{"id":15754,"date":"2026-10-09T14:45:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:45:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-depression-enfants-cdi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T14:45:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:45:50","slug":"inventaire-depression-enfants-cdi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-depression-enfants-cdi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants (CDI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants<\/strong> (<em>Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory<\/em> ou <strong>CDI<\/strong>), initialement \u00e9labor\u00e9 par la psychologue clinicienne <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Kovacs\">Maria Kovacs<\/a> et adapt\u00e9 du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Depression_Inventory\">Beck Depression Inventory<\/a> (BDI) d&rsquo;Aaron T. Beck, constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation les plus abondamment utilis\u00e9s et valid\u00e9s sur le plan international pour le d\u00e9pistage et l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation quantitative de la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la symptomatologie d\u00e9pressive chez les jeunes \u00e2g\u00e9s de 7 \u00e0 17 ans. Con\u00e7u pour pallier l&rsquo;absence historique d&rsquo;instruments psychom\u00e9triques standardis\u00e9s adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la p\u00e9dopsychiatrie, le CDI traduit les crit\u00e8res s\u00e9miologiques de la d\u00e9pression majeure et de la dysthymie dans un registre cognitivo-comportemental et linguistique adapt\u00e9 au niveau de d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;enfant et de l&rsquo;adolescent.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument classique comprend 27 items \u00e0 choix multiples gradu\u00e9s selon une \u00e9chelle ordinale de trois points (cot\u00e9s de 0 \u00e0 2), permettant d&rsquo;obtenir un score global variant de 0 \u00e0 54. L&rsquo;analyse factorielle met en \u00e9vidence une organisation multidimensionnelle articul\u00e9e autour de cinq sous-\u00e9chelles principales : l&rsquo;<strong>humeur n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (<em>Negative Mood<\/em>), les <strong>difficult\u00e9s interpersonnelles<\/strong> (<em>Interpersonal Problems<\/em>), l&rsquo;<strong>inefficacit\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Ineffectiveness<\/em>), l&rsquo;<strong>anh\u00e9donie<\/strong> (<em>Anhedonia<\/em>) et l&rsquo;<strong>estime de soi n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (<em>Negative Self-Esteem<\/em>). Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, le CDI d\u00e9montre une excellente coh\u00e9rence interne, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,80 et 0,94 selon les populations cliniques ou scolaires, ainsi qu&rsquo;une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest satisfaisante \u00e0 court terme (r = 0,72 \u00e0 0,87). La validit\u00e9 de construit, convergente et discriminante a \u00e9t\u00e9 corrobor\u00e9e par des centaines d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes empiriques, confirmant sa sensibilit\u00e9 face aux diagnostics cliniques structur\u00e9s et sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier les troubles d\u00e9pressifs des troubles anxieux ou des troubles du comportement perturbateur.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants, Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory, CDI, d\u00e9pression p\u00e9diatrique, p\u00e9dopsychiatrie, psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation clinique, Maria Kovacs, humeur n\u00e9gative, anh\u00e9donie, estime de soi, \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie psychiatrique.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;auteure principale du CDI est le Dr <strong>Maria Kovacs<\/strong>, Ph.D., professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychiatrie \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pitt.edu\/\">Universit\u00e9 de Pittsburgh<\/a> (<em>University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine<\/em>), situ\u00e9e \u00e0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie, \u00c9tats-Unis. Ses travaux s\u00e9minaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s en collaboration \u00e9troite avec le Dr <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron T. Beck<\/a>, pionnier de la th\u00e9rapie cognitive \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Pennsylvanie.<\/p>\n<p>Plusieurs chercheurs ont \u00e9galement jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le fondamental dans la normalisation psychom\u00e9trique \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle et l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement des donn\u00e9es normatives de l&rsquo;instrument en milieu scolaire et clinique, notamment :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mervin R. Smucker<\/strong>, Ph.D., chercheur en psychologie clinique, sp\u00e9cialiste des traumatismes et des troubles de l&rsquo;humeur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Edward W. Craighead<\/strong>, Ph.D., professeur de psychiatrie et de sciences du comportement \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Emory (<em>Emory University<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Linda W. Craighead<\/strong>, Ph.D., professeure de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Emory.