{"id":15383,"date":"2026-10-08T23:28:47","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T23:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-des-normes-du-role-masculin-mrns\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T23:28:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T23:28:47","slug":"echelle-des-normes-du-role-masculin-mrns","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-des-normes-du-role-masculin-mrns","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle des normes du r\u00f4le masculin"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des normes du r\u00f4le masculin<\/strong> (<em>Male Role Norms Scale<\/em>, ou <strong>MRNS<\/strong>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e initialement par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Pleck\">Edward H. Thompson Jr. et Joseph H. Pleck<\/a> en 1986, constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments psychom\u00e9triques fondamentaux pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie du r\u00f4le de genre masculin. Con\u00e7ue pour op\u00e9rationnaliser et affiner les dimensions normatives identifi\u00e9es ant\u00e9rieurement par Robert Brannon, la MRNS mesure le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion d&rsquo;un individu aux attentes socioculturelles traditionnelles r\u00e9gissant la masculinit\u00e9 h\u00e9g\u00e9monique. L&rsquo;instrument est compos\u00e9 de <strong>26 items<\/strong> organis\u00e9s autour de trois sous-\u00e9chelles factoriellement distinctes : le <strong>Statut<\/strong> (<em>Status<\/em>, 6 items), la <strong>Duret\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Toughness<\/em>, 13 items) et l&rsquo;<strong>Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Anti-femininity<\/em>, 7 items).<\/p>\n<p>Les participants r\u00e9pondent au moyen d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Likert_scale\">Likert<\/a> en 5 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Disagree \u00bb) \u00e0 5 (\u00ab Agree \u00bb). Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, la MRNS pr\u00e9sente des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9prouv\u00e9es, affichant une consistance interne satisfaisante au sein de ses composantes lors de sa validation initiale : un coefficient alpha de Cronbach de 0,81 pour la dimension Statut, 0,74 pour la Duret\u00e9 et 0,76 pour l&rsquo;Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9, ainsi qu&rsquo;une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 globale exc\u00e9dant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 0,85 dans les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures. La structure trifactorielle de l&rsquo;outil a permis de rompre avec les conceptions unidimensionnelles ant\u00e9rieures de la masculinit\u00e9, offrant aux chercheurs en <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_men\">psychologie du genre<\/a>, en sociologie et en sant\u00e9 publique un instrument robuste pour examiner les r\u00e9percussions des normes de genre rigides sur la sant\u00e9 mentale, la d\u00e9tresse psychologique, l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement des soins de sant\u00e9 et les dynamiques relationnelles.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Normes du r\u00f4le masculin, id\u00e9ologie de la masculinit\u00e9, psychologie du genre, r\u00f4le de genre, conflit de r\u00f4le de genre, masculinit\u00e9 h\u00e9g\u00e9monique, statut social, duret\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle, anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9, psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9valuation psychologique, Edward Thompson, Joseph Pleck.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des normes du r\u00f4le masculin a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Edward H. Thompson, Jr., Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de sociologie au College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts, \u00c9tats-Unis). Sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude sociologique des hommes, du vieillissement masculin et des repr\u00e9sentations culturelles de la masculinit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Joseph H. Pleck, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite en d\u00e9veloppement humain et \u00e9tudes familiales \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Illinois \u00e0 Urbana-Champaign (Illinois, \u00c9tats-Unis). Th\u00e9oricien majeur de la psychologie masculine, auteur du paradigme de la tension li\u00e9e au r\u00f4le de genre (<em>Gender Role Strain Paradigm<\/em>), ayant profond\u00e9ment transform\u00e9 la conceptualisation acad\u00e9mique des r\u00f4les de sexe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de la <strong>Male Role Norms Scale (MRNS)<\/strong> est de quantifier l&rsquo;approbation cognitive et l&rsquo;int\u00e9riorisation normative des prescriptions comportementales traditionnelles impos\u00e9es aux hommes dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s occidentales. Avant l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de cet outil au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1980, la majorit\u00e9 des \u00e9valuations de la masculinit\u00e9 reposaient sur des inventaires de traits de personnalit\u00e9 (comme le <em>Bem Sex-Role Inventory<\/em> ou le <em>Personal Attributes Questionnaire<\/em>), qui \u00e9valuaient si un individu s&rsquo;auto-percevait comme d\u00e9tenant des caract\u00e9ristiques instrumentales ou expressives. Thompson et Pleck (1986) ont postul\u00e9 qu&rsquo;il \u00e9tait indispensable de dissocier les traits de personnalit\u00e9 individuels des <em>normes prescrites par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/em>. Ainsi, la MRNS ne mesure pas dans quelle mesure un homme est masculin, mais dans quelle mesure un individu (homme ou femme) estime qu&rsquo;un homme <em>devrait<\/em> se conformer \u00e0 des id\u00e9aux stricts de pouvoir, d&rsquo;invuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et de rejet du f\u00e9minin.