{"id":15763,"date":"2026-10-09T15:03:12","date_gmt":"2026-10-09T15:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-evaluation-depression-carroll-crs\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T15:03:12","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T15:03:12","slug":"echelle-evaluation-depression-carroll-crs","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-evaluation-depression-carroll-crs","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression de Carroll (CRS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression de Carroll<\/strong> (<em>Carroll Rating Scale for Depression<\/em>, ou <strong>CRS<\/strong>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique auto-administr\u00e9 con\u00e7u par Bernard J. Carroll et ses collaborateurs au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;objectif explicite de fournir un \u00e9quivalent fid\u00e8le en auto-\u00e9valuation \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9pression de Hamilton (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression\">Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression<\/a>, HRSD ou HAMD \u00e0 17 items), la CRS est compos\u00e9e de 52 items \u00e0 choix dichotomique (\u00ab Oui \u00bb ou \u00ab Non \u00bb). Cet outil \u00e9value l&rsquo;ensemble des constellations symptomatiques de la d\u00e9pression majeure unipolaire et bipolaire, couvrant pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment 17 composantes cliniques : humeur d\u00e9pressive, culpabilit\u00e9, id\u00e9ation suicidaire, insomnie initiale, m\u00e9diane et terminale, r\u00e9percussions sur le travail et les int\u00e9r\u00eats, ralentissement psychomoteur, agitation motrice, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 psychique, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 somatique, sympt\u00f4mes gastro-intestinaux, sympt\u00f4mes somatiques g\u00e9n\u00e9raux, alt\u00e9ration de la libido, pr\u00e9occupations hypocondriaques, perte pond\u00e9rale et perte de conscience du trouble (insight).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle pr\u00e9sente une consistance interne remarquable, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant habituellement entre 0,87 et 0,92 selon les populations cliniques hospitali\u00e8res et ambulatoires. Les \u00e9tudes de validit\u00e9 concourante indiquent une corr\u00e9lation lin\u00e9aire exceptionnellement \u00e9lev\u00e9e avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Hamilton (coefficients de Pearson <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r\">$r$<\/span> compris entre 0,80 et 0,87), confirmant sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 appr\u00e9hender la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 globale de l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif tout en r\u00e9duisant consid\u00e9rablement la dur\u00e9e de passation et la charge professionnelle requise par l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-rapport\u00e9e. La CRS est devenue un instrument classique en psychiatrie biologique, en recherche pharmacologique et en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie clinique, offrant une passerelle standardis\u00e9e entre le ressenti subjectif du patient et l&rsquo;observation s\u00e9miologique standardis\u00e9e du clinicien.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle de Carroll, d\u00e9pression, psychom\u00e9trie, auto-\u00e9valuation, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, m\u00e9lancolie, validit\u00e9 concourante, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, s\u00e9miologie psychiatrique, troubles de l&rsquo;humeur.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe multidisciplinaire de psychiatres, de biostatisticiens et de chercheurs en neurosciences cliniques du <em>Mental Health Research Institute<\/em> et du D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie du Centre M\u00e9dical de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan (Ann Arbor, \u00c9tats-Unis) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bernard J. Carroll, M.D., Ph.D.<\/strong> : Psychiatre et neurobiologiste, pionnier des biomarqueurs en psychiatrie (notamment le test de suppression \u00e0 la dexam\u00e9thasone), ancien directeur du Duke University Medical Center Department of Psychiatry et du Pacific Behavioral Research Foundation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Michael Feinberg, M.D., Ph.D.<\/strong> : Psychiatre clinicien et chercheur affili\u00e9 au Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peter E. Smouse, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Biostatisticien et g\u00e9n\u00e9ticien quantitatif, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Susan G. Rawson, M.S.<\/strong> : Collaboratrice de recherche en psychom\u00e9trie clinique, Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John F. Greden, M.D.<\/strong> : Psychiatre, professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite et directeur de recherche en neurobiologie des troubles affectifs au University of Michigan Depression Center.