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Barbara J. Green<\/strong>, Ph.D., clinicienne et chercheuse en psychopathologie infanto-juv\u00e9nile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les correspondances acad\u00e9miques institutionnelles relatives aux d\u00e9veloppements originaux du CDI ont \u00e9t\u00e9 historiquement dirig\u00e9es vers le D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie du <em>Western Psychiatric Hospital<\/em> de l&rsquo;UPMC (Pittsburgh, PA, USA).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants est de fournir une mesure standardis\u00e9e, fiable, valide et rapide de la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs autod\u00e9clar\u00e9s chez l&rsquo;enfant et l&rsquo;adolescent. Avant les publications pionni\u00e8res de Kovacs dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 et 1980, le consensus clinique consid\u00e9rait souvent \u00e0 tort que les enfants ne pouvaient pas d\u00e9velopper de v\u00e9ritables \u00e9pisodes d\u00e9pressifs ou que la d\u00e9pression infantile se manifestait uniquement sous des formes \u00ab masqu\u00e9es \u00bb (\u00e9nur\u00e9sie, d\u00e9linquance, hyperactivit\u00e9). Le CDI a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour op\u00e9rationnaliser la d\u00e9monstration empirique que la d\u00e9pression chez l&rsquo;enfant partage les m\u00eames caract\u00e9ristiques ph\u00e9notypiques fondamentales que chez l&rsquo;adulte (tristesse, culpabilit\u00e9, anh\u00e9donie, id\u00e9es d&rsquo;autod\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation, ralentissement psychomoteur ou agitation, troubles du sommeil et de l&rsquo;app\u00e9tit), tout en tenant compte des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s d\u00e9veloppementales du jeune \u00e2ge.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la pratique clinique, le CDI sert d&rsquo;instrument de d\u00e9pistage primaire de premier niveau dans les \u00e9coles, les services p\u00e9diatriques g\u00e9n\u00e9raux et les centres m\u00e9dico-psychologiques. Il permet d&rsquo;identifier les jeunes pr\u00e9sentant un risque psychopathologique \u00e9lev\u00e9 n\u00e9cessitant un entretien clinique approfondi (comme le K-SADS ou le DICA). De plus, il joue un r\u00f4le critique dans le suivi th\u00e9rapeutique longitudinal, permettant d&rsquo;objectiver la r\u00e9ponse aux interventions psychoth\u00e9rapeutiques (notamment les th\u00e9rapies cognitivo-comportementales) ou pharmacologiques en milieu p\u00e9dopsychiatrique.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la recherche scientifique, le CDI constitue l&rsquo;\u00e9talon-or pour quantifier les variations de l&rsquo;humeur d\u00e9pressive dans les cohortes \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques, \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 compar\u00e9e des protocoles de soins dans les essais contr\u00f4l\u00e9s randomis\u00e9s (ECR) et analyser les m\u00e9canismes \u00e9tiologiques sous-jacents, qu&rsquo;ils soient neurobiologiques, cognitifs, familiaux ou environnementaux.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le CDI conceptualise la d\u00e9pression infantile comme un syndrome clinique dimensionnel englobant des manifestations affectives, cognitives, comportementales, somatiques et motivationnelles. La structure du construit a \u00e9t\u00e9 valid\u00e9e au fil des d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 travers cinq sous-composantes empiriquement d\u00e9riv\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Humeur n\u00e9gative (Negative Mood)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension capture l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience \u00e9motionnelle subjective de tristesse profonde, de d\u00e9tresse affective et de labilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle. Elle inclut l&rsquo;expression de la tristesse persistante (item 1), le sentiment d&rsquo;abattement, la propension aux pleurs fr\u00e9quents ou incontr\u00f4lables (item 10) et l&rsquo;irritabilit\u00e9 omnipr\u00e9sente (item 11). Chez les enfants, l&rsquo;irritabilit\u00e9 et le sentiment d&rsquo;\u00eatre agac\u00e9 ou d\u00e9rang\u00e9 par tout repr\u00e9sentent souvent l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent symptomatique de l&rsquo;humeur d\u00e9pressive classique de l&rsquo;adulte.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Difficult\u00e9s interpersonnelles (Interpersonal Problems)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante \u00e9value la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des relations sociales, le sentiment d&rsquo;isolement et la conflictualit\u00e9 avec les pairs ou les figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9. Elle explore la r\u00e9ticence \u00e0 \u00eatre en contact avec d&rsquo;autres personnes (item 12), les comportements d&rsquo;opposition ou de refus d&rsquo;ob\u00e9issance (item 26) et les disputes ou bagarres r\u00e9currentes (item 27). Ce domaine refl\u00e8te la mani\u00e8re dont la souffrance d\u00e9pressive interf\u00e8re directement avec l&rsquo;insertion sociale et la socialisation scolaire du jeune.