{"id":15385,"date":"2026-10-08T23:32:57","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T23:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/male-role-norms-inventory-revised-mrni-r\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T23:32:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T23:32:57","slug":"male-role-norms-inventory-revised-mrni-r","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=male-role-norms-inventory-revised-mrni-r","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire r\u00e9vis\u00e9 des normes du r\u00f4le masculin (MRNI-R)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019<strong>Inventaire r\u00e9vis\u00e9 des normes du r\u00f4le masculin<\/strong> (<em>Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised<\/em>, <strong>MRNI-R<\/strong>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence con\u00e7u pour mesurer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 l&rsquo;<strong>id\u00e9ologie traditionnelle du r\u00f4le masculin<\/strong>. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 initialement par Ronald F. Levant et ses collaborateurs \u00e0 la suite du <em>Male Role Norms Inventory<\/em> (MRNI original de 1992), le MRNI-R op\u00e9rationnalise les croyances culturelles, les attentes normatives et les prescriptions comportementales impos\u00e9es aux hommes dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines occidentales. L&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;ancre directement dans le <strong>paradigme de la tension li\u00e9e au r\u00f4le de genre<\/strong> (<em>Gender Role Strain Paradigm<\/em>) formul\u00e9 par Joseph Pleck, rejetant le postulat essentialiste d&rsquo;une identit\u00e9 masculine biologiquement inn\u00e9e au profit d&rsquo;une conceptualisation socio-constructiviste des normes masculines.<\/p>\n<p>Le MRNI-R \u00e9value les prescriptions du genre masculin \u00e0 travers sept sous-\u00e9chelles th\u00e9oriquement et empiriquement valid\u00e9es : (1) l&rsquo;<strong>\u00e9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive<\/strong> (<em>Restrictive Emotionality<\/em>), (2) l&rsquo;<strong>autosuffisance par les comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9caniques<\/strong> (<em>Self-Reliance Through Mechanical Skills<\/em>), (3) la <strong>n\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles<\/strong> (<em>Negativity Toward Sexual Minorities<\/em>), (4) l&rsquo;<strong>\u00e9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Avoidance of Femininity<\/em>), (5) l&rsquo;<strong>importance de la sexualit\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Importance of Sex<\/em>), (6) la <strong>duret\u00e9 \/ r\u00e9sistance<\/strong> (<em>Toughness<\/em>), et (7) la <strong>dominance<\/strong> (<em>Dominance<\/em>). La version standard de recherche comprend un ensemble d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s cot\u00e9s sur une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse de type Likert en 7 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb) \u00e0 7 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, le MRNI-R pr\u00e9sente des qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques exceptionnelles. La coh\u00e9rence interne de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle totale atteint r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement un coefficient <strong>alpha de Cronbach de .96<\/strong> (Levant et al., 2007), tandis que les coefficients des sous-\u00e9chelles oscillent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre .73 et .91 selon les \u00e9chantillons. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont mis en \u00e9vidence la robustesse d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le factoriel oblique \u00e0 sept dimensions, ainsi que son invariance de mesure structurelle \u00e0 travers diff\u00e9rents groupes d\u00e9mographiques. Utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en psychologie du conseil, en psychopathologie, en psychologie sociale et en sant\u00e9 publique, le MRNI-R constitue un outil indispensable pour analyser les corr\u00e9lats cliniques de la conformit\u00e9 aux normes h\u00e9g\u00e9moniques, tels que la d\u00e9tresse psychologique, l&rsquo;alexithymie masculine normative, les conduites \u00e0 risque et la r\u00e9ticence \u00e0 solliciter des soins psychologiques.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Masculinit\u00e9, id\u00e9ologie du r\u00f4le masculin, MRNI-R, Ronald Levant, genre, st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre, \u00e9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive, alexithymie, sant\u00e9 mentale des hommes, psychom\u00e9trie, analyse factorielle, psychologie du genre.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue et affin\u00e9e sous la direction de :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ronald F. Levant, Ed.D., ABPP<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Akron (Ohio, \u00c9tats-Unis), ancien pr\u00e9sident de l&rsquo;American Psychological Association (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\">APA<\/a>, 2005) et pionnier mondial de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude scientifique de la psychologie des hommes et des masculinit\u00e9s (Division 51 de l&rsquo;APA). Courriel acad\u00e9mique institutionnel : <code>rlevant@uakron.edu<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thomas J. Rankin, M.A.<\/strong> : Chercheur et collaborateur en psychologie quantitative et clinique, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Akron.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christine M. Williams, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse en psychologie du conseil, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique et les questions de genre.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nadia T. Hasan, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Psychologue chercheuse, sp\u00e9cialiste des identit\u00e9s intersectionnelles et des normes socioculturelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Katherine B. Smalley, Ph.D.<\/strong>, <strong>Marie Aupont, Ph.D.