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif principal de la <em>Carroll Rating Scale for Depression<\/em> (CRS) est de combler un foss\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique historique au sein de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation s\u00e9miologique de la d\u00e9pression. D\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 1960, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Hamilton (HRSD) s&rsquo;est impos\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle internationale comme le crit\u00e8re de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (\u00ab gold standard \u00bb) pour mesurer la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9pression dans les essais cliniques pharmacologiques. N\u00e9anmoins, la passation de la HRSD requiert un clinicien chevronn\u00e9, une entrevue semi-structur\u00e9e approfondie d&rsquo;une dur\u00e9e minimale de 30 \u00e0 45 minutes et un entra\u00eenement rigoureux pour maintenir une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 inter-\u00e9valuateurs acceptable. De plus, les \u00e9chelles auto-administr\u00e9es disponibles \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, comme l&rsquo;inventaire de d\u00e9pression de Beck (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Depression_Inventory\">Beck Depression Inventory<\/a>, BDI) ou l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Zung (SDS), reposaient sur des conceptualisations th\u00e9oriques diff\u00e9rentes : le BDI surpond\u00e9rait les distorsions cognitives et les dimensions affectives, omettant une grande part des sympt\u00f4mes neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tatifs et somatiques centraux dans la m\u00e9lancolie biologique \u00e9valu\u00e9e par la HRSD.<\/p>\n<p>Carroll et ses coll\u00e8gues ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 concevoir une \u00e9chelle auto-\u00e9valu\u00e9e qui op\u00e8re une transposition exacte des 17 domaines cliniques de la HRSD originale. Les objectifs sp\u00e9cifiques de l&rsquo;instrument sont multiples :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9conomie de temps et faisabilit\u00e9 clinique :<\/strong> Permettre aux patients d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuer l&rsquo;ensemble des dimensions hamiltoniennes en moins de 10 \u00e0 15 minutes, lib\u00e9rant du temps d&rsquo;entretien direct pour le m\u00e9decin ou le psychologue clinicien.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Harmonisation de la recherche biom\u00e9dicale :<\/strong> Offrir aux protocoles de recherche en neuroendocrinologie (tels que les \u00e9tudes sur l&rsquo;axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surr\u00e9nalien et le test \u00e0 la dexam\u00e9thasone) une mesure standardis\u00e9e de la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 symptomatique corr\u00e9lable directement avec les bases de donn\u00e9es historiques de la HRSD.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Suivi longitudinal des trajectoires th\u00e9rapeutiques :<\/strong> Faciliter le monitoring r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 des r\u00e9ponses th\u00e9rapeutiques aux antid\u00e9presseurs tricycliques, aux ISRS ou aux th\u00e9rapies sismoth\u00e9rapiques, en diminuant le biais d&rsquo;attente ou la variabilit\u00e9 inter-juges propre aux cliniciens \u00e9valuateurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tection pr\u00e9coce en pratique m\u00e9dicale g\u00e9n\u00e9rale :<\/strong> D\u00e9pister les \u00e9pisodes d\u00e9pressifs caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s chez des patients consultants en ambulatoire ou en m\u00e9decine interne, o\u00f9 la symptomatologie somatique (asth\u00e9nie, troubles du sommeil, plaintes digestives) masque fr\u00e9quemment la souffrance affective primaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 par la CRS est la <em>s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 globale du syndrome d\u00e9pressif majeur<\/em>, conceptualis\u00e9 comme une pathologie multisyst\u00e9mique affectant la r\u00e9gulation de l&rsquo;humeur, les fonctions cognitives, le comportement psychomoteur et l&rsquo;hom\u00e9ostasie neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative. Contrairement aux approches purement cognitives, la CRS postule que la d\u00e9pression implique une constellation intriqu\u00e9e de 17 sous-construits cliniques correspondant terme \u00e0 terme aux items de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e de Hamilton :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Humeur d\u00e9pressive (Items 16, 32, 34, 48)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value le noyau affectif central du trouble : la tristesse pathologique, le d\u00e9sespoir quant \u00e0 l&rsquo;avenir, la perte de vitalit\u00e9 psychique et la tendance aux pleurs (ex. item 16 : <em>\u00ab I am miserable or often feel like crying \u00bb<\/em> ; item 48 : <em>\u00ab There is only misery in the future for me \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Culpabilit\u00e9 et auto-d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation (Items 14, 20, 24, 44)<\/h3>\n<p>Mesure les sentiments d&rsquo;indignit\u00e9, le remords excessif ou inappropri\u00e9, l&rsquo;impression d&rsquo;avoir failli ou de m\u00e9riter une punition pour des fautes pass\u00e9es (ex. item 14 : <em>\u00ab I am being punished for something bad in my past \u00bb<\/em> ; item 20 : <em>\u00ab I feel worthless and ashamed about myself \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Id\u00e9ation suicidaire (Items 12, 17, 29, 46)<\/h3>\n<p>Explore le spectre de la l\u00e9talit\u00e9 psychique, depuis le d\u00e9go\u00fbt passif de l&rsquo;existence et le souhait de mort jusqu&rsquo;aux pens\u00e9es actives de suicide (ex. item 12 : <em>\u00ab Dying is the best solution for me \u00bb<\/em> ; item 46 : <em>\u00ab I have been thinking about trying to kill myself \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Insomnie initiale (Items 9, 22)<\/h3>\n<p>Quantifie les difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;endormissement, la latence accrue du sommeil