{"id":15275,"date":"2026-10-08T19:06:23","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T19:06:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-du-temperament-de-guilford-zimmerman\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T19:06:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T19:06:23","slug":"inventaire-du-temperament-de-guilford-zimmerman","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-du-temperament-de-guilford-zimmerman","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Guilford\u2013Zimmerman Temperament Survey<\/em> ou <strong>GZTS<\/strong>) constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments pionniers et les plus influents dans l&rsquo;histoire de la psychom\u00e9trie diff\u00e9rentielle et de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la personnalit\u00e9 normale. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 initialement en 1948 par les psychologues am\u00e9ricains <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joy_Paul_Guilford\">Joy Paul Guilford<\/a> et Wayne S. Zimmerman, cet auto-questionnaire standardis\u00e9 de 300 items a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour op\u00e9rationnaliser et condenser les dimensions fondamentales issues de plus d&rsquo;une d\u00e9cennie de recherches factorielles ant\u00e9rieures men\u00e9es sur de multiples inventaires de temp\u00e9rament distincts.<\/p>\n<p>Le GZTS \u00e9value de mani\u00e8re exhaustive dix traits primaires orthogonaux ou faiblement corr\u00e9l\u00e9s de la personnalit\u00e9 : l&rsquo;Activit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (<em>General Activity<\/em>, G), la Retenue ou Contr\u00f4le de soi (<em>Restraint<\/em>, R), l&rsquo;Ascendance ou Dominance sociale (<em>Ascendance<\/em>, A), la Sociabilit\u00e9 (<em>Sociability<\/em>, S), la Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (<em>Emotional Stability<\/em>, E), l&rsquo;Objectivit\u00e9 (<em>Objectivity<\/em>, O), la Bienveillance ou Amabilit\u00e9 (<em>Friendliness<\/em>, F), la R\u00e9flexion philosophique (<em>Thoughtfulness<\/em>, T), les Relations personnelles ou Confiance interpersonnelle (<em>Personal Relations<\/em>, P) et la Masculinit\u00e9 ou Robustesse \u00e9motionnelle (<em>Masculinity<\/em>, M). Chaque trait est mesur\u00e9 par une \u00e9chelle d\u00e9di\u00e9e comprenant exactement 30 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s comportementaux ou attitudinaux.<\/p>\n<p>Le format de r\u00e9ponse offre un choix forc\u00e9 ternaire standardis\u00e9 : \u00ab Oui \u00bb (<em>Yes<\/em>), \u00ab ? \u00bb (incertain ou interm\u00e9diaire) et \u00ab Non \u00bb (<em>No<\/em>). La cotation standard s&rsquo;effectue en d\u00e9nombrant les r\u00e9ponses orient\u00e9es dans le sens du p\u00f4le positif du trait, conduisant \u00e0 des scores bruts transform\u00e9s en centiles ou en notes standardis\u00e9es C-scores (allant de 1 \u00e0 9). Sur le plan des qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante (coefficients compris g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,75 et 0,87 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles) et une remarquable stabilit\u00e9 temporelle test-retest (r compris entre 0,80 et 0,93 \u00e0 court et moyen terme), attestant de la solidit\u00e9 structurelle de ce mod\u00e8le factoriel pionnier de la psychologie des traits.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman, GZTS, Joy Paul Guilford, psychom\u00e9trie factorielle, analyse factorielle, traits de personnalit\u00e9, mod\u00e8le \u00e0 dix facteurs, temp\u00e9rament normal, \u00e9valuation de la personnalit\u00e9, validit\u00e9 de construit.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u par deux figures \u00e9minentes de la psychom\u00e9trie am\u00e9ricaine de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Californie du Sud (<em>University of Southern California<\/em>) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Joy Paul Guilford<\/strong> (1897\u20131987) : Professeur de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Californie du Sud (USC), pr\u00e9sident de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\">American Psychological Association<\/a> (APA) en 1950, th\u00e9oricien de la structure de l&rsquo;intellect et pionnier mondial de l&rsquo;application de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle \u00e0 la mesure des diff\u00e9rences individuelles cognitives et affectives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wayne S. Zimmerman<\/strong> : Psychom\u00e9tricien et statisticien affili\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Californie du Sud, collaborateur direct de J. P. Guilford dans le d\u00e9veloppement des m\u00e9thodes de rotation factorielle et l&rsquo;harmonisation des inventaires de personnalit\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9s