<\/strong>, <strong>Ann House, Ph.D.<\/strong>, et <strong>Dawn Noronha, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Co-auteurs des premi\u00e8res \u00e9tudes de validation psychom\u00e9trique du MRNI-R (2007).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Daniel K. McKelvey, M.S.<\/strong> : Chercheur \u00e0 l&rsquo;East Tennessee State University, auteur de travaux d&rsquo;adaptation et d&rsquo;extension empirique des perspectives perceptuelles de l&rsquo;instrument (2012).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<h3>Finalit\u00e9s scientifiques et conceptuelles<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental du <strong>MRNI-R<\/strong> est d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser et de quantifier le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;approbation individuelle de l&rsquo;<strong>id\u00e9ologie traditionnelle de la masculinit\u00e9<\/strong>. Contrairement aux outils historiques mesurant les \u00ab traits de personnalit\u00e9 li\u00e9s au genre \u00bb ou l&rsquo;androgynie psychologique (tels que le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bem_Sex-Role_Inventory\">Bem Sex-Role Inventory<\/a> [BSRI] ou le <em>Personal Attributes Questionnaire<\/em> [PAQ]), le MRNI-R a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer un syst\u00e8me de <em>croyances normatives<\/em> : il ne mesure pas dans quelle mesure un individu se per\u00e7oit comme \u00ab masculin \u00bb, mais dans quelle mesure il adh\u00e8re \u00e0 des injonctions socioculturelles prescrivant comment les hommes <em>devraient<\/em> penser, ressentir et se comporter dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le champ de la recherche contemporaine, l&rsquo;instrument vise \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer comment l&rsquo;int\u00e9riorisation de ces croyances structure les attitudes envers autrui, la dynamique relationnelle, les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s et les conduites de sant\u00e9. En permettant de distinguer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion globale aux normes de ses composantes sp\u00e9cifiques (ex. la valorisation du primat du sexe versus l&rsquo;injonction au sto\u00efcisme \u00e9motionnel), le MRNI-R offre une finesse d&rsquo;analyse cruciale pour d\u00e9cortiquer les m\u00e9canismes par lesquels la socialisation de genre g\u00e9n\u00e8re des vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s psychologiques et comportementales.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications cliniques et en sant\u00e9 publique<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan clinique et pr\u00e9ventif, le MRNI-R r\u00e9pond \u00e0 des besoins diagnostiques et th\u00e9rapeutiques de premier ordre. Une vaste litt\u00e9rature scientifique indique que l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion rigide aux normes masculines traditionnelles est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La r\u00e9ticence \u00e0 consulter un professionnel de la sant\u00e9 mentale :<\/strong> Les hommes fortement endossants consid\u00e8rent souvent la demande d&rsquo;aide psychologique comme un aveu de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 ou un \u00e9chec de l&rsquo;id\u00e9al d&rsquo;autosuffisance, retardant ainsi la prise en charge de troubles anxio-d\u00e9pressifs majeurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;alexithymie masculine normative :<\/strong> Incapacit\u00e9 acquise lors de la socialisation pr\u00e9coce \u00e0 identifier, \u00e9tiqueter et verbaliser les \u00e9tats affectifs primaires (vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9, tristesse, peur), fr\u00e9quemment somatis\u00e9s ou externalis\u00e9s sous forme de col\u00e8re et d&rsquo;agressivit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les comportements de prise de risque et de n\u00e9gligence m\u00e9dicale :<\/strong> Refus de consulter pour des pathologies somatiques chroniques, conduite automobile t\u00e9m\u00e9raire, abus d&rsquo;alcool et de substances psychoactives, engagement dans des violences interpersonnelles en vue de valider publiquement la composante de duret\u00e9 (<em>Toughness<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les difficult\u00e9s relationnelles et conjugales :<\/strong> \u00c9rosion de l&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle, incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 offrir un soutien empathique au partenaire et conflits li\u00e9s \u00e0 la volont\u00e9 d&rsquo;exercer une dominance d\u00e9cisionnelle, notamment financi\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En contexte psychoth\u00e9rapeutique, le MRNI-R permet d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir un profil normatif pr\u00e9cis du patient, fournissant au th\u00e9rapeute un levier psycho\u00e9ducatif pour d\u00e9construire les croyances dysfonctionnelles qui entretiennent la d\u00e9tresse masculine.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le MRNI-R \u00e9value l&rsquo;<strong>id\u00e9ologie du r\u00f4le masculin traditionnel<\/strong> en tant que construit multidimensionnel de second ordre, structur\u00e9 autour de sept dimensions fondamentales repr\u00e9sentant les pr\u00e9ceptes centraux de la masculinit\u00e9 dominante :<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u00c9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive (Restrictive Emotionality)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension capture l&rsquo;injonction selon laquelle les hommes doivent r\u00e9primer ou dissimuler leurs \u00e9motions, particuli\u00e8rement les sentiments de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9, d&rsquo;angoisse, d&rsquo;affection douce ou de tristesse. L&rsquo;expression \u00e9motionnelle publique ou priv\u00e9e y est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme un signe de faiblesse inadmissible. Les items de cette sous-\u00e9chelle ciblent le refus de pleurer, l&rsquo;interdiction de montrer son d\u00e9sarroi sur son visage ou le d\u00e9lai excessif avant de signifier \u00e0 autrui son attachement affectif (ex. item 38 : <em>\u00ab A man should never admit when others hurt his feelings \u00bb<\/em> ; item 50 : <em>\u00ab One should not be able to tell how a man is feeling by looking at his face \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Autosuffisance par les comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9caniques (Self-Reliance Through Mechanical Skills)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante op\u00e9rationnalise l&rsquo;attente selon laquelle un homme accompli doit \u00eatre pragmatiquement autonome et poss\u00e9der une ma\u00eetrise pratique des objets mat\u00e9riels, des outils et des technologies domestiques ou automobiles. Elle renvoie au st\u00e9r\u00e9otype de l&rsquo;homme capable de subvenir seul aux pannes quotidiennes sans recourir \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide ext\u00e9rieure (ex. item 13 : <em>\u00ab Men should have home improvement skills \u00bb<\/em> ; item 36 : <em>\u00ab A man should know how to repair his car if it should break down \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>3. N\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles (Negativity Toward Sexual Minorities)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9value l&rsquo;homophobie et l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rosexisme normatif en tant que piliers constitutifs de la conformit\u00e9 au genre masculin. Dans la th\u00e9orie du r\u00f4le masculin, l&rsquo;affirmation de son statut d&rsquo;homme passe traditionnellement par le rejet violent, l&rsquo;exclusion et la d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation des hommes homosexuels, dont le comportement est assimil\u00e9 \u00e0 une violation intol\u00e9rable des codes de virilit\u00e9 (ex. item 1 : <em>\u00ab Homosexuals should never marry \u00bb<\/em> ; item 8 : <em>\u00ab All homosexual bars should be closed down \u00bb<\/em> ; item 25 : <em>\u00ab Homosexuals should never kiss in public \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u00c9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9 (Avoidance of Femininity)<\/h3>\n<p>Fond\u00e9e sur le concept de \u00ab <em>No Sissy Stuff<\/em> \u00bb (Brannon, 1976), cette dimension mesure la r\u00e9pudiation obsessionnelle de tout comportement, int\u00e9r\u00eat, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence esth\u00e9tique ou r\u00f4le per\u00e7u comme f\u00e9minin. Les hommes sont contraints d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir une fronti\u00e8re imperm\u00e9able entre les sph\u00e8res masculines et f\u00e9minines, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse des loisirs t\u00e9l\u00e9visuels, des soins cosm\u00e9tiques ou du type de jouets valoris\u00e9s d\u00e8s l&rsquo;enfance (ex. item 6 : <em>\u00ab Men should not wear make-up, cover-up, or bronzer \u00bb<\/em> ; item 11 : <em>\u00ab Boys should play with action figures not dolls \u00bb<\/em> ; item 30 : <em>\u00ab Boys should not throw baseballs like girls \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Importance de la sexualit\u00e9 (Importance of Sex)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette facette refl\u00e8te la prescription selon laquelle les hommes doivent afficher une libido inextinguible, \u00eatre perp\u00e9tuellement disponibles pour l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 sexuelle, consid\u00e9rer la performance \u00e9rotique comme une priorit\u00e9 existentielle et ne jamais refuser une opportunit\u00e9 intime (ex. item 16 : <em>\u00ab Men should always like to have sex \u00bb<\/em> ; item 20 : <em>\u00ab A man should not turn down sex \u00bb<\/em> ; item 43 : <em>\u00ab A man should always be ready for sex \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Duret\u00e9 \/ R\u00e9sistance (Toughness)<\/h3>\n<p>La dimension de duret\u00e9 englobe le courage physique, le sto\u00efcisme face au danger corporel, la disposition \u00e0 assumer des risques non calcul\u00e9s et l&rsquo;obligation d&rsquo;affronter les menaces sans manifester de peur. Elle valorise la robustesse, la confrontation et la posture protectrice physique au sein du foyer (ex. item 39 : <em>\u00ab Men should get up to investigate if there is a strange noise in the house at night \u00bb<\/em> ; item 42 : <em>\u00ab It is important for a man to take risks, even if he might get hurt \u00bb<\/em> ; item 45 : <em>\u00ab When the going gets tough, men should get tough \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Dominance (Dominance)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure l&rsquo;attente statutaire et hi\u00e9rarchique selon laquelle l&rsquo;homme doit occuper une position d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 incontest\u00e9e, exercer le leadership social, prendre les d\u00e9cisions financi\u00e8res souveraines au sein du couple et assumer le r\u00f4le principal de pourvoyeur \u00e9conomique de la famille (ex. item 2 : <em>\u00ab The President of the U.S. should always be a man \u00bb<\/em> ; item 3 : <em>\u00ab Men should be the leader in any group \u00bb<\/em> ; item 44 : <em>\u00ab A man should always be the major provider in his family \u00bb<\/em> ; item 51 : <em>\u00ab Men should make the final decision involving money \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<h3>Le paradigme de la tension li\u00e9e au r\u00f4le de genre (Gender Role Strain Paradigm)<\/h3>\n<p>Le socle \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique du MRNI-R repose int\u00e9gralement sur le <strong>Gender Role Strain Paradigm (GRSP)<\/strong>, formalis\u00e9 par le psychologue Joseph H. Pleck au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980 en opposition directe avec le <em>Gender Role Identity Paradigm (GRIP)<\/em> d&rsquo;inspiration psychanalytique et fonctionnaliste.