exc\u00e9dant une demi-heure et l&rsquo;agitation au coucher (ex. item 9 : <em>\u00ab Getting to sleep takes me more than half an hour \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Insomnie m\u00e9diane (Items 19, 27)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9value la fragmentation du sommeil, les r\u00e9veils nocturnes multiples et la sensation d&rsquo;un sommeil agit\u00e9 ou non r\u00e9parateur (ex. item 19 : <em>\u00ab I wake up often in the middle of the night \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Insomnie terminale \/ tardive (Items 11, 35)<\/h3>\n<p>Appr\u00e9hende le r\u00e9veil matinal pr\u00e9coce involontaire, sympt\u00f4me cardinal de la d\u00e9pression endog\u00e8ne ou m\u00e9lancolique, survenant bien avant l&rsquo;heure habituelle sans possibilit\u00e9 de se rendormir (ex. item 11 : <em>\u00ab I wake up much earlier than I need to in the morning \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Travail et activit\u00e9s (Items 3, 7, 25, 42)<\/h3>\n<p>Mesure la perte d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anhedonia\">anh\u00e9donie<\/a>), l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 professionnelle ou domestique et l&rsquo;abandon des loisirs et de la sociabilit\u00e9 (ex. item 3 : <em>\u00ab I have dropped many of my interests and activities \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>8. Ralentissement psychomoteur (Items 21, 28, 30, 47)<\/h3>\n<p>Explore l&rsquo;inhibition motrice, le ralentissement id\u00e9ique, la pauvret\u00e9 expressive vocale et les difficult\u00e9s extr\u00eames \u00e0 initier les gestes du quotidien (ex. item 30 : <em>\u00ab My voice is dull and lifeless \u00bb<\/em> ; item 21 : <em>\u00ab I am so slowed down that I need help with bathing and dressing \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>9. Agitation motrice (Items 6, 10, 37, 43)<\/h3>\n<p>Refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rester en place, la f\u00e9brilit\u00e9 motrice, le besoin irr\u00e9pressible de faire les cent pas et la tension corporelle ext\u00e9rioris\u00e9e (ex. item 10 : <em>\u00ab I am restless and fidgety \u00bb<\/em> ; item 37 : <em>\u00ab I have to keep pacing around most of the time \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>10. Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 psychique (Items 8, 23, 31, 38)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9value la tension \u00e9motionnelle subjective, les peurs irrationnelles diffuses, l&rsquo;irritabilit\u00e9 et le sentiment d&rsquo;effroi ou de panique imminente (ex. item 23 : <em>\u00ab Much of the time I am very afraid but don\u2019t know the reason \u00bb<\/em> ; item 38 : <em>\u00ab I am terrified and near panic \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>11. Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 somatique (Items 13, 18, 33, 41)<\/h3>\n<p>Traduit les corr\u00e9lats physiologiques neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tatifs de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 : palpitations, tachycardie, tremblements visibles des extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s, sensations vertigineuses et lipothymiques (ex. item 33 : <em>\u00ab My heart sometimes beats faster than usual \u00bb<\/em> ; item 41 : <em>\u00ab My hands shake so much that people can easily notice \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>12. Sympt\u00f4mes somatiques gastro-intestinaux (Items 36, 50)<\/h3>\n<p>Appr\u00e9hende l&rsquo;inapp\u00e9tence, l&rsquo;absence de plaisir alimentaire, la constipation et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de se forcer \u00e0 ing\u00e9rer des aliments (ex. item 50 : <em>\u00ab I have to force myself to eat even a little \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel just as energetic as always Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am losing weight Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have dr\u200eopped many of my interests and activities Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Since my illness I have completely lost interest in sex Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am especially concerned about how my body is functioning Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It must be obvious that I am disturbed and agitated Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am still able to carry on doing the work I am supposed to do Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can concentrate easily when reading the papers Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Getting to sleep takes me more than half an hour Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am restless and fidgety Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I wake up much earlier than I need to in the morning Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dying is the best solution for me Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have a lot of trouble with dizzy and faint feelings Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am being punished for something bad in my past Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My sexual interest is the same as before I got sick Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am miserable or often feel like crying Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I often wish I were dead Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am ha\u200eving trouble with indigestion Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I wake up often in the middle of the night Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel worthless and ashamed about