoirement \u00eatre invers\u00e9 avant le calcul des scores (1 devient 7, 2 devient 6, 3 devient 5, 4 reste 4, 5 devient 3, 6 devient 2, 7 devient 1).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcul des scores<\/strong> : Calcul de la moyenne arithm\u00e9tique (ou de la somme) des items composant chacune des sous-\u00e9chelles respectives. L&rsquo;instrument est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement trait\u00e9 comme un profil \u00e0 sept dimensions plut\u00f4t que comme un score composite unique, bien qu&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le de second ordre puisse \u00eatre extrait pour des besoins sp\u00e9cifiques de mod\u00e9lisation structurelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation<\/strong> : 12 \u00e0 18 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de conceptualisation initiale<\/strong> : 1999 (Alden, Steenkamp, &amp; Batra, formalisation du positionnement GCCP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9e<\/strong> : 2007 (Cleveland &amp; Laroche, \u00e9tablissement de la structure factorielle \u00e0 57 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et permissions<\/strong> : L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est du domaine public pour les utilisations acad\u00e9miques, universitaires et scientifiques non commerciales. Les chercheurs universitaires peuvent utiliser et citer les items sans paiement de redevance, sous r\u00e9serve de r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer fid\u00e8lement les publications sources originales (Alden et al., 1999 ; Cleveland &amp; Laroche, 2007).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification<\/strong> : Acc\u00e8s libre et gratuit pour la recherche scientifique fondamentale. Pour tout usage commercial propri\u00e9taire (soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes de march\u00e9 priv\u00e9es, audits d&rsquo;agences de publicit\u00e9), il est recommand\u00e9 de solliciter l&rsquo;autorisation formelle des auteurs ou des d\u00e9tenteurs des droits d&rsquo;\u00e9dition des revues concern\u00e9es (American Marketing Association \/ Elsevier).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences canoniques r\u00e9gissant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle et ses applications th\u00e9oriques et empiriques sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., &amp; Batra, R. (1999). Brand positioning through advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The role of global consumer culture. <em>Journal of Marketing<\/em>, 63(1), 75\u201387. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224299906300106\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224299906300106<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. <em>Theory, Culture &amp; Society<\/em>, 7(2\u20133), 295\u2013310. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026327690007002017\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026327690007002017<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. <em>Applied Psychology<\/em>, 46(1), 5\u201334. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cleveland, M., &amp; Laroche, M. (2007). Acculturation to the global consumer culture: Scale development and research paradigm. <em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>, 60(3), 249\u2013259. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.11.006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.11.006<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., &amp; Papadopoulos, N. (2009). Cosmopolitanism, consumer ethnocentrism, and materialism: An eight-country study of antecedents and outcomes. <em>Journal of International Marketing<\/em>, 17(4), 116\u2013146. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jimk.17.4.116\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jimk.17.4.116<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fornell, C., &amp; Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. <em>Journal of Marketing Research<\/em>, 18(1), 39\u201350. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Steenkamp, J. B. E. M. (2019). The role of global consumer culture in marketing and branding. <em>Journal of International Marketing<\/em>, 27(1), 1\u201324. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1069031X18811289\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1069031X18811289<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with each of the following statements.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 7 = Strongly Agree)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> The scale comprises seven dimensions: Cosmopolitanism (COS, items 1-11), Exposure to Multinational Marketing Activities (EXPM, items 12-19), Exposure to Global Mass Media (GMM, items 20-27), English Language Usage \/ Preference (ELU, items 28-33), Social Interactions through Travel (SIT, items 34-40), Global Mass Media Preference (GMMP, items 41-47), and Openness to and Desire to Emulate Global Consumer Culture (OETG, items 48-57). Item 3 is reverse-scored.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am interested in learning about other ways of life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to learn about other ethnic groups.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not care to know about other cultures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I enjoy being with people from other cultures to learn about their views.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I enjoy exchanging ideas with people from other cultures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to observe people of other cultures to see what I can learn.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find people from other cultures stimulating.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to have contact with people from other cultures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Coming in contact with people from other cultures has given me a better understanding of them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When travelling, I prefer to immerse myself in other cultures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to immerse myself in other cultural experiences for the benefit of learning.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I see ads with international celebrities, it makes me feel part of the global world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to buy brands that are advertised as being used around the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Wearing global brands makes me feel modern.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I watch international ads, I feel more connected to the rest of the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is fun to watch advertising that features people from other countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Advertising that depicts global lifestyles is appealing to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to purchase products that have foreign-sounding names.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Watching foreign commercials is an enjoyable experience.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to watch television programs from other countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I enjoy watching global TV news channels (e.g., CNN, BBC).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to read international magazines and newspapers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I often watch American or other foreign television programs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like watching foreign movies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I often use the Internet to access foreign news and websites.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like listening to music from other countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I frequently visit websites based in other countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel comfortable speaking English.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I often speak English with family and friends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer reading books and magazines in English.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to watch movies and television programs in English.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to surf the Internet in English.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I speak English very well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have traveled to many different countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I enjoy traveling abroad.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">While visiting other countries, I try to understand how people live there.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to spend my vacations traveling abroad.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Traveling to other countries is a very exciting experience.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I travel abroad, I like to try local customs and traditions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Visiting other countries has broadened my perspective on life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The TV programs I watch are mostly global\/international.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most of the music I listen to is popular international music.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The magazines I read are mainly foreign or international editions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most of the movies I watch are produced internationally.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prefer to listen to global pop music over local music.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most of the websites I visit are global websites.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I watch global television channels more often than local television.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I pay attention to the fashions worn by people in other parts of the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to try foods from different countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I actively seek out information about global lifestyle trends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I identify with the global consumer culture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like the lifestyle associated with global brands.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I try to emulate the lifestyle of people in modern Western countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that my lifestyle is similar to the lifestyle of people in other countries.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I consider myself a citizen of the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I aspire to have a lifestyle like that of people shown in international advertisements.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The way I dress and live is influenced by trends around the world.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la culture globale de consommation (GCCS) : cadre th\u00e9orique, dimensions (cosmopolitisme, m\u00e9dias, marques), validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique et items officiels du test.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[2643,852,2],"tags":[671,3672,853,3668,3667,3666,3671,3669,3670,16],"class_list":["post-1726","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-marketing-international","category-psychologie-du-consommateur","category-psychometrie","tag-acculturation","tag-analyses-factorielles","tag-comportement-du-consommateur","tag-cosmopolitisme","tag-culture-globale-de-consommation","tag-gccs","tag-invariance-transculturelle","tag-marques-globales","tag-mondialisation","tag-psychometrie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/1726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1726"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/1726\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}