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la <strong>recherche fondamentale<\/strong>, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle permet d&rsquo;analyser comment l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 ces croyances varie selon les cohortes g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles, l&rsquo;origine ethnique, le statut socio-\u00e9conomique et l&rsquo;orientation sexuelle. Elle a servi de barom\u00e8tre pour \u00e9tudier la persistance et l&rsquo;\u00e9volution des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de genre face aux mutations sociopolitiques et f\u00e9ministes.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan <strong>clinique et de la sant\u00e9 publique<\/strong>, la MRNS constitue un levier d&rsquo;investigation essentiel. Une adh\u00e9sion rigide aux normes traditionnelles masculines a \u00e9t\u00e9 corr\u00e9l\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e \u00e0 une multitude de comportements \u00e0 risque et d&rsquo;issues d\u00e9favorables :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9ticence \u00e0 solliciter une aide psychologique ou m\u00e9dicale en situation de d\u00e9tresse (autom\u00e9dication, report des diagnostics m\u00e9dicaux) ;<\/li>\n<li>Suppression affective et alexithymie normative, limitant la r\u00e9gulation des \u00e9motions et alimentant la somatisation ;<\/li>\n<li>Conduites \u00e0 risque (consommation abusive de substances psychoactives, conduite automobile dangereuse, t\u00e9m\u00e9rit\u00e9 physique) ;<\/li>\n<li>Attitudes hostiles envers les minorit\u00e9s sexuelles et acceptation de la violence interpersonnelle au sein du couple.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>La MRNS op\u00e9rationnalise l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie masculine traditionnelle \u00e0 travers trois dimensions factorielles compl\u00e9mentaires, d\u00e9riv\u00e9es du mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique initial de Robert Brannon (1976) :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Le Statut (Status)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle (items 1 \u00e0 6) mesure l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif soci\u00e9tal selon lequel un homme doit imp\u00e9rativement r\u00e9ussir sur le plan professionnel et financier afin d&rsquo;asseoir sa valeur et de commander le respect de son entourage et de sa communaut\u00e9. Le travail n&rsquo;y est pas per\u00e7u comme un simple moyen de subsistance, mais comme l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne centrale de l&rsquo;accomplissement masculin. L&rsquo;homme doit agir comme le principal pourvoyeur \u00e9conomique (<em>breadwinner<\/em>) et rechercher constamment le prestige et l&rsquo;admiration externe. L&rsquo;approbation d&rsquo;items tels que \u00ab <em>Success in his work has to be man&rsquo;s central goal in this life<\/em> \u00bb t\u00e9moigne d&rsquo;une valorisation du statut instrumental comme source exclusive de l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 identitaire.<\/p>\n<h3>2. La Duret\u00e9 (Toughness)<\/h3>\n<p>Regroupant 13 items (items 7 \u00e0 19), la dimension Duret\u00e9 forme la composante la plus dense de l&rsquo;instrument. Elle englobe trois facettes \u00e9troitement intriqu\u00e9es de l&rsquo;invuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 masculine :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La duret\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle :<\/strong> L&rsquo;injonction au sto\u00efcisme strict, \u00e0 la dissimulation de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9, de la douleur physique ou du doute psychologique (ex. \u00ab <em>When a man is feeling pain he should not let it show<\/em> \u00bb) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;autosuffisance et la logique :<\/strong> L&rsquo;obligation de r\u00e9soudre les probl\u00e8mes sans aide ext\u00e9rieure, en s&rsquo;appuyant uniquement sur une rationalit\u00e9 froide et un d\u00e9tachement \u00e9motionnel constant ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>La duret\u00e9 physique et la propension \u00e0 la force :<\/strong> L&rsquo;acceptation du danger physique et le recours \u00e0 l&rsquo;agression physique ou aux poings comme m\u00e9thode l\u00e9gitime de r\u00e9solution des conflits et de d\u00e9fense de l&rsquo;honneur (ex. \u00ab <em>Fists are sometimes the only way to get out of a bad situation<\/em> \u00bb).