myself Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am so slowed down that I need help with bathing and dressing Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I take longer than usual to fall asleep at night Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Much of the time I am very afraid but don\u2019t know the reason Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Things which I regret about my life are bothering me Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I get pleasure and satisfaction from what I do Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">All I need is a good rest to be perfectly well again Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My sleep is restless and disturbed Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My mind is as fast and alert as always Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that life is still worth living Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My voice is dull and lifeless Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel irritable or jittery Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel in good spirits Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My heart sometimes beats faster than usual Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think my case is hopeless Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I wake up before my usual time in the morning Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I still enjoy my meals as much as usual Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have to keep pacing around most of the time Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am terrified and near panic Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My body is bad and rotten inside Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I got sick because of the bad weather we have been ha\u200eving Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My hands shake so much that people can easily notice Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I still like to go out and meet people Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think I appear calm on the outside Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think I am as good a person as anybody else Yes No*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My trouble is the result of some serious internal disease Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have been thinking about trying to kill myself Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I get hardly anything done lately Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is only misery in the future for me Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I worry a lot about my bodily symptoms Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have to force myself to eat even a little Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am exhausted much of the time Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can tell that I have lost a lot of weight Yes* No<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>14. Libido et sexualit\u00e9 (Items 4, 15)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9value la baisse ou la perte int\u00e9grale du d\u00e9sir sexuel survenue depuis le d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode (ex. item 4 : <em>\u00ab Since my illness I have completely lost interest in sex \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>15. Hypocondrie et pr\u00e9occupations corporelles (Items 5, 39, 45, 49)<\/h3>\n<p>Mesure la focalisation excessive sur le fonctionnement somatique, la conviction d&rsquo;une maladie organique destructrice ou les id\u00e9es d\u00e9lirantes corporelles de type c\u00e9nesth\u00e9sique (ex. item 39 : <em>\u00ab My body is bad and rotten inside \u00bb<\/em> ; item 45 : <em>\u00ab My trouble is the result of some serious internal disease \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>16. Perte de poids (Items 2, 52)<\/h3>\n<p>Quantifie l&rsquo;amaigrissement objectif constat\u00e9 par le patient au cours de l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode morbide (ex. item 52 : <em>\u00ab I can tell that I have lost a lot of weight \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>17. Perte d&rsquo;insight \/ Conscience morbide (Items 26, 40)<\/h3>\n<p>Refl\u00e8te la m\u00e9connaissance du caract\u00e8re psychiatrique ou d\u00e9pressif de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat, attribuant par exemple l&rsquo;\u00e9tat morbide \u00e0 de simples facteurs m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques ou \u00e0 un besoin anodin de repos (ex. item 40 : <em>\u00ab I got sick because of the bad weather we have been having \u00bb<\/em> ; item 26 : <em>\u00ab All I need is a good rest to be perfectly well again \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de la CRS s&rsquo;ancre dans le mod\u00e8le biom\u00e9dical et nosographique de la psychiatrie nord-am\u00e9ricaine et europ\u00e9enne de la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970, p\u00e9riode charni\u00e8re marqu\u00e9e par la transition vers le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders\">DSM-III<\/a> (1980) et la formalisation des crit\u00e8res diagnostiques de recherche (RDC &#8211; <em>Research Diagnostic Criteria<\/em> de Spitzer, Endicott et Robins). Ce courant d\u00e9fendait une conception de la d\u00e9pression majeure comme une entit\u00e9 clinique syndromique h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne, au sein de laquelle la \u00ab d\u00e9pression endog\u00e8ne \u00bb ou \u00ab m\u00e9lancolie \u00bb constitue un sous-type neurobiologique distinct.