au personnel militaire, industriel et civil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman est de fournir une cartographie multidimensionnelle, objective et standardis\u00e9e de la personnalit\u00e9 non clinique chez l&rsquo;adulte et le grand adolescent. Alors que la majorit\u00e9 des tests de personnalit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;imm\u00e9diat apr\u00e8s-guerre \u00e9taient issus de paradigmes psychiatriques ax\u00e9s sur la pathologie (tels que le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory\">MMPI<\/a>), Guilford et Zimmerman se sont donn\u00e9 pour mission d&rsquo;isoler des dimensions stables d\u00e9crivant le fonctionnement adaptatif et les variations individuelles dites \u00ab normales \u00bb de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain.<\/p>\n<p>La justification th\u00e9orique et m\u00e9thodologique du GZTS r\u00e9sidait dans le besoin imp\u00e9rieux de synth\u00e9tiser trois inventaires pr\u00e9alables et distincts d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par Guilford dans les ann\u00e9es 1930 et 1940 : le <em>Nebraska Personality Inventory<\/em> (mesurant l&rsquo;introversion-extraversion et les traits S, E, M), le <em>Personnel Inventory<\/em> (facteurs C, R, G) et l&rsquo;<em>Inventory of Factors STDCR<\/em>. Les praticiens et les chercheurs de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque \u00e9taient confront\u00e9s \u00e0 la lourdeur d&rsquo;administrer plusieurs questionnaires successifs pr\u00e9sentant des chevauchements d&rsquo;items et des intercorr\u00e9lations imparfaitement r\u00e9solues. Le GZTS a unifi\u00e9 ces instruments en une batterie unique, \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e, comprenant 30 items mutuellement exclusifs pour chacun des dix facteurs isol\u00e9s math\u00e9matiquement.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la recherche acad\u00e9mique, le GZTS s&rsquo;est impos\u00e9 comme une mesure de premier plan pour \u00e9tudier l&rsquo;\u00e9tiologie du leadership, le potentiel d&rsquo;innovation et de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9, les trajectoires de r\u00e9ussite professionnelle dans l&rsquo;aviation et l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e, ainsi que les liens entre le temp\u00e9rament et la sant\u00e9 somatique. En psychologie du travail et de l&rsquo;orientation, le questionnaire a servi pendant plusieurs d\u00e9cennies au recrutement, \u00e0 la s\u00e9lection de cadres et au conseil conjugal, offrant un profil graphique continu facilitant l&rsquo;identification des forces comportementales et des zones de friction interpersonnelle d&rsquo;un sujet sans poser de diagnostic psychopathologique restrictif.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le temp\u00e9rament est conceptualis\u00e9 par Guilford et Zimmerman comme la composante dynamique, affective et motivationnelle de la personnalit\u00e9 globale, distincte des aptitudes intellectuelles et des motivations acquises. Le GZTS d\u00e9ploie dix dimensions op\u00e9ratoires d\u00e9taill\u00e9es ci-apr\u00e8s :<\/p>\n<h3>Activit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (General Activity &#8211; G)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce trait refl\u00e8te le rythme vital, l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie motrice et la rapidit\u00e9 d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution. Les individus obtenant un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 manifestent une tendance spontan\u00e9e \u00e0 agir vite, \u00e0 mener simultan\u00e9ment plusieurs t\u00e2ches et \u00e0 ressentir un besoin constant de mouvement. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, les scores bas d\u00e9signent des sujets lents, d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9s, fatigables ou pr\u00e9f\u00e9rant un tempo calme et contemplatif.<\/p>\n<h3>Retenue \/ Contr\u00f4le de soi (Restraint &#8211; R)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce p\u00f4le oppose la d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration, le contr\u00f4le impulsif et le s\u00e9rieux intellectuel \u00e0 l&rsquo;impulsivit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la recherche effr\u00e9n\u00e9e de sensations. Un sujet R \u00e9lev\u00e9 est m\u00e9thodique, prudent, circonspect et pr\u00e9voyant. Un score faible signale un individu insouciant, agissant sur un coup de t\u00eate, volontiers joueur ou insouciant face aux cons\u00e9quences futures.