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. L&rsquo;Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9 (Anti-femininity)<\/h3>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de 7 items (items 20 \u00e0 26), cette dimension conceptualise la masculinit\u00e9 par voie n\u00e9gative, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire par le rejet et la d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation syst\u00e9matiques de tout comportement, int\u00e9r\u00eat, occupation ou \u00e9motion traditionnellement associ\u00e9s aux femmes. Selon ce construit, tout empi\u00e8tement masculin sur le domaine f\u00e9minin menace l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 du r\u00f4le d&rsquo;homme. Cela se manifeste par un malaise face aux professions traditionnellement f\u00e9minines (ex. secr\u00e9taire, coiffeur), par le rejet des t\u00e2ches domestiques ou \u00e9ducatives associ\u00e9es au maternage, et par la stigmatisation des manifestations de sensibilit\u00e9 affective (ex. pleurer devant un film sentimental).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>La MRNS s&rsquo;inscrit au c\u0153ur du <strong>Paradigme de la tension li\u00e9e au r\u00f4le de genre<\/strong> (<em>Gender Role Strain Paradigm<\/em>), formul\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Pleck\">Joseph Pleck (1981, 1995)<\/a>. Ce paradigme a \u00e9merg\u00e9 en rupture directe avec le mod\u00e8le fonctionnaliste ant\u00e9rieur de l&rsquo;\u00ab identit\u00e9 de r\u00f4le de genre \u00bb (d\u00e9fendu notamment par Talcott Parsons), qui postulait que l&rsquo;assimilation d&rsquo;un r\u00f4le sexuel rigide \u00e9tait le garant du bon d\u00e9veloppement psychosocial de l&rsquo;individu.<\/p>\n<p>Pleck a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les r\u00f4les de genre ne sont pas des donn\u00e9es biologiques harmonieuses, mais des constructions sociales contradictoires, instables et intrins\u00e8quement sources de tension psychologique. Le paradigme de la tension repose sur plusieurs postulats fondamentaux mesurables par la MRNS :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les normes de r\u00f4le de genre sont contradictoires et mutuellement incompatibles (ex. \u00eatre un pourvoyeur absent travaillant sans cesse vs \u00eatre un p\u00e8re respect\u00e9 et pr\u00e9sent) ;<\/li>\n<li>Une proportion substantielle d&rsquo;hommes \u00e9choue \u00e0 se conformer pleinement \u00e0 ces normes, ce qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re une tension d&rsquo;\u00e9cart (<em>discrepancy strain<\/em>) et une baisse de l&rsquo;estime de soi ;<\/li>\n<li>La conformit\u00e9 m\u00eame aux normes entra\u00eene des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res pour l&rsquo;individu et son entourage (<em>dysfunction strain<\/em>), car les attitudes de duret\u00e9 et d&rsquo;anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9 \u00e9rodent l&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 relationnelle et pr\u00e9disposent \u00e0 la morbidit\u00e9 physique ;<\/li>\n<li>La violation des normes de r\u00f4le masculin fait l&rsquo;objet de sanctions sociales s\u00e9v\u00e8res, incitant les hommes \u00e0 surcompenser par des attitudes hypermasculines lorsque leur statut est menac\u00e9 (tension de traumatisme ou <em>trauma strain<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sur le plan structural, Thompson et Pleck se sont appuy\u00e9s sur la typologie ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique \u00e9labor\u00e9e par le sociologue Robert Brannon (1976), qui d\u00e9composait l&rsquo;arch\u00e9type masculin traditionnel en quatre imp\u00e9ratifs culturels :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>\u00ab No Sissy Stuff \u00bb<\/em> : \u00c9vitement visc\u00e9ral de tout attribut f\u00e9minin (devenu la dimension <strong>Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9<\/strong>) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00ab The Big Wheel \u00bb<\/em> : Qu\u00eate effr\u00e9n\u00e9e de r\u00e9ussite, de richesse, de statut et d&rsquo;admiration (devenu la dimension <strong>Statut<\/strong>) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00ab The Sturdy Oak \u00bb<\/em> : Solidit\u00e9 in\u00e9branlable, autosuffisance, impassibilit\u00e9 face \u00e0 l&rsquo;adversit\u00e9 (int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans la dimension <strong>Duret\u00e9<\/strong>) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00ab Give &lsquo;Em Hell \u00bb<\/em> : Go\u00fbt du risque, agressivit\u00e9, combativit\u00e9 physique (int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans la dimension <strong>Duret\u00e9<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques conduites sur la MRNS apportent un soutien solide \u00e0 ses diff\u00e9rentes facettes de validit\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 factorielle<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Thompson et Pleck (1986) men\u00e9e sur un \u00e9chantillon d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants masculins a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sentait une structure factorielle stable qui isolait les dimensions de Statut, Duret\u00e9 et Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9, r\u00e9futant l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;une id\u00e9ologie masculine purement unidimensionnelle. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement attest\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation de ce mod\u00e8le \u00e0 trois composantes par rapport \u00e0 des mod\u00e8les unifactoriels.