<\/p>\n<p>Max Hamilton avait d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1960 son \u00e9chelle h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e dans une perspective r\u00e9solument empirique et somatique, destin\u00e9e principalement aux patients hospitalis\u00e9s pour d\u00e9pression s\u00e9v\u00e8re. Pour Hamilton, le noyau d\u00e9pressif \u00e9tait indissociable de d\u00e9r\u00e9gulations psychophysiologiques profondes touchant les rythmes circadiens (insomnie du petit matin), le m\u00e9tabolisme \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique (anorexie, perte de poids) et la motricit\u00e9 centrale (inhibition ou agitation). Carroll, \u00e9minent neurobiologiste ayant d\u00e9montr\u00e9 l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat du test \u00e0 la dexam\u00e9thasone comme marqueur de d\u00e9r\u00e9gulation de l&rsquo;axe corticotrope dans la m\u00e9lancolie, partageait cette vision syndromique globale.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00e9laborant la CRS, Carroll a rejet\u00e9 le postulat selon lequel les auto-questionnaires devaient uniquement refl\u00e9ter les th\u00e9ories cognitives (telles que le mod\u00e8le de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron Beck<\/a> centr\u00e9 sur la triade cognitive n\u00e9gative) ou psychodynamiques (centr\u00e9es sur la perte d&rsquo;objet). La CRS soutient au contraire l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se qu&rsquo;un patient souffrant de d\u00e9pression majeure, m\u00eame s\u00e9v\u00e8re, est capable d&rsquo;auto-rapporter avec une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 clinique suffisante ses perturbations v\u00e9g\u00e9tatives, motrices et psychologiques, pourvu que les items soient formul\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on univoque, directe et dichotomique, sans imposer l&rsquo;effort m\u00e9tacognitif complexe d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de Likert \u00e0 4 ou 5 \u00e9chelons.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques de la CRS ont \u00e9t\u00e9 investigu\u00e9es de fa\u00e7on rigoureuse d\u00e8s les travaux initiaux de Carroll et al. (1981) portant sur des cohortes de patients psychiatriques hospitalis\u00e9s, de patients ambulatoires et de t\u00e9moins sains, totalisant plus de 400 sujets dans les \u00e9tudes princeps.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 concourante et de crit\u00e8re<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 concourante a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie en corr\u00e9lant les scores totaux de la CRS avec ceux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Hamilton (HRSD). Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude inaugurale (Carroll et al., 1981), la corr\u00e9lation de Pearson entre la CRS et la HRSD s&rsquo;est \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,80\">$r = 0,80$<\/span> dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon global de patients d\u00e9pressifs, atteignant <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,87\">$r = 0,87$<\/span> au sein des cohortes de patients hospitalis\u00e9s pour d\u00e9pression endog\u00e8ne. De surcro\u00eet, les corr\u00e9lations entre la CRS et les \u00e9chelles auto-\u00e9valu\u00e9es existantes ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une remarquable convergence :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lation avec le <em>Beck Depression Inventory<\/em> (BDI) : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,86\">$r = 0,86$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,89$, attestant d&rsquo;une convergence \u00e9troite malgr\u00e9 des formulations th\u00e9oriques divergentes.<\/li>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lation avec la <em>Self-Rating Depression Scale<\/em> de Zung (SDS) : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,82\">$r = 0,82$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,85$.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante et diagnostique<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument diff\u00e9rencie nettement les populations cliniques des populations non cliniques. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon de Carroll et al. (1981), les sujets t\u00e9moins asymptomatiques pr\u00e9sentaient des scores moyens extr\u00eamement faibles ($\text{M} = 3,4 ; \text{\u00c9.T.} = 3,1<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"), tandis que les patients pr\u00e9sentant un \u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 obtenaient des scores moyens \u00e9lev\u00e9s (\">$), tandis que les patients pr\u00e9sentant un \u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 obtenaient des scores moyens \u00e9lev\u00e9s ($<\/span>\text{M} = 24,8 ; \text{\u00c9.T.} = 8,9<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"). Les scores des patients atteints de schizophr\u00e9nie sans composante affective majeure ou de troubles anxieux purs demeuraient significativement inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des d\u00e9pressifs caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s (\">$). Les scores des patients atteints de schizophr\u00e9nie sans composante affective majeure ou de troubles anxieux purs demeuraient significativement inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des d\u00e9pressifs caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s ($<\/span>p &lt; 0,001$).