<\/p>\n<h3>Ascendance (Ascendance &#8211; A)<\/h3>\n<p>Mesure de l&rsquo;affirmation de soi et du leadership interpersonnel. Les personnes \u00e0 score \u00e9lev\u00e9 s&rsquo;expriment avec aisance dans les r\u00e9unions publiques, n&rsquo;h\u00e9sitent pas \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre leurs droits face aux vendeurs ou figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9, et prennent naturellement la direction des groupes. Les scores faibles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une attitude effac\u00e9e, timide, soumise ou r\u00e9ticente \u00e0 entrer en confrontation.<\/p>\n<h3>Sociabilit\u00e9 (Sociability &#8211; S)<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9value l&rsquo;app\u00e9tence quantitative pour les contacts sociaux. Un score S \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique un individu qui noue facilement connaissance, adore les grandes assembl\u00e9es mondaines et compte de nombreux amis. Les scores bas caract\u00e9risent les personnes r\u00e9serv\u00e9es, solitaires, limitant leurs fr\u00e9quentations \u00e0 un cercle restreint et \u00e9vitant les foules.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (Emotional Stability &#8211; E)<\/h3>\n<p>Indicateur d&rsquo;hom\u00e9ostasie affective. Les sujets stables affichent un moral constant, un optimisme r\u00e9silient et une excellente tol\u00e9rance aux al\u00e9as de l&rsquo;existence. \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, des scores faibles renvoient \u00e0 des fluctuations d&rsquo;humeur soudaines, \u00e0 des sentiments d&rsquo;abattement sans cause apparente, \u00e0 de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 chronique et \u00e0 une culpabilit\u00e9 disproportionn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>Objectivit\u00e9 (Objectivity &#8211; O)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce facteur distingue l&rsquo;impartialit\u00e9 r\u00e9aliste de l&rsquo;hypersensibilit\u00e9 \u00e9gocentrique. Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 signifie que l&rsquo;individu prend les critiques avec recul et ne personnalise pas les incidents du quotidien. Un score bas d\u00e9note une susceptibilit\u00e9 exacerb\u00e9e, une impression fr\u00e9quente d&rsquo;\u00eatre observ\u00e9 ou pers\u00e9cut\u00e9, et une tendance \u00e0 se sentir vis\u00e9 par autrui.<\/p>\n<h3>Bienveillance \/ Amabilit\u00e9 (Friendliness &#8211; F)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure l&rsquo;acceptation pacifique des frustrations impos\u00e9es par autrui par opposition \u00e0 l&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la bellig\u00e9rance. Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s signalent une disposition conciliante, indulgente et pacifiste. Les scores bas r\u00e9v\u00e8lent de la ranc\u0153ur, un d\u00e9sir de revanche, une agressivit\u00e9 verbale r\u00e9active et une intol\u00e9rance envers l&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence d&rsquo;autrui.<\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e9flexion \/ Pens\u00e9e r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie (Thoughtfulness &#8211; T)<\/h3>\n<p>Caract\u00e9rise la propension \u00e0 l&rsquo;introspection philosophique et \u00e0 l&rsquo;analyse m\u00e9ditative de soi-m\u00eame et du comportement des autres. Le p\u00f4le haut correspond \u00e0 l&rsquo;esprit r\u00e9flexif, philosophique et analytique. Le p\u00f4le bas correspond \u00e0 l&rsquo;esprit pragmatique, orient\u00e9 vers l&rsquo;action ext\u00e9rieure imm\u00e9diate plut\u00f4t que vers la sp\u00e9culation abstraite.<\/p>\n<h3>Relations personnelles (Personal Relations &#8211; P)<\/h3>\n<p>Traduit la tol\u00e9rance envers les institutions humaines, la confiance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale accord\u00e9e \u00e0 ses semblables et l&rsquo;absence de cynisme. Des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une attitude bienveillante et compr\u00e9hensive envers les d\u00e9fauts soci\u00e9taux. Les scores faibles t\u00e9moignent d&rsquo;un esprit critique excessif, d&rsquo;une m\u00e9fiance g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e et d&rsquo;une vision soup\u00e7onneuse des motifs d&rsquo;autrui.<\/p>\n<h3>Masculinit\u00e9 \/ Robustesse \u00e9motionnelle (Masculinity &#8211; M)<\/h3>\n<p>Construct historiquement contextualis\u00e9 refl\u00e9tant l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de r\u00f4les et aux centres d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat traditionnels de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque (activit\u00e9s physiques, m\u00e9canique, absence de d\u00e9go\u00fbt face au sang, dissimulation des larmes, moindre sensibilit\u00e9 esth\u00e9tique ou romantique). Aujourd&rsquo;hui interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 par les psychom\u00e9triciens contemporains comme une facette de duret\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle, d&rsquo;insensibilit\u00e9 au d\u00e9go\u00fbt ou de non-vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 apparente.