<\/p>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le classique (GRIP) consid\u00e9rait l&rsquo;acquisition d&rsquo;une identit\u00e9 de genre masculin solide comme une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 biologique et psychologique inn\u00e9e du d\u00e9veloppement infantile. Selon ce point de vue d\u00e9sormais obsol\u00e8te, l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 s&rsquo;identifier au r\u00f4le masculin \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une anomalie d\u00e9veloppementale menant \u00e0 l&rsquo;ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 psychologique, \u00e0 l&rsquo;inadaptation sociale et \u00e0 l&rsquo;homosexualit\u00e9. \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, Pleck (1981, 1995) et Levant (1995, 2011) postulent dans le GRSP que :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les r\u00f4les de genre sont des <strong>constructions sociales, historiques et culturelles<\/strong> instables et contradictoires, plut\u00f4t que des essences naturelles.<\/li>\n<li>Les normes traditionnelles du r\u00f4le masculin sont excessivement rigides, contradictoires et irr\u00e9alistes, rendant leur accomplissement int\u00e9gral impossible pour la majorit\u00e9 des hommes.<\/li>\n<li>La tentative d&rsquo;adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 ces normes rigides est source inh\u00e9rente de conflits intrapsychiques et relationnels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Les trois formes de tension selon Pleck et Levant<\/h3>\n<p>Le paradigme distingue trois manifestations majeures de la tension li\u00e9e au genre :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>La tension d&rsquo;\u00e9cart (Discrepancy Strain) :<\/strong> Se produit lorsqu&rsquo;un homme \u00e9choue \u00e0 se conformer aux normes prescrites par son groupe de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (par exemple, un homme qui n&rsquo;a pas de comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9caniques ou qui ne gagne pas suffisamment d&rsquo;argent), engendrant honte, baisse d&rsquo;estime de soi et anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La tension de traumatisme (Trauma Strain) :<\/strong> R\u00e9sulte des blessures psychologiques ou physiques subies au cours du processus brutal de socialisation masculine traditionnelle (par exemple, le harc\u00e8lement subi par un jeune gar\u00e7on somm\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9touffer sa sensibilit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;endurer la violence dans les sports de contact).<\/li>\n<li><strong>La tension de dysfonctionnement (Dysfunction Strain) :<\/strong> Survient lorsque l&rsquo;homme <em>r\u00e9ussit parfaitement<\/em> \u00e0 se conformer aux normes traditionnelles, mais que cette conformit\u00e9 m\u00eame produit des effets collat\u00e9raux hautement destructeurs pour lui et pour son entourage (ex. l&rsquo;\u00e9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive menant \u00e0 l&rsquo;isolement affectif ou la dominance masculine l\u00e9gitimant les conduites abusives et la violence conjugale).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>L&rsquo;alexithymie masculine normative<\/h3>\n<p>Ronald Levant a enrichi ce cadre en formulant l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se de l&rsquo;<strong>alexithymie masculine normative<\/strong> (<em>Normative Male Alexithymia<\/em>). Durant leur d\u00e9veloppement, les gar\u00e7ons sont syst\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9courag\u00e9s d&rsquo;exprimer les \u00e9motions signalant la d\u00e9tresse (peur, tristesse, douleur) sous peine de sanctions par les pairs et les figures d&rsquo;attachement, tandis que l&rsquo;agressivit\u00e9 et la fiert\u00e9 sont tol\u00e9r\u00e9es ou encourag\u00e9es. Avec le temps, ce conditionnement alt\u00e8re les voies neurologiques et cognitives de traitement de l&rsquo;affect, privant l&rsquo;individu des comp\u00e9tences de base n\u00e9cessaires pour mettre des mots sur ses \u00e9prouv\u00e9s \u00e9motionnels complexes. Le MRNI-R constitue la m\u00e9trique privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e pour tester empiriquement ce mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 du MRNI-R ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;investigations psychom\u00e9triques rigoureuses aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons universitaires, cliniques et communautaires totalisant plusieurs milliers de participants (Levant et al., 2007, 2010 ; Levant &amp; Richmond, 2007).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit du MRNI-R a \u00e9t\u00e9 attest\u00e9e par ses intercorr\u00e9lations th\u00e9oriquement coh\u00e9rentes avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles mesurant les dynamiques de genre :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) :<\/strong> Les scores globaux et sous-dimensionnels du MRNI-R corr\u00e8lent positivement et fortement (coefficients <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r\">$r$<\/span> variant de .48 \u00e0 .68, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; .001\">$p &lt; .001$<\/span>) avec les sous-\u00e9chelles de la GRCS d&rsquo;O&rsquo;Neil, notamment les dimensions <em>Restriction de l&rsquo;expression \u00e9motionnelle<\/em> (Restricted Emotionality) et <em>Succ\u00e8s, Pouvoir, Comp\u00e9tition<\/em> (Success, Power, Competition).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) :<\/strong> Des corr\u00e9lations hautement significatives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = .55\">$r = .55$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\".72\">$.72$<\/span>) sont syst\u00e9matiquement relev\u00e9es avec les sous-\u00e9chelles homologues du CMNI de Mahalik, confirmant que l&rsquo;approbation id\u00e9ologique (mesur\u00e9e par le MRNI-R) sous-tend effectivement les comportements d\u00e9clar\u00e9s d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux normes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Index d&rsquo;homophobie et d&rsquo;attitudes envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles (ATLG) :<\/strong> La sous-\u00e9chelle <em>N\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles<\/em> pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations convergentes tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &gt; .75\">$r &gt; .75$<\/span>) avec l&rsquo;<em>Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale<\/em> de Herek, d\u00e9montrant