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Inefficacit\u00e9 (Ineffectiveness)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension cognitive et comportementale mesure l&rsquo;alt\u00e9ration du sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9, la d\u00e9gradation du rendement scolaire et l&rsquo;ind\u00e9cision pathologique. Elle comprend l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 prendre des d\u00e9cisions courantes (item 13), la perception d&rsquo;un d\u00e9clin des comp\u00e9tences scolaires par rapport aux capacit\u00e9s ant\u00e9rieures (item 23), et le besoin d&rsquo;efforts surhumains pour accomplir les devoirs scolaires (item 15). L&rsquo;enfant fait l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience d&rsquo;une rupture douloureuse entre ses capacit\u00e9s pass\u00e9es et ses performances actuelles.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Anh\u00e9donie (Anhedonia)<\/h3>\n<p>Caract\u00e9ristique cardinale du trouble d\u00e9pressif majeur selon le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\">DSM-5<\/a>, l&rsquo;anh\u00e9donie dans le CDI quantifie la perte de la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9prouver du plaisir ou de l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les activit\u00e9s ludiques, scolaires ou sociales autrefois appr\u00e9ci\u00e9es (item 4 et item 21). Elle englobe \u00e9galement les manifestations somatiques de la d\u00e9pression, telles que la perte d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie vitale et la fatigue constante (item 17), l&rsquo;anorexie ou la diminution marqu\u00e9e de l&rsquo;app\u00e9tit (item 18), ainsi que les troubles s\u00e9v\u00e8res de l&rsquo;endormissement et de la continuit\u00e9 du sommeil (item 16).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Estime de soi n\u00e9gative (Negative Self-Esteem)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9value les sch\u00e9mas cognitifs d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciatifs dirig\u00e9s contre le soi, la culpabilit\u00e9 excessive, le d\u00e9sespoir et l&rsquo;id\u00e9ation d&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence. L&rsquo;enfant exprime la conviction qu&rsquo;il est intrins\u00e8quement mauvais (item 5), qu&rsquo;il est responsable de tous les \u00e9v\u00e9nements n\u00e9gatifs qui surviennent (item 8), qu&rsquo;il se d\u00e9teste lui-m\u00eame (item 7), qu&rsquo;il est laid (item 14) et qu&rsquo;il est irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 ses pairs (item 24). C&rsquo;est \u00e9galement au sein de cette dimension cognitive que s&rsquo;inscrivent le pessimisme quant \u00e0 l&rsquo;avenir (item 2) et le sentiment profond de ne pas \u00eatre aim\u00e9 (item 25).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique pr\u00e9dominant ayant pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 \u00e0 la conception du CDI est la <strong>th\u00e9orie cognitive de la d\u00e9pression<\/strong> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaron_Beck\">Aaron T. Beck<\/a>. Selon ce mod\u00e8le, la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9pressive repose sur des sch\u00e9mas cognitifs dysfonctionnels pr\u00e9coces, des biais de traitement de l&rsquo;information (tels que la surg\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation, l&rsquo;abstraction s\u00e9lective et la personnalisation) et la fameuse \u00ab triade cognitive n\u00e9gative \u00bb :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vision n\u00e9gative de soi :<\/strong> L&rsquo;enfant se per\u00e7oit comme fondamentalement d\u00e9fectueux, incomp\u00e9tent, laid ou indigne d&rsquo;affection (items 3, 7, 8, 14, 24).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision n\u00e9gative du monde et des exp\u00e9riences pr\u00e9sentes :<\/strong> L&rsquo;environnement est per\u00e7u comme hostile, insurmontable et source perp\u00e9tuelle de frustrations (items 11, 20, 21, 25).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision n\u00e9gative de l&rsquo;avenir :<\/strong> L&rsquo;enfant est convaincu que sa situation ne s&rsquo;am\u00e9liorera jamais, conduisant au d\u00e9sespoir (<em>hopelessness<\/em>) et \u00e0 la r\u00e9signation (item 2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le int\u00e8gre \u00e9galement les apports de la <strong>th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;impuissance apprise<\/strong> (<em>learned helplessness<\/em>) et de sa reformulation attributionnelle par Martin Seligman, Lyn Abramson et Gerald Metalsky. Les enfants d\u00e9pressifs manifestent un style attributionnel pessimiste caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l&rsquo;attribution des \u00e9checs \u00e0 des causes internes, stables et globales (\u00ab C&rsquo;est de ma faute, je rate toujours tout \u00bb), et des succ\u00e8s \u00e0 des facteurs externes et instables (\u00ab C&rsquo;est par chance \u00bb). Kovacs a transpos\u00e9 ces paradigmes \u00e0 la psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement en s&rsquo;assurant que la formulation verbale des propositions corresponde aux stades op\u00e9ratoires concrets d\u00e9crits par Jean Piaget, \u00e9vitant les abstractions m\u00e9taphoriques inaccessibles \u00e0 des enfants d&rsquo;\u00e2ge scolaire primaire.