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre conceptuel du GZTS s&rsquo;enracine rigoureusement dans la <strong>psychologie des traits<\/strong> et le paradigme de l&rsquo;<strong>analyse factorielle math\u00e9matique<\/strong> inaugur\u00e9 par Charles Spearman et perfectionn\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Leon_Thurstone\">Louis Leon Thurstone<\/a>. Joy Paul Guilford rejetait fermement les approches typologiques globales ou psychanalytiques de la personnalit\u00e9 (telles que les th\u00e9ories de Carl Jung ou d&rsquo;Ernst Kretschmer), qu&rsquo;il consid\u00e9rait comme des sp\u00e9culations a priori d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de v\u00e9rifiabilit\u00e9 empirique.<\/p>\n<p>Selon l&rsquo;approche morphologique et math\u00e9matique de Guilford, la personnalit\u00e9 humaine est une structure hi\u00e9rarchique complexe compos\u00e9e d&rsquo;habitudes motrices sp\u00e9cifiques au niveau \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, regroup\u00e9es en traits primaires, eux-m\u00eames articul\u00e9s sous forme de facteurs de second ordre. Le GZTS a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour isoler les <em>traits primaires<\/em> les plus invariants \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;analyses factorielles multiples avec rotations orthogonales vers une structure simple (crit\u00e8re de Thurstone). Guilford postulait que chaque individu poss\u00e8de une combinaison unique mais quantifiable de ces dimensions universelles.<\/p>\n<p>Cette vision a pos\u00e9 les fondations directes des mod\u00e8les modernes de la personnalit\u00e9. En effet, les dix traits du GZTS pr\u00e9figurent avec une clart\u00e9 remarquable le mod\u00e8le ult\u00e9rieur en cinq facteurs (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Five_personality_traits\">Big Five<\/a> de Costa et McCrae) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les traits E et O correspondent \u00e9troitement au p\u00f4le invers\u00e9 du N\u00e9vrosisme.<\/li>\n<li>Les traits S, A et G capturent les multiples facettes de l&rsquo;Extraversion.<\/li>\n<li>Les traits F et P s&rsquo;alignent sur l&rsquo;Agr\u00e9abilit\u00e9 contemporaine.<\/li>\n<li>Le trait R constitue un pr\u00e9curseur direct de la Conscienciosit\u00e9 et du contr\u00f4le de l&rsquo;impulsivit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Le trait T partage des correspondances fondamentales avec les facettes intellectuelles et introspectives de l&rsquo;Ouverture \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une abondante litt\u00e9rature scientifique tout au long de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par Guilford et Zimmerman lors de la conception m\u00eame du test, par des \u00e9tudes factorielles r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es sur de grands \u00e9chantillons civils et militaires (sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 1 000 participants). Les 30 items composant chaque \u00e9chelle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s en fonction de leur saturation \u00e9lev\u00e9e et exclusive sur leur facteur cible respectif, minimisant les saturations secondaires sur les neuf autres dimensions.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Des recherches ult\u00e9rieures, notamment les travaux de r\u00e9analyse psychom\u00e9trique men\u00e9s par McCrae et Costa (1989) dans le cadre de la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <em>Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging<\/em> (BLSA), ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations convergentes robustes entre les \u00e9chelles du GZTS et les domaines du NEO-PI :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle E (Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle) corr\u00e8le n\u00e9gativement de mani\u00e8re massive avec le N\u00e9vrosisme du NEO-PI (r = -0,74).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle S (Sociabilit\u00e9) corr\u00e8le positivement avec l&rsquo;Extraversion (r = 0,72).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle F (Bienveillance) et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle P (Relations personnelles) corr\u00e8lent positivement avec l&rsquo;Agr\u00e9abilit\u00e9 (r = 0,55 et r = 0,61 respectivement).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle R (Retenue) pr\u00e9sente une corr\u00e9lation substantielle avec la Conscienciosit\u00e9 (r = 0,58).