son acuit\u00e9 \u00e0 capturer le rejet h\u00e9t\u00e9rosexiste institutionnalis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Le MRNI-R d\u00e9montre une nette ind\u00e9pendance par rapport aux traits de personnalit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9raux non li\u00e9s au genre (mod\u00e8le du Big Five). Par exemple, les corr\u00e9lations avec l&rsquo;ouverture \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience sont mod\u00e9r\u00e9es et n\u00e9gatives (refl\u00e9tant le conservatisme normatif), tandis que les associations avec le n\u00e9vrosisme sont nulles \u00e0 faibles, prouvant que l&rsquo;instrument ne mesure pas une simple d\u00e9tresse \u00e9motionnelle diffuse mais un cadre id\u00e9ologique structur\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et clinique<\/h3>\n<p>Le MRNI-R pr\u00e9dit de mani\u00e8re robuste plusieurs variables comportementales et psychopathologiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Attitudes envers la demande d&rsquo;aide psychologique :<\/strong> Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s au MRNI-R sont des pr\u00e9dicteurs n\u00e9gatifs majeurs des attitudes favorables envers les services psychologiques professionnels (mesur\u00e9es par l&rsquo;<em>Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale<\/em> [ATSPPH]), expliquant une variance incr\u00e9mentielle significative au-del\u00e0 des facteurs d\u00e9mographiques (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"R^2\">$R^2$<\/span> incr\u00e9mentiel de 12 \u00e0 18 %).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs masqu\u00e9s et d\u00e9tresse somatique :<\/strong> L&rsquo;approbation de l&rsquo;\u00e9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive pr\u00e9dit significativement la pr\u00e9sence de sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs atypiques et de somatisation, m\u00e9diatis\u00e9e par des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la <em>Normative Male Alexithymia Scale<\/em> (NMAS).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9montrent une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et une coh\u00e9rence interne de niveau sup\u00e9rieur pour l&rsquo;ensemble des passations du MRNI-R :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de validation initiale men\u00e9e par Levant, Smalley et al. (2007) aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon diversifi\u00e9 d&rsquo;hommes et de femmes, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale a affich\u00e9 un coefficient <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = .96\">$\u0007lpha = .96$<\/span><\/strong>, attestant d&rsquo;une excellente homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des items. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude confirmatoire \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle de Levant, Rankin, Williams et Hasan (2010), l&rsquo;alpha global s&rsquo;est maintenu \u00e0 <strong>.95<\/strong> pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon masculin et <strong>.94<\/strong> pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon f\u00e9minin.<\/p>\n<p>La coh\u00e9rence interne des sous-\u00e9chelles individuelles se pr\u00e9sente comme suit (Levant et al., 2007, 2010) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive (7 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .82 et .87<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autosuffisance par les comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9caniques (3 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .80 et .85<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles (8 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .89 et .92<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9 (7 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .78 et .84<\/li>\n<li><strong>Importance de la sexualit\u00e9 (3 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .72 et .78<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duret\u00e9 \/ R\u00e9sistance (4 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .74 et .81<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dominance (7 items retenus) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span> compris entre .79 et .85<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations portant sur la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle du MRNI-R sur des intervalles de deux \u00e0 quatre semaines r\u00e9v\u00e8lent des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest intra-classe (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r_{tt}\">$r_{tt}$<\/span>) oscillant entre .84 et .91 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale, et sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 .76 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des sous-\u00e9chelles. Cette remarquable stabilit\u00e9 atteste que le MRNI-R capte des structures de croyances id\u00e9ologiques durables plut\u00f4t que de simples fluctuations d&rsquo;humeur transitoires.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE) et \u00c9puration des Items<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la transition du MRNI original au MRNI-R (Levant et al., 2007, 2010), le pool initial de 53 items a \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 des analyses factorielles exploratoires en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax), tenant compte des intercorr\u00e9lations th\u00e9oriques plausibles entre les diff\u00e9rentes dimensions de l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie masculine.