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La MRNS pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations positives statistiquement significatives avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles mesurant les construits reli\u00e9s \u00e0 la masculinit\u00e9 traditionnelle et au sexisme :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le <em>Gender Role Conflict Scale<\/em> (GRCS) de James O&rsquo;Neil, notamment avec les sous-\u00e9chelles de Succ\u00e8s\/Pouvoir\/Comp\u00e9tition et de Contr\u00f4le affectif restrictif (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,45\">$r = 0,45$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,62$) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;<em>Ambivalent Sexism Inventory<\/em> (ASI), en particulier avec le sexisme hostile ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;homophobie et d&rsquo;attitudes n\u00e9gatives envers les personnes homosexuelles, la sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9 \u00e9tant un pr\u00e9dicteur robuste du rejet des minorit\u00e9s sexuelles (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &gt; 0,50\">$r > 0,50$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La MRNS se distingue nettement des mesures d&rsquo;orientation instrumentale globale (comme la sous-\u00e9chelle de masculinit\u00e9 du BSRI), montrant des corr\u00e9lations faibles \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es avec ces derni\u00e8res ($r < 0,30$). Cela confirme que l'\u00e9chelle mesure l'approbation de r\u00e8gles normatives prescriptives et non la possession de traits d'affirmation de soi.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Des recherches empiriques (p. ex., Himmelstein, 2014 ; Thompson &#038; Bennett, 2015) ont \u00e9tabli que des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la MRNS pr\u00e9disent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence marqu\u00e9e pour des m\u00e9decins masculins et une diminution de la franchise lors des consultations m\u00e9dicales ;<\/li>\n<li>Une attitude d\u00e9favorable \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de la consultation psychologique et un pronostic de d\u00e9sistement pr\u00e9coce en psychoth\u00e9rapie ;<\/li>\n<li>Une propension accrue \u00e0 approuver la violence comme m\u00e9canisme l\u00e9gitime de r\u00e9solution des diff\u00e9rends interpersonnels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la MRNS a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e \u00e0 travers plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherche :<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon initial de validation de Thompson et Pleck (1986), les indices de consistance interne (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a>) \u00e9taient les suivants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Statut :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,81\">$\\alpha = 0,81$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Duret\u00e9 :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,74\">$\\alpha = 0,74$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9 :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,76\">$\\alpha = 0,76$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle totale atteint g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un coefficient alpha global compris entre <strong>0,85 et 0,89<\/strong> selon la composition des cohortes \u00e9tudi\u00e9es, ce qui refl\u00e8te une excellente homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 d&rsquo;ensemble pour un instrument multidimensionnel.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9valuations de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest \u00e0 des intervalles de 2 \u00e0 4 semaines d\u00e9montrent des coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9s (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r_{tt} = 0,78\">$r_{tt} = 0,78$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,84$), attestant que la MRNS capture des attitudes id\u00e9ologiques et normatives relativement stables chez l&rsquo;adulte, tout en demeurant sensible aux interventions \u00e9ducatives ou d\u00e9constructives cibl\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle est \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine directe de la cr\u00e9ation de la MRNS. Thompson et Pleck (1986) ont proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 une analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) avec rotation orthogonale (Varimax) \u00e0 partir de la banque originale de 58 items du <em>Male Role Index<\/em> de Robert Brannon. Cette extraction a mis en \u00e9vidence trois facteurs majeurs expliquant la majorit\u00e9 de la variance commune :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 (Statut) :<\/strong> Caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par de fortes saturations (&gt; 0,45) des items reliant la valeur d&rsquo;un homme \u00e0 sa position professionnelle, sa capacit\u00e9 nourrici\u00e8re financi\u00e8re et l&rsquo;admiration sociale qu&rsquo;il suscite ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 (Duret\u00e9) :<\/strong> Regroupant les saturations des items ayant trait \u00e0 l&rsquo;autosuffisance, au sang-froid \u00e9motionnel, au refus de manifester sa faiblesse, ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 la disposition \u00e0 user de la force physique face aux menaces ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 (Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9) :<\/strong> D\u00e9fini par des saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items exprimant le malaise face aux hommes occupant des m\u00e9tiers f\u00e9minins, exprimant de l&rsquo;\u00e9motion ou adoptant des loisirs domestiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations ult\u00e9rieures en \u00e9quations structurelles (AFC) ont compar\u00e9 cette structure \u00e0 des alternatives concurrentes (mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel global, mod\u00e8le bipolaire). Le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 trois facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s a syst\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des indices d&rsquo;ajustement sup\u00e9rieurs (CFI &gt; 0,90, RMSEA &lt; 0,06), confirmant l&rsquo;organisation tripartite de l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie normative masculine.