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et crit\u00e8res externes<\/h3>\n<p>Dans le domaine organisationnel, les \u00e9tudes longitudinales men\u00e9es par Guilford et ses collaborateurs ont mis en \u00e9vidence la valeur pr\u00e9dictive de l&rsquo;Ascendance (A) et de la Sociabilit\u00e9 (S) pour pr\u00e9dire l&rsquo;avancement hi\u00e9rarchique et l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des gestionnaires de vente. Dans les milieux a\u00e9ronautiques, une combinaison de haute Activit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (G), de haute Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (E) et d&rsquo;Objectivit\u00e9 (O) constituait un pr\u00e9dicteur statistiquement significatif de la r\u00e9ussite lors de la formation de pilotes d&rsquo;essai et de navigateurs militaires.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es psychom\u00e9triques accumul\u00e9es sur le GZTS attestent d&rsquo;une remarquable homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne et d&rsquo;une invariance temporelle de haut niveau :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Les coefficients de coh\u00e9rence interne (mesur\u00e9s par la formule de Kuder-Richardson KR-20 ou le coefficient alpha de Cronbach) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s sur des cohortes repr\u00e9sentatives d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants d&rsquo;universit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;adultes au travail. Les valeurs typiques publi\u00e9es dans le manuel officiel du GZTS (1955) et confirm\u00e9es par les revues ind\u00e9pendantes se situent dans des intervalles de grande rigueur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Activit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (G)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,79 \u00e0 0,84<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retenue (R)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,78 \u00e0 0,83<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ascendance (A)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,82 \u00e0 0,87<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sociabilit\u00e9 (S)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,85 \u00e0 0,89<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (E)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,84 \u00e0 0,88<\/li>\n<li><strong>Objectivit\u00e9 (O)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,77 \u00e0 0,83<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bienveillance (F)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,75 \u00e0 0,82<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9flexion (T)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,78 \u00e0 0,84<\/li>\n<li><strong>Relations personnelles (P)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,80 \u00e0 0,85<\/li>\n<li><strong>Masculinit\u00e9 (M)<\/strong> : alpha = 0,78 \u00e0 0,85<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest \u00e9valu\u00e9e sur un intervalle de trois mois aupr\u00e8s de jeunes adultes montre des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation variant de 0,82 \u00e0 0,91 selon les traits. Dans les recherches d\u00e9veloppementales \u00e0 tr\u00e8s long terme de Terracciano et al. sur la cohorte BLSA, les traits du GZTS ont affich\u00e9 une stabilit\u00e9 ordinale remarquable sur des intervalles atteignant 12 \u00e0 24 ans (coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 corrig\u00e9s de 0,65 \u00e0 0,82), d\u00e9montrant que les traits mesur\u00e9s capturent des dispositions structurales permanentes de l&rsquo;adulte.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture interne du GZTS repr\u00e9sente une application canonique de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) de premi\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, ayant servi de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodologique pour les manuels de psychom\u00e9trie moderne.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle primaire<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 partir d&rsquo;un ensemble de plusieurs centaines de variables comportementales test\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s de recrues de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e et de populations universitaires, Guilford a extrait dix facteurs principaux par la m\u00e9thode des centro\u00efdes, suivie de rotations axiales orthogonales manuelles et analytiques vers la structure simple. Les crit\u00e8res d&rsquo;\u00e9puration appliqu\u00e9s ont conduit \u00e0 s\u00e9lectionner 30 items non chevauchants pour chaque \u00e9chelle. Chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente une saturation factorielle principale g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,40 sur son facteur d&rsquo;appartenance, tandis que les saturations secondaires crois\u00e9es sur les autres facteurs demeurent inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,25.