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse des courbes ROC (<em>Receiver Operating Characteristic<\/em>) men\u00e9e dans les \u00e9tudes comparatives a \u00e9tabli qu&rsquo;un score seuil de <strong>10 ou 11<\/strong> sur la CRS permet d&rsquo;obtenir une sensibilit\u00e9 clinique de 86 % et une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 diagnostique de 90 % pour discriminer la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;un \u00e9pisode d\u00e9pressif majeur selon les crit\u00e8res RDC\/DSM-III. Pour identifier les d\u00e9pressions endog\u00e8nes\/m\u00e9lancoliques s\u00e9v\u00e8res, un score seuil de <strong>14 ou plus<\/strong> s&rsquo;est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 hautement discriminant.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la CRS a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de sa consistance interne et de sa stabilit\u00e9 temporelle test-retest :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Dans les travaux de Carroll et al. (1981) ainsi que dans les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures (Feinberg et al., 1981 ; McDowell, 2006), le coefficient alpha de Cronbach global s&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve entre <strong>0,87 et 0,92<\/strong> selon les sous-groupes cliniques. La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode du partage temporel ou fractionnement (\u00ab split-half reliability \u00bb) corrig\u00e9e par la formule de Spearman-Brown est de <strong>0,89<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corr\u00e9lations item-total :<\/strong> L&rsquo;ensemble des items cliniques majeurs (humeur, id\u00e9ation suicidaire, culpabilit\u00e9, travail et activit\u00e9s) pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,45. Seuls les items explorant la perte d&rsquo;insight (items 26 et 40) et les manifestations hypocondriaques d\u00e9lirantes affichent des corr\u00e9lations item-total plus modestes (0,20 \u00e0 0,30), ce qui s&rsquo;explique par la raret\u00e9 relative des \u00e9l\u00e9ments psychotiques ou anosognosiques stricts dans les cohortes ambulatoires l\u00e9g\u00e8res \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Chez des patients cliniquement stables \u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 48 heures d&rsquo;intervalle, le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) s&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 <strong>0,88<\/strong> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>), indiquant une excellente stabilit\u00e9 temporelle \u00e0 court terme en l&rsquo;absence de modification du traitement pharmacologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) men\u00e9es sur la CRS corroborent \u00e9troitement les mod\u00e8les multifactoriels d\u00e9gag\u00e9s historiquement sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Hamilton. Dans l&rsquo;analyse factorielle originale en composantes principales avec rotation varimax r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Carroll, Feinberg et al. (1981), quatre facteurs principaux \u00e9mergent, expliquant plus de 55 % de la variance totale des scores :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : D\u00e9pression centrale et inhibition (Core Depressive Factor).<\/strong> Ce facteur s&rsquo;av\u00e8re le plus pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant, expliquant la plus forte part de variance. Il regroupe les items de tristesse v\u00e9cue, de culpabilit\u00e9, de pessimisme, d&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie, de d\u00e9sespoir existentiel et d&rsquo;id\u00e9ation suicidaire (notamment les items 12, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 32, 34, 48), avec des saturations factorielles comprises entre 0,55 et 0,78.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Somatisation neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative et asth\u00e9nie.<\/strong> Ce facteur rassemble l&rsquo;\u00e9puisement physique, la perte pond\u00e9rale, l&rsquo;inapp\u00e9tence et les sympt\u00f4mes gastro-intestinaux (items 1, 2, 36, 50, 51, 52), avec des saturations saturant entre 0,48 et 0,70.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Sommeil \/ Rythmes circadiens.<\/strong> Regroupement remarquable des trois dimensions d&rsquo;insomnie (initiale, interm\u00e9diaire et matinale pr\u00e9coce ; items 9, 11, 19, 22, 27, 35), d\u00e9montrant que la dyssomnie d\u00e9pressive forme un conglom\u00e9rat symptomatique coh\u00e9sif distinct du reste de la plainte somatique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et agitation psychomotrice.<\/strong> Ce facteur juxtapose l&rsquo;agitation corporelle, la tension motrice, la panique et les signes d&rsquo;hyperexcitabilit\u00e9 autonome (items 6, 10, 13, 23, 31, 33, 37, 38, 41).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ult\u00e9rieures ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que si un mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre articul\u00e9 autour d&rsquo;un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (\u00ab G-Factor \u00bb de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u00e9pressive) s&rsquo;ajuste convenablement aux donn\u00e9es ($\text{CFI} &gt; 0,90<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\",\">$,$<\/span>\text{RMSEA} &lt; 0,06$), la structure multidimensionnelle reste indispensable pour cartographier le profil s\u00e9miologique sp\u00e9cifique des r\u00e9pondeurs aux diff\u00e9rents agents pharmacologiques.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;outil :<\/strong> Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRS).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique (auto-\u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 52 items (questions affirmatives directes).