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques du CDI ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;investigations exhaustives dans de multiples contextes culturels, cliniques et non cliniques :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente du CDI est solidement \u00e9tablie par de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la d\u00e9pression chez l&rsquo;enfant et l&rsquo;adolescent. Les corr\u00e9lations avec la <em>Revised Children&rsquo;s Manifest Anxiety Scale<\/em> (RCMAS) se situent fr\u00e9quemment entre 0,65 et 0,75, refl\u00e9tant \u00e0 la fois le chevauchement affectif de la d\u00e9tresse n\u00e9gative g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et la comorbidit\u00e9 fr\u00e9quente entre anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et d\u00e9pression p\u00e9diatrique. Des corr\u00e9lations substantielles (r = 0,60 \u00e0 0,82) sont syst\u00e9matiquement observ\u00e9es avec des instruments cliniques administr\u00e9s par des cliniciens, tels que la <em>Children&rsquo;s Depression Rating Scale-Revised<\/em> (CDRS-R).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Le CDI permet de discriminer de mani\u00e8re statistiquement significative les populations d&rsquo;enfants pr\u00e9sentant un diagnostic psychiatrique formel de d\u00e9pression majeure ou de trouble dysthymique des groupes t\u00e9moins sains ou des enfants pr\u00e9sentant des troubles d&rsquo;apprentissage isol\u00e9s. De plus, les analyses discriminantes d\u00e9montrent que les scores totaux sont significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s chez les jeunes souffrant de troubles de l&rsquo;humeur que chez ceux consultant pour un trouble d\u00e9ficit de l&rsquo;attention avec ou sans hyperactivit\u00e9 (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder\">TDAH<\/a>) non comorbide.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et sensibilit\u00e9 au changement<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9montre une excellente validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive concernant le pronostic clinique \u00e0 long terme. Des scores initiaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s au CDI chez des enfants d&rsquo;\u00e2ge scolaire pr\u00e9disent significativement les r\u00e9cidives d\u00e9pressives, les difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;ajustement psychosocial et les comportements d&rsquo;automutilation \u00e0 l&rsquo;adolescence. De surcro\u00eet, le CDI s&rsquo;av\u00e8re particuli\u00e8rement sensible aux effets th\u00e9rapeutiques, manifestant une baisse marqu\u00e9e des scores lors des r\u00e9missions symptomatiques induites par la TCC ou les antid\u00e9presseurs dans le cadre d&rsquo;essais cliniques rigoureux.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La consistance m\u00e9trologique du CDI a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de vastes \u00e9tudes normatives incluant des milliers d&rsquo;enfants :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Les coefficients de coh\u00e9rence interne rapport\u00e9s dans la litt\u00e9rature sont remarquablement stables :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon normatif s\u00e9minal de Smucker et collaborateurs (1986) portant sur plus de 1 200 \u00e9coliers et coll\u00e9giens, l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach global s&rsquo;\u00e9levait \u00e0 <strong>0,86<\/strong> pour les gar\u00e7ons et <strong>0,87<\/strong> pour les filles.<\/li>\n<li>Dans les populations cliniques p\u00e9dopsychiatriques hospitalis\u00e9es ou ambulatoires, Kovacs (1992) a rapport\u00e9 des alphas de Cronbach oscillant entre <strong>0,86 et 0,94<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Pour les cinq sous-\u00e9chelles individuelles, la consistance interne varie de mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9e : Humeur n\u00e9gative (&alpha; = 0,68 \u00e0 0,78), Difficult\u00e9s interpersonnelles (&alpha; = 0,60 \u00e0 0,72), Inefficacit\u00e9 (&alpha; = 0,62 \u00e0 0,74), Anh\u00e9donie (&alpha; = 0,66 \u00e0 0,76) et Estime de soi n\u00e9gative (&alpha; = 0,69 \u00e0 0,81).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 temporelle du CDI varie en fonction de l&rsquo;intervalle temporel consid\u00e9r\u00e9 et de la nature de l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c0 un intervalle court de 1 \u00e0 2 semaines, la stabilit\u00e9 test-retest est excellente, avec des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson compris entre <strong>r = 0,74 et 0,87<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Sur un intervalle interm\u00e9diaire de 4 \u00e0 6 semaines, les coefficients restent substantiels (<strong>r = 0,67 \u00e0 0,72<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Sur des p\u00e9riodes prolong\u00e9es (au-del\u00e0 de 3 mois), la corr\u00e9lation diminue (r = 0,40 \u00e0 0,55), ce qui est th\u00e9oriquement attendu pour une \u00e9chelle mesurant un \u00e9tat \u00e9motionnel transitoire sujet \u00e0 des fluctuations d\u00e9veloppementales et environnementales plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;un trait de personnalit\u00e9 immuable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture interne du CDI a fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) depuis sa parution.