<\/p>\n<h3>Facteurs de second ordre et corr\u00e9lations inter-\u00e9chelles<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que les dix facteurs aient \u00e9t\u00e9 construits pour \u00eatre math\u00e9matiquement distincts, l&rsquo;analyse des matrices d&rsquo;intercorr\u00e9lations entre les dix \u00e9chelles a syst\u00e9matiquement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de dimensions d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur d&rsquo;Activit\u00e9 sociale \/ Extraversion<\/strong> : caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives entre l&rsquo;Activit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (G), l&rsquo;Ascendance (A) et la Sociabilit\u00e9 (S).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur de Sant\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle<\/strong> : articul\u00e9 autour de saturations convergentes entre la Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (E), l&rsquo;Objectivit\u00e9 (O) et le niveau de Bienveillance (F).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur de Socialisation \/ Tol\u00e9rance parano\u00efde<\/strong> : regroupant les Relations personnelles (P) et la Bienveillance (F).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) contemporaines conduites sur des traductions internationales du GZTS ont confirm\u00e9 que le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 10 facteurs primaires offre un ajustement global satisfaisant, validant l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance fonctionnelle des facettes comportementales mod\u00e9lis\u00e9es par les auteurs originaux.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;administration et la structure de l&rsquo;instrument ob\u00e9issent aux standards suivants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 de la personnalit\u00e9 normale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou passation informatis\u00e9e \/ num\u00e9rique individuelle ou collective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 300 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s formul\u00e9s \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me personne du singulier (\u00ab Vous&#8230; \u00bb \/ <em>You&#8230;<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Composition des \u00e9chelles :<\/strong> 10 \u00e9chelles comportant chacune rigoureusement 30 items distincts : G (1 \u00e0 30 \u00e9quivalents r\u00e9partis), R, A, S, E, O, F, T, P, M.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Format de r\u00e9ponse ternaire forc\u00e9 : <strong>Yes<\/strong> (Oui) \/ <strong>?<\/strong> (Incertain \/ Douteux) \/ <strong>No<\/strong> (Non).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1 point est accord\u00e9 lorsque la r\u00e9ponse co\u00efncide avec la direction cl\u00e9 du trait (r\u00e9ponse orient\u00e9e positivement vers le trait).<\/li>\n<li>0 point pour la direction inverse ou pour le choix de la r\u00e9ponse interm\u00e9diaire \u00ab ? \u00bb (les points d&rsquo;interrogation ne contribuent pas au score positif du trait).<\/li>\n<li>Score brut maximal par \u00e9chelle : 30 points (minimum = 0).<\/li>\n<li>Les scores bruts sont transform\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de tables d&rsquo;\u00e9talonnage en scores C (\u00e9chelle standardis\u00e9e de 1 \u00e0 9, avec moyenne de 5 et \u00e9cart-type de 2) ou en rangs centiles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 45 \u00e0 60 minutes pour l&rsquo;ensemble des 300 items (passation non chronom\u00e9tr\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1948 (r\u00e9visions du manuel publi\u00e9es en 1955, 1969 et 1976).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9diteur historique et statut des droits :<\/strong> Con\u00e7u et publi\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par <em>Sheridan Psychological Services, Inc.<\/em> (Orange, Californie). L&rsquo;instrument rel\u00e8ve de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle commerciale et du droit d&rsquo;auteur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation professionnelle en contexte de recrutement ou d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique requiert l&rsquo;acquisition de livrets de test et de feuilles de profil officiels aupr\u00e8s des distributeurs agr\u00e9\u00e9s de mat\u00e9riel psychotechnique. Pour la recherche universitaire fondamentale, des autorisations acad\u00e9miques sp\u00e9ciales ont fr\u00e9quemment \u00e9t\u00e9 octroy\u00e9es sur demande formelle aupr\u00e8s des ayants droit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Guilford, J. P., &#038; Zimmerman, W. S. (1948). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. <em>The Journal of Applied Psychology<\/em>, 32(4), 375\u2013387. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0061803\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0061803<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Guilford, J. P., &#038; Zimmerman, W. S. (1955). <em>The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: Handbook of instructions and interpretations<\/em>. Sheridan Psychological Services.