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Choix dichotomique binaire \u00ab Oui \u00bb (<em>Yes<\/em>) ou \u00ab Non \u00bb (<em>No<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mode d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou passation informatis\u00e9e auto-administr\u00e9e en milieu clinique ou de recherche.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong> Chaque item est cot\u00e9 0 ou 1 point selon la pr\u00e9sence ou l&rsquo;absence du sympt\u00f4me pathologique. Pour les items formul\u00e9s dans le sens d\u00e9pressif (marqu\u00e9s par un ast\u00e9risque \u00e0 <em>Yes*<\/em>), la r\u00e9ponse \u00ab Oui \u00bb vaut 1 point et \u00ab Non \u00bb vaut 0 point. Pour les items formul\u00e9s positivement refl\u00e9tant le bien-\u00eatre (marqu\u00e9s \u00e0 <em>No*<\/em>, par ex. items 1, 7, 8, 15, 25, 28, 29, 32, 36, 42, 43, 44), la r\u00e9ponse \u00ab Non \u00bb vaut 1 point et \u00ab Oui \u00bb vaut 0 point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score total :<\/strong> Le score global varie de 0 \u00e0 52 points, correspondant \u00e0 la somme arithm\u00e9tique simple de l&rsquo;ensemble des items cot\u00e9s 1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Seuils interpr\u00e9tatifs cliniques indicatifs :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0 \u00e0 9 points :<\/strong> Absence de d\u00e9pression caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e ou r\u00e9mission clinique compl\u00e8te.<\/li>\n<li><strong>10 \u00e0 15 points :<\/strong> \u00c9pisode d\u00e9pressif l\u00e9ger \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (zone limite d&rsquo;investigation clinique).<\/li>\n<li><strong>16 \u00e0 25 points :<\/strong> \u00c9pisode d\u00e9pressif mod\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u00e9v\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>26 points et plus :<\/strong> D\u00e9pression s\u00e9v\u00e8re \u00e0 composante m\u00e9lancolique ou d\u00e9lirante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de conception et publication originale :<\/strong> 1981.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> L&rsquo;article original et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s dans le <em>British Journal of Psychiatry<\/em> sous le copyright du Royal College of Psychiatrists.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Permissions d&rsquo;utilisation clinique et de recherche :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accessible et libre d&rsquo;utilisation sans redevance commerciale pour les chercheurs acad\u00e9miques, les institutions de sant\u00e9 publiques et les cliniciens dans le cadre d&rsquo;un usage clinique non lucratif ou de th\u00e8ses et m\u00e9moires de recherche, \u00e0 condition de citer rigoureusement l&rsquo;article princeps de Carroll et al. (1981).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilisations commerciales ou industrielles :<\/strong> Toute reproduction commerciale, int\u00e9gration dans des logiciels propri\u00e9taires payants ou utilisation dans le cadre d&rsquo;essais cliniques financ\u00e9s par l&rsquo;industrie pharmaceutique n\u00e9cessite l&rsquo;obtention formelle des autorisations aupr\u00e8s des ayants droit ou des \u00e9diteurs d\u00e9tenteurs des droits de reproduction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les publications fondatrices et ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence psychom\u00e9trique relatifs \u00e0 la CRS sont les suivants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Smouse, P. E., Rawson, S. G., &amp; Greden, J. F. (1981). The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression: I. Development, reliability and validation. <em>British Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>, 138(3), 194\u2013200. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.194\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.194<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Feinberg, M., Carroll, B. J., Smouse, P. E., &amp; Rawson, S. G. (1981). The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression: III. Comparison with other rating instruments. <em>British Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>, 138(3), 205\u2013209. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.205\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.205<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. <em>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry<\/em>, 23(1), 56\u201362. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McDowell, I. (2006). <em>Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires<\/em> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195165678.001.0001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195165678.001.0001<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Smouse, P. E., Feinberg, M., Carroll, B. J., Park, M. H., &amp; Rawson, S. G. (1981). The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression: II. Factor analyses of the scale and comparison with other rating instruments. <em>British Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>, 138(3), 201\u2013204. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.201\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.3.201<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<ol style=\"padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.8;\">\n<li>I feel just as energetic as always Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I am losing weight Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I have dr\u200eopped many of my interests and activities Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>Since my illness I have completely lost interest in sex Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am especially concerned about how my body is functioning Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>It must be obvious that I am disturbed and agitated Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am still able to carry on doing the work I am supposed to do Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I can concentrate easily when reading the papers Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>Getting to sleep takes me more than half an hour Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am restless and fidgety Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I wake up much earlier than I need to in the morning Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>Dying is the best solution for me Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I have a lot of trouble with dizzy and faint feelings Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am being punished for something bad in my past Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>My sexual interest is the same as before I got sick Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I am miserable or often feel like crying Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I often wish I were dead Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am ha\u200eving trouble with indigestion Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I wake up often in the middle of the night Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I feel worthless and ashamed about myself Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am so slowed down that I need help with bathing and dressing Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I take longer than usual to fall asleep at night Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>Much of the time I am very afraid but don\u2019t know the reason Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>Things which I regret about my life are bothering me Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I get pleasure and satisfaction from what I do Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>All I need is a good rest to be perfectly well again Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>My sleep is restless and disturbed Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>My mind is as fast and alert as always Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I feel that life is still worth living Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>My voice is dull and lifeless Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I feel irritable or jittery Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I feel in good spirits Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>My heart sometimes beats faster than usual Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I think my case is hopeless Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I wake up before my usual time in the morning Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I still enjoy my meals as much as usual Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I have to keep pacing around most of the time Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am terrified and near panic Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>My body is bad and rotten inside Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I got sick because of the bad weather we have been ha\u200eving Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>My hands shake so much that people can easily notice Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I still like to go out and meet people Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I think I appear calm on the outside Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>I think I am as good a person as anybody else Yes No*<\/li>\n<li>My trouble is the result of some serious internal disease Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I have been thinking about trying to kill myself Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I get hardly anything done lately Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>There is only misery in the future for me Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I worry a lot about my bodily symptoms Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I have to force myself to eat even a little Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I am exhausted much of the time Yes* No<\/li>\n<li>I can tell that I have lost a lot of weight Yes* No<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression de Carroll (CRS) est un auto-questionnaire clinique de 52 items con\u00e7u pour refl\u00e9ter l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valu\u00e9e de Hamilton (HRSD). Analyse psychom\u00e9trique compl\u00e8te, cotation et items.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[388,23103,476,2],"tags":[478,24964,24966,18300,484,24965,23359,16,243],"class_list":["post-15763","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-cliniques","category-evaluation-de-la-depression","category-psychiatrie","category-psychometrie","tag-auto-evaluation","tag-carroll-rating-scale","tag-clinique-psychiatrique","tag-crs","tag-depression","tag-hamilton-rating-scale","tag-melancolie","tag-psychometrie","tag-validite"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15763","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15763"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15763\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15763"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}