<\/p>\n<p>Ce processus d&rsquo;\u00e9puration a mis en lumi\u00e8re plusieurs items probl\u00e9matiques n\u00e9cessitant leur exclusion de la version finale scoring :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Items exclus pour saturations crois\u00e9es (* cross-loadings) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;item 24 (<em>\u00ab It is ok for a man to use any and all means to \u201cconvince\u201d a woman to have sex \u00bb<\/em>) saturait de mani\u00e8re ambigu\u00eb sur l&rsquo;Importance du sexe et sur la Dominance. L&rsquo;item 32 (rupture d&rsquo;amiti\u00e9 face \u00e0 l&rsquo;homosexualit\u00e9) pr\u00e9sentait une double saturation sur la N\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles et l&rsquo;\u00c9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive. De m\u00eame, l&rsquo;item 46 (malaise face \u00e0 un ami qui pleure devant une romance) saturait simultan\u00e9ment sur l&rsquo;\u00c9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive et l&rsquo;\u00c9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Items exclus pour inad\u00e9quation conceptuelle ou saturation insuffisante (** low factor loadings) :<\/strong> Les items 10 (sports de contact), 12 (ne pas emprunter d&rsquo;argent), 26 (ne pas tenir le sac \u00e0 main de son \u00e9pouse), 27 (tracer sa propre voie), et 40 (n&rsquo;avoir de rapports sexuels que si l&rsquo;orgasme est garanti) pr\u00e9sentaient des saturations inf\u00e9rieures au seuil de rigueur de .40 ou ne s&rsquo;agr\u00e9geaient pas de fa\u00e7on coh\u00e9rente avec la d\u00e9finition th\u00e9orique du facteur cible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC) et Ad\u00e9quation du Mod\u00e8le<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique majeure de Levant, Rankin, Williams et Hasan (2010), une analyse factorielle confirmatoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9e pour tester formellement le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 7 facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s sur la version \u00e9pur\u00e9e. Les indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation ont confirm\u00e9 une excellente conformit\u00e9 aux donn\u00e9es empiriques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Racine carr\u00e9e de l&rsquo;erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (RMSEA) :<\/strong> .046 (intervalle de confiance \u00e0 90 % : [.042, .050]), ce qui est nettement inf\u00e9rieur au seuil critique conservateur de .06.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indice d&rsquo;ajustement comparatif (CFI) :<\/strong> .93 \u00e0 .95 selon les sp\u00e9cifications d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) :<\/strong> .93.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9sidu quadratique moyen standardis\u00e9 (SRMR) :<\/strong> .051.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Des analyses d&rsquo;invariance de mesure multi-groupes (configurale, m\u00e9trique et scalaire) ont confirm\u00e9 que la structure factorielle sous-jacente du MRNI-R s&rsquo;applique de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quivalente aux hommes et aux femmes, ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 travers diff\u00e9rents groupes ethniques (Afro-Am\u00e9ricains, Euro-Am\u00e9ricains), garantissant la comparabilit\u00e9 des scores moyens.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 sur papier ou en ligne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Individuel ou collectif ; temps de passation estim\u00e9 entre 10 et 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items totaux administr\u00e9s :<\/strong> 47 items (issus de la banque princeps \u00e9pur\u00e9e du protocole MRNI-R).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert en 7 points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1 :<\/strong> Strongly Disagree (Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2 :<\/strong> Disagree (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3 :<\/strong> Disagree Slightly (Plut\u00f4t pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4 :<\/strong> Neither Agree or Disagree (Ni en d\u00e9saccord ni d&rsquo;accord \/ Neutre)<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 :<\/strong> Agree Slightly (Plut\u00f4t d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>6 :<\/strong> Agree (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>7 :<\/strong> Strongly Agree (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attribution des items aux sous-\u00e9chelles (Version valid\u00e9e de Levant et al., 2010) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive (Restrictive Emotionality &#8211; 7 items) :<\/strong> 27, 29, 32, 35, 41, 44, 47<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autosuffisance par les comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9caniques (Self-Reliance Through Mechanical Skills &#8211; 3 items) :<\/strong> 11, 12, 30<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles (Negativity Toward Sexual Minorities &#8211; 8 items) :<\/strong> 1, 6, 15, 16, 21, 23, 31, 46<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9 (Avoidance of Femininity &#8211; 7 items) :<\/strong> 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 26<\/li>\n<li><strong>Importance de la sexualit\u00e9 (Importance of Sex &#8211; 3 items) :<\/strong> 14, 18, 37<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duret\u00e9 \/ R\u00e9sistance (Toughness &#8211; 4 items) :<\/strong> 33, 36, 39, 42<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dominance (Dominance &#8211; 7 items) :<\/strong> 2, 3, 19, 20, 38, 43, 45<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    <em>(Note de cotation : Les items marqu\u00e9s d&rsquo;ast\u00e9risques * ou ** dans le protocole princeps repr\u00e9sentent des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s historiques de validation qui sont exclus du calcul des scores factoriels finaux dans les analyses confirmatoires de Levant et al., 2010).<\/em>\n  <\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcul des scores et interpr\u00e9tation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Les scores de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle sont obtenus en calculant la <strong>moyenne arithm\u00e9tique<\/strong> des items qui la composent (score moyen variant de 1.0 \u00e0 7.0).<\/li>\n<li>Le score global d&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie traditionnelle du r\u00f4le masculin est calcul\u00e9 en moyennant les 39 items valid\u00e9s de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle compl\u00e8te.