<\/li>\n<li>Guilford, J. P. (1975). Factors and factors of personality. <em>Psychological Bulletin<\/em>, 82(5), 802\u2013814. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0077134\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0077134<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McCrae, R. R., &#038; Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality. <em>Journal of Personality<\/em>, 57(1), 17\u201340. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., Jr., &#038; McCrae, R. R. (2006). Personality plasticity after age 30. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin<\/em>, 32(8), 999\u20131009. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167206288599\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167206288599<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>Response format:<\/strong> Yes &nbsp; ? &nbsp; No<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>You start to work on a new project with a great deal of enthusiasm<\/li>\n<li>You would rather plan an activity than take part in it.<\/li>\n<li>You have more than once taken the lead In organizing a project or a group of some kind.<\/li>\n<li>You like to entertain guests.<\/li>\n<li>Your Interests change quickly from one thing to another.<\/li>\n<li>When you eat meal with others\u201a you are usually one of the last to finish.<\/li>\n<li>You believe in the idea that we should \u00ab\u00a0eat\u201a drink\u201a and be merry\u201a for tomorrow we die\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>When you find that something you have bought is defective\u201a you hesitate to demand an exchange or a refund.<\/li>\n<li>You find it easy to make new acquaintances.<\/li>\n<li>You are sometimes bubbling over with energy and sometimes very sluggish.<\/li>\n<li>You are happiest when you get involved in some project that calls for rapid action.<\/li>\n<li>Other people think of you as being very serious minded.<\/li>\n<li>In being thrown by chance with a stranger\u201a you wait for him to Introduce himself.<\/li>\n<li>You like to take part in many social activities.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes feel \u00ab\u00a0just miserable\u00a0\u00bb for no good reason at all.<\/li>\n<li>You are often so much \u00ab\u00a0on the go\u00a0\u00bb that sooner or later you may wear yourself out.<\/li>\n<li>You like parties you attend to be lively.<\/li>\n<li>If you hold an opinion that is radically different from that expressed by a lecturer\u201a you are likely to tell him about it either during or after the lecture.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult for you to chat about things in general with people.<\/li>\n<li>You give little thought to your failures after they are past.<\/li>\n<li>You often wonder where others get all the excess energy they seem to have.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to stop to think things over before you act.<\/li>\n<li>You avoid arguing over a price with a clerk or salesman.<\/li>\n<li>You would dislike very much to work alone In some Isolated place.<\/li>\n<li>You often find It difficult to go to sleep at night because you keep thinking of what happened during the day.<\/li>\n<li>You find yourself hurrying to get places even when there is plenty of time.<\/li>\n<li>You like work that requires considerable attention to details.<\/li>\n<li>You are satisfied to let soma one else take the lead in group activities.<\/li>\n<li>You enjoy getting acquainted with people.<\/li>\n<li>It takes a lot to get you emotionally stirred up or excited.<\/li>\n<li>You work more slowly and deliberately than most people of your sex and age.<\/li>\n<li>You are a carefree individual.<\/li>\n<li>When a person does not play fair you hesitate to say anything about it to him.<\/li>\n<li>It bothers you to have people watch you at work.<\/li>\n<li>You have usually been optimistic about your future.<\/li>\n<li>You like to have plenty of time to stop and rest.<\/li>\n<li>You take life very seriously.<\/li>\n<li>You enjoy applying for a job in person.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to be a host or hostess for parties at a club.<\/li>\n<li>You often feel grouchy.<\/li>\n<li>You are the kind of person who is \u00ab\u00a0on the go\u00a0\u00bb all the time.<\/li>\n<li>You often crave excitement.<\/li>\n<li>The thought of making a speech frightens you.<\/li>\n<li>You find it easy to start conversation with strangers.<\/li>\n<li>You often feel guilty without a very good reason for it.<\/li>\n<li>People think you are a very energetic person.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes make quick decisions that you later wish you hadn&rsquo;t made.