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle originale de Kovacs<\/h3>\n<p>Dans ses \u00e9tudes de standardisation (Kovacs, 1992), l&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales avec rotation varimax a mis en \u00e9vidence une solution stable \u00e0 <strong>cinq facteurs<\/strong> expliquant une part substantielle de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Humeur n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 1, 6, 10, 11).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Difficult\u00e9s interpersonnelles<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 12, 26, 27).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Inefficacit\u00e9<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 13, 15, 23).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Anh\u00e9donie<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 4, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 5 : Estime de soi n\u00e9gative<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 24, 25).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mod\u00e8les hi\u00e9rarchiques et analyses confirmatoires<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations par \u00e9quations structurelles (AFC) conduites dans divers pays ont fr\u00e9quemment compar\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les \u00e0 un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (\u00ab d\u00e9tresse d\u00e9pressive globale \u00bb) et des mod\u00e8les multidimensionnels \u00e0 5 ou 6 facteurs. Les indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation (CFI &gt; 0,90 ; RMSEA &lt; 0,05) confirment la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un <strong>mod\u00e8le bi-factoriel ou hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre<\/strong> : un facteur d\u00e9pressif g\u00e9n\u00e9ral puissant sous-tend l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle, justifiant pleinement l&rsquo;utilisation du score total du CDI en pratique clinique courante, tandis que les sous-\u00e9chelles apportent une valeur descriptive s\u00e9miologique affin\u00e9e pour le profilage individuel.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9 (<em>self-report inventory<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Enfants et adolescents \u00e2g\u00e9s de 7 \u00e0 17 ans (niveau de lecture minimal requis : CE1\/CE2 ou environ 7-8 ans).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 27 items (chacun compos\u00e9 de 3 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s distincts gradu\u00e9s en s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format des r\u00e9ponses :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle ordinale \u00e0 3 modalit\u00e9s de r\u00e9ponse (not\u00e9es de 0 \u00e0 2) : 0 = absence de sympt\u00f4me \/ normalit\u00e9, 1 = sympt\u00f4me mod\u00e9r\u00e9 ou intermittent, 2 = sympt\u00f4me s\u00e9v\u00e8re ou persistant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong> Le score brut total s&rsquo;obtient par la somme arithm\u00e9tique des 27 items, variant de 0 \u00e0 54. Certains items sont orient\u00e9s positivement et font l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une inversion de cotation pour que le score le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te syst\u00e9matiquement une psychopathologie accrue.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Seuils d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation clinique usuels (scores bruts) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>0 \u00e0 12 : Niveau normal \/ absence de symptomatologie d\u00e9pressive significative.<\/li>\n<li>13 \u00e0 19 : Symptomatologie d\u00e9pressive l\u00e9g\u00e8re \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9e (seuil d&rsquo;alerte clinique couramment utilis\u00e9 dans les populations scolaires : score &ge; 13).<\/li>\n<li>20 et plus : D\u00e9pression mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 s\u00e9v\u00e8re (seuil clinique strict recommand\u00e9 par Kovacs pour maximiser la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 diagnostique : score &ge; 19 ou 20).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Notes standardis\u00e9es :<\/strong> Les scores bruts sont convertis en scores T (moyenne = 50, \u00e9cart-type = 10) ajust\u00e9s selon l&rsquo;\u00e2ge et le sexe de l&rsquo;enfant dans les manuels officiels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants a \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1977 sous forme de manuscrit non publi\u00e9 par Maria Kovacs, avant d&rsquo;\u00eatre formellement publi\u00e9 dans la litt\u00e9rature scientifique en 1983 et 1985. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition commerciale norm\u00e9e du manuel a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e en <strong>1992<\/strong> par l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur nord-am\u00e9ricain <strong>Multi-Health Systems Inc. (MHS)<\/strong>. En 2011, une version r\u00e9vis\u00e9e, le <strong>CDI 2<\/strong> (<em>Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition<\/em>), a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite sur le march\u00e9 avec des normes r\u00e9actualis\u00e9es et des formulaires compl\u00e9mentaires destin\u00e9s aux parents et aux enseignants.