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation :<\/strong> Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te une adh\u00e9sion forte, rigide et prescriptive aux normes traditionnelles de la masculinit\u00e9 h\u00e9g\u00e9monique. Un score faible traduit une vision \u00e9galitaire, flexible et non-st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9e du r\u00f4le de genre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement initial :<\/strong> 1992 (MRNI original) ; <strong>2007<\/strong> (Validation initiale du MRNI-R par Levant, Smalley et al.) ; <strong>2010<\/strong> (Validation factorielle confirmatoire compl\u00e8te par Levant, Rankin et al.).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle et Copyright :<\/strong> D\u00e9tenu par Ronald F. Levant et l&rsquo;<em>American Psychological Association<\/em> (APA).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Politique d&rsquo;utilisation et Tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument est mis \u00e0 disposition <strong>gratuitement \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique, scientifique et p\u00e9dagogique non commerciale<\/strong>. Les \u00e9tudiants et chercheurs universitaires peuvent utiliser l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sans versement de redevance, \u00e0 condition de citer rigoureusement les publications princeps.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demandes d&rsquo;autorisation :<\/strong> Pour une utilisation en milieu commercial, en entreprise, ou pour une inclusion dans des applications logicielles payantes, une demande formelle d&rsquo;autorisation doit \u00eatre adress\u00e9e directement \u00e0 Ronald F. Levant ou au service des droits de reproduction de l&rsquo;APA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessous regroupent les publications fondamentales ayant \u00e9tabli et valid\u00e9 les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;instrument en accord avec les normes de l&rsquo;APA 7e \u00e9dition :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brannon, R. (1976). The male sex role: Our culture&rsquo;s blueprint of manhood, and what it&rsquo;s done for us lately. In D. David &amp; R. Brannon (Eds.), <em>The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role<\/em> (pp. 1\u201345). Addison-Wesley.<\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F. (1995). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. In R. F. Levant &amp; W. S. Pollack (Eds.), <em>A new psychology of men<\/em> (pp. 229\u2013251). Basic Books.<\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F. (2011). Research in the psychology of men and masculinity using the gender role strain paradigm as a framework. <em>American Psychologist<\/em>, 66(8), 765\u2013776. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025034\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025034<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., &amp; Fischer, J. (1998). The Male Role Norms Inventory. In C. M. Davis, W. H. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, &amp; S. L. Davis (Eds.), <em>Sexuality-related measures: A compendium<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 469\u2013472). Sage Publications.<\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., Good, G. E., Cook, S. W., O\u2019Neil, J. M., Smalley, K. B., Owen, K., &amp; Richmond, K. (2006). The Normative Male Alexithymia Scale: Measurement of a gender-linked syndrome. <em>Psychology of Men &amp; Masculinity<\/em>, 7(4), 212\u2013224. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1524-9220.7.4.212\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1524-9220.7.4.212<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., Hall, R. J., &amp; Rankin, T. J. (2013). Male Role Norms Inventory\u2013Short Form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender. <em>Journal of Counseling Psychology<\/em>, 60(2), 228\u2013238. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031545\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031545<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., Hirsch, L. S., Celentano, E., Cozza, T. M., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., &#8230; &amp; Schnedeker, J. (1992). The male role: An investigation of contemporary norms. <em>Journal of Mental Health Counseling<\/em>, 14(3), 325\u2013337.<\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., Rankin, T. J., Williams, C. M., &amp; Hasan, N. T. (2010). Evaluation of the factor structure and construct validity of scores on the Male Role Norms Inventory\u2014Revised (MRNI\u2013R). <em>Psychology of Men &amp; Masculinity<\/em>, 11(1), 25\u201337. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017637\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017637<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., &amp; Richmond, K. (2007). A review of research on masculinity ideologies using the Male Role Norms Inventory. <em>The Journal of Men&rsquo;s Studies<\/em>, 15(2), 130\u2013146. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3149\/jms.1502.130\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3149\/jms.1502.130<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Levant, R. F., Smalley, K. B., Aupont, M., House, A., Richmond, K., &amp; Noronha, D. (2007). Initial validation of the Male Role Norms Inventory\u2014Revised. <em>The Journal of Men&rsquo;s Studies<\/em>, 15(1), 85\u2013100. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3149\/jms.1501.85\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3149\/jms.1501.85<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McKelvey, D. K. (2012). <em>Identity discrepancy, male role norms, and mental and physical health<\/em> (Master&rsquo;s thesis, East Tennessee State University). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1460.<\/li>\n<li>Pleck, J. H. (1981). <em>The myth of masculinity<\/em>. MIT Press.<\/li>\n<li>Pleck, J. H. (1995). The gender role strain paradigm: An update. In R. F. Levant &amp; W. S. Pollack (Eds.), <em>A new psychology of men<\/em> (pp. 11\u201332). Basic Books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Homosexuals should never marry.