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire auto-rapport\u00e9 d&rsquo;attitudes normatives et id\u00e9ologiques ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou administration num\u00e9rique informatis\u00e9e ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 26 items ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert en 5 points :\n<ul>\n<li>1 = Disagree (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>2 = Slightly Disagree (L\u00e9g\u00e8rement pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>3 = Neither Agree nor disagree (Ni en d\u00e9saccord ni d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>4 = Slightly Agree (L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>5 = Agree (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9partition des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Statut (Status) :<\/strong> Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (6 items) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Duret\u00e9 (Toughness) :<\/strong> Items 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 (13 items) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9 (Anti-femininity) :<\/strong> Items 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 (7 items).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et inversion :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Les items 19 (\u00ab <em>A man should always refuse to get into a fight&#8230;<\/em> \u00bb) et 25 (\u00ab <em>I think it&rsquo;s extremely good for a boy to be taught to cook&#8230;<\/em> \u00bb) sont formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re pro-\u00e9galitaire et <strong>doivent \u00eatre invers\u00e9s<\/strong> lors du calcul des scores (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"1 \\leftrightarrow 5\">$1 \\leftrightarrow 5$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"2 \\leftrightarrow 4\">$2 \\leftrightarrow 4$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"3 \\leftrightarrow 3\">$3 \\leftrightarrow 3$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Les scores de sous-\u00e9chelles sont calcul\u00e9s soit par la somme arithm\u00e9tique, soit par la moyenne des items correspondants (score moyen de 1 \u00e0 5). Un score global de la MRNS peut \u00eatre obtenu en effectuant la moyenne de l&rsquo;ensemble des 26 items. Des scores plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s traduisent une adh\u00e9sion plus forte \u00e0 l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie masculine traditionnelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication :<\/strong> 1986 ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans la litt\u00e9rature acad\u00e9mique (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764286029005003\">American Behavioral Scientist<\/a>). L&rsquo;instrument rel\u00e8ve de l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique et scientifique libre ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Aucun co\u00fbt d&rsquo;utilisation pour la recherche non commerciale ou l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique acad\u00e9mique. L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s au texte de l&rsquo;article original ou au m\u00e9moire source peut n\u00e9cessiter un acc\u00e8s institutionnel ou \u00eatre obtenu via les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts universitaires ouverts (ex. Rutgers University Libraries) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Citation formelle de l&rsquo;article de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Thompson et Pleck (1986) dans toute publication ou rapport scientifique exploitant les donn\u00e9es issues du questionnaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Brannon, R. (1976). The male sex role: Our culture&rsquo;s blueprint of manhood, and what it&rsquo;s done for us lately. In D. David &#038; R. Brannon (Eds.), <em>The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role<\/em> (pp. 1\u201345). Addison-Wesley.<\/li>\n<li>Himmelstein, M. S. (2014). <em>Masculinity, Gender Stereotypes and Doctor Preference<\/em> (Master of Science dissertation). New Brunswick, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu\/rutgers-lib\/44118\/\">https:\/\/rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu\/rutgers-lib\/44118\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>O\u2019Neil, J. M., Helms, B. J., Gable, R. K., David, V., &#038; Wrightsman, L. S. (1986). Factor analysis of the Gender Role Conflict Scale: The gender-role journey, measure, and research. <em>Journal of Counseling Psychology<\/em>, 33(3), 335\u2013340. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.33.3.335\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.33.3.335<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pleck, J. H. (1981). <em>The myth of masculinity<\/em>. MIT Press.