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle et droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Le CDI et le CDI 2 sont des instruments prot\u00e9g\u00e9s par le droit d&rsquo;auteur mondial d\u00e9tenu par Multi-Health Systems Inc. (MHS). L&rsquo;utilisation de la version officielle n\u00e9cessite l&rsquo;achat de cahiers de passation ou de cr\u00e9dits de passation en ligne sur la plateforme d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mhs.com\/\">MHS Assessments<\/a>) ou aupr\u00e8s de ses distributeurs internationaux agr\u00e9\u00e9s (tels que Hogrefe ou les \u00c9ditions du Centre de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e \/ Pearson en Europe). Les kits complets de d\u00e9marrage (manuel clinique, feuilles d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation et grilles de profil) co\u00fbtent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 150 et 350 dollars US selon le format. Les chercheurs universitaires peuvent solliciter des autorisations de recherche et des r\u00e9ductions acad\u00e9miques aupr\u00e8s du service des droits de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur.<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Kovacs, M. (1983). <em>The Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters<\/em> (Unpublished manuscript). University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.<\/p>\n<p>Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory (CDI). <em>Psychopharmacology Bulletin<\/em>, 21(4), 995\u2013998. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4089116\/\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4089116\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kovacs, M. (1992). <em>Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory: Manual<\/em>. Multi-Health Systems, Inc. North Tonawanda, NY.<\/p>\n<p>Kovacs, M. (2011). <em>Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (CDI 2): Technical manual<\/em>. Multi-Health Systems, Inc. North Tonawanda, NY.<\/p>\n<p>Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., &amp; Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory. <em>Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology<\/em>, 14(1), 25\u201339. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00917219\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00917219<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., &amp; Bennett, B. (1984). The Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 52(6), 955\u2013967. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.955\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.955<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sitarenios, G., &amp; Kovacs, M. (1999). Use of the Children&rsquo;s Depression Inventory. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), <em>The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 267\u2013298). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Kids sometimes have different feelings and ideas. This form lists groups of statements. For each item, choose the one sentence that describes you best for the past two weeks.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 3-point forced-choice scale (0, 1, 2) reflecting severity over the past two weeks\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am sad once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am sad many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am sad all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Nothing will ever work out for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am not sure if things will work out for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Things will work out for me O.K.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do most things O.K.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do many things wrong.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do everything wrong.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have fun in many things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have fun in some things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Nothing is fun at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am bad all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am bad many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am bad once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I think about bad things happening to me once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I worry that bad things will happen to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am sure that terrible things will happen to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I hate myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not like myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I like myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] All bad things are my fault.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Many bad things are my fault.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Bad things are usually not my fault.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not think about killing myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I think about killing myself but I would not do it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I want to kill myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I feel like crying every day.