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The President of the U.S. should always be a man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should be the leader in any group.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should not wear make-up\u201a cover-up\u201a or bronzer.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should watch football games instead of soap operas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">All homosexual bars should be closed down.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should not be interested in talk shows such as \u201cOprah.\u201d<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should excel at contact sports. **<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Boys should play with action figures not dolls.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should not borrow money from friends or family members. **<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should have home improvement skills.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should be able to fix most things around the house.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should prefer watching action movies to reading romantic novels.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should always like to have sex.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Homosexuals should not be allowed to serve in the military.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should never compliment or flirt with another male.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Boys should prefer to play with trucks rather than dolls.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should not turn down sex.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always be the boss.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should provide the discipline in the family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should never hold hands or show affection toward another.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is ok for a man to use any and all means to \u201cconvince\u201d a woman to have sex. *<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Homosexuals should never kiss in public.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should avoid holding his wife\u2019s purse at all times. **<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man must be able to make his own way in the world. **<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Boys should not throw baseballs like girls.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should not react when other people cry.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should not continue a friendship with another man if he finds out that the other man is homosexual. * (Negativity Toward Sexual Minorities) (Restrictive Emotionality)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Being a little down in the dumps is not a good reason for a man to act depressed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should know how to repair his car if it should break down.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Homosexuals should be barred from the teaching profession.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should never admit when others hurt his feelings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should get up to investigate if there is a strange noise in the house at night.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man shouldn\u2019t bother with sex unless he can achieve orgasm. **<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should be detached in emotionally ch\u200earged situations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is important for a man to take risks\u201a even if he might get hurt.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always be ready for sex.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always be the major provider in his family.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When the going gets tough\u201a men should get tough.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I might find it a little silly or embarrassing if a male friend of mine cried over a sad love story. * (Restrictive Emotionality) (Avoidance of Femininity)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Fathers should teach their sons to mask fear.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think a young man should try to be physically tough\u201a even if he\u2019s not big.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In a group\u201a it is up to the men to get things organized and moving ahead.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One should not be able to tell how a man is feeling by looking at his face.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should make the final decision involving money.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is disappointing to learn that a famous athlete is gay.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men should not be too quick to tell others that they care about them.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire r\u00e9vis\u00e9 des normes du r\u00f4le masculin (MRNI-R) est un questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence mesurant l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie traditionnelle de la masculinit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers sept dimensions : \u00e9motionnalit\u00e9 restrictive, autosuffisance, n\u00e9gativit\u00e9 envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles, \u00e9vitement de la f\u00e9minit\u00e9, importance du sexe, duret\u00e9 et dominance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,16128,2],"tags":[24256,12100,10379,24254,19243,16,24255,24257],"class_list":["post-15385","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-du-genre","category-psychometrie","tag-emotionnalite-restrictive","tag-genre","tag-masculinite","tag-mrni-r","tag-normes-de-genre","tag-psychometrie","tag-ronald-levant","tag-sante-mentale-des-hommes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15385"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15385\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}