<\/li>\n<li>Pleck, J. H. (1995). The gender role strain paradigm: An update. In R. F. Levant &#038; W. S. Pollack (Eds.), <em>A new psychology of men<\/em> (pp. 11\u201332). Basic Books.<\/li>\n<li>Thompson, E. H., Jr., &#038; Bennett, K. M. (2015). Measurement of masculinity ideologies: A (critical) review. <em>Psychology of Men &#038; Masculinity<\/em>, 16(2), 115\u2013133. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038609\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038609<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thompson, E. H., &#038; Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. <em>American Behavioral Scientist<\/em>, 29(5), 531\u2013543. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764286029005003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764286029005003<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Success in his work has to be man&#039;s central goal in this life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The best way for a young man to get the respect of other people is to get a job\u201a take it seriously\u201a and do it well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man owes it to his family to work at the best-paying job he can get.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should generally work overtime to make more money whenever he has the chance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man always deserves the respect of his wife and children.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is essential for a man to always have the respect and admiration of everyone who knows him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should never back down in the face of trouble.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I always like a man who&#039;s totally sure of himself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always think everything out coolly and logically\u201a and have rational reasons for everything he does.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always try to project an air of confidence even if he really doesn&#039;t feel confident inside.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man must stand on his own two feet and never depend on other people to help him do things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a man is feeling pain he should not let it show.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nobody respects a man very much who frequently talks about his worries\u201a fears\u201a and problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A good motto for a man would be &quot;When the going gets tough\u201a the tough get going.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think a young man should try to become physically tough\u201a even if he&#039;s not big.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Fists are sometimes the only way to get out of a bad situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A real man enjoys a bit of danger now and then<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In some kinds of situations a man should be ready to use his fists\u201a even if his wife or his girlfriend would object.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should always refuse to get into a fight\u201a even if there seems to be no way to avoid it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It bothers me when a man does something that I consider \u201cfeminine&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man whose hobbies are cooking\u201a sewing\u201a and going to the ballet probably wouldn&#039;t appeal to me<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is a bit embarrassing for a man to have a job that is usually filled by a woman.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Unless he was really desperate\u201a I would probably advise a man to keep looking rather than accept a job as a secretary<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I heard about a man who was a hairdresser or a gourmet cook\u201a I might wonder how masculine he was.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think it&#039;s extremely good for a boy to be taught to cook\u201a sew\u201a clean the house\u201a and take care of younger children.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I might find it a little silly or embarrassing if a male friend of mine cried over a sad love scene in a movie.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des normes du r\u00f4le masculin (Male Role Norms Scale, MRNS), con\u00e7ue par Edward H. Thompson et Joseph H. Pleck (1986), est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique mesurant l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux normes traditionnelles masculines \u00e0 travers trois composantes : le statut, la duret\u00e9 et l&rsquo;anti-f\u00e9minit\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,16128,2],"tags":[24249,10379,24247,19243,24250,24115,24248],"class_list":["post-15383","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-du-genre","category-psychometrie","tag-ideologie-du-role-masculin","tag-masculinite","tag-mrns","tag-normes-de-genre","tag-psychologie-des-hommes","tag-role-de-genre","tag-thompson-et-pleck"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15383"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15383\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}