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I feel like crying many days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I feel like crying once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Things bother me all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Things bother me many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Things bother me once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I like being with people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not like being with people many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not want to be with people at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I cannot make up my mind about things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] It is hard to make up my mind about things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I make up my mind about things easily.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I look O.K.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] There are some bad things about my looks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I look ugly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have to push myself all the time to do my schoolwork.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have to push myself many times to do my schoolwork.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Doing schoolwork is not a big problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have trouble sleeping every night.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have trouble sleeping many nights.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I sleep pretty well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am tired once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am tired many days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am tired all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Most days I do not feel like eating.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Many days I do not feel like eating.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I eat pretty well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not worry about aches and pains.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I worry about aches and pains many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I worry about aches and pains all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not feel alone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I feel alone many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I feel alone all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I never have fun at school.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have fun at school only once in a while.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have fun at school many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have plenty of friends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I have some friends but I wish I had more.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not have any friends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] My schoolwork is all right.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] My schoolwork is not as good as before.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do very badly in subjects I used to be good in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I can never be as good as other kids.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I can be as good as other kids if I want to.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am just as good as other kids.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] Nobody really loves me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am not sure if anybody loves me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I am sure that somebody loves me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I usually do what I am told.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I do not do what I am told most times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I never do what I am told.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I get along with people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I get into fights many times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[ ] I get into fights all the time.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;analyse psychom\u00e9trique approfondie de l&rsquo;Inventaire de d\u00e9pression pour enfants (CDI) de Maria Kovacs : cadre th\u00e9orique cognitif, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et sous-\u00e9chelles cliniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[6068,3,2],"tags":[19610,1676,63,24957,1933],"class_list":["post-15754","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-pedopsychiatrie","category-psychologie-clinique","category-psychometrie","tag-cdi","tag-depression-infantile","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-maria-kovacs","tag-psychometrie-clinique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15754"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15755,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15754\/revisions\/15755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}