<\/li>\n<li>You find it difficult to ask people for money or other donations\u201a even for a cause in which you interested.<\/li>\n<li>You are&rsquo; so naturally friendly that people immediately feel at ease with you.<\/li>\n<li>You au daydream a great deal.<\/li>\n<li>You are quick in your actions.<\/li>\n<li>You have a habit of starting things and then losing interest in them.<\/li>\n<li>When you were child\u201a many of your playmates naturally expected you to be the leader.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes avoid social contacts for fear of doing or saying the wrong thing.<\/li>\n<li>You have frequent ups and downs in mood\u201a sometimes with and sometimes without apparent cause.<\/li>\n<li>You always seem to have plenty of vigor and vitality.<\/li>\n<li>It difficult for you to understand people who get very concerned about things.<\/li>\n<li>when a clerk in a store waits on others who should come after you\u201a you call his attention to the fact.<\/li>\n<li>You would be very unhappy if you were prevented from making numerous social contacts.<\/li>\n<li>There are times when your future looks very dark.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes wish that people would slow down a bit and give you a chance to catch up.<\/li>\n<li>Man y of your friends think you take your work too seriously.<\/li>\n<li>You hesitate to walk into a meeting when you know that everyone&rsquo;s eyes will be upon you.<\/li>\n<li>You limit your friendships mostly to members of your own sex.<\/li>\n<li>You almost always feel well and strong.<\/li>\n<li>You seem to lack the drive necessary to get as much done as other people do.<\/li>\n<li>You make decisions on the spur of the moment.<\/li>\n<li>You are rather good at bluffing when you find yourself in difficulty.<\/li>\n<li>After being introduced to someone\u201a you just cannot think of things to say to make good conversation.<\/li>\n<li>You feel lonesome even when with other people.<\/li>\n<li>You are able to work for unusually long hours without feeling tired.<\/li>\n<li>You often act on the first thought that comes into your head.<\/li>\n<li>It the scene of an accident\u201a you take an active part in helping out.<\/li>\n<li>You have difficulty in making new friends.<\/li>\n<li>Your mood often changes from happiness to sadness\u201a or vice versa\u201a without your knowing why.<\/li>\n<li>You talk more slowly than most people.<\/li>\n<li>You like to play practical jokes upon others.<\/li>\n<li>You take the lead in putting life into a dull party.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to belong to as many clubs and social organizations as possible.<\/li>\n<li>There are times when your mind seems to work very slowly and other times when it works very rapidly.<\/li>\n<li>You like to do things slowly and deliberately.<\/li>\n<li>You are a happy-go-lucky individual.<\/li>\n<li>When you are served stale or inferior food in a restaurant\u201a you say nothing about it.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather apply for a job by writing a letter than by going through with a personal interview.<\/li>\n<li>You are often in low spirits.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to rush from one activity to another without pausing enough for rest.<\/li>\n<li>You are so concerned about the future that you do not get as much fun out of the present as you might.<\/li>\n<li>When you are attracted to a person whom you have not met\u201a you make an active attempt to get acquainted even though It may be quite difficult.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to limit your acquaintances to a se\u200elect few.<\/li>\n<li>You seldom give your past mistakes a second thought.<\/li>\n<li>You are less energetic Than many people you know.<\/li>\n<li>You often stop to analyze your thoughts and feelings.<\/li>\n<li>You speak out in meetings to oppose those who you feel sure are wrong.<\/li>\n<li>You are so shy it bothers you.<\/li>\n<li>You are sometimes bothered by ha\u200eving a useless thought come into your mind over and over.<\/li>\n<li>You get things done in a hurry.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult for you to understand how some people can be so unconcerned about the future.<\/li>\n<li>You like to sell things (that is\u201a to act as a salesman).<\/li>\n<li>You are often the \u00ab\u00a0life of the party\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>You find daydreaming very enjoyable.<\/li>\n<li>At work or at play other people find it hard to keep up with the pace you set.<\/li>\n<li>You can listen to a lecture without feeling restless.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather work for a good boss than for yourself.<\/li>\n<li>You can express yourself more easily in speech than in writing.<\/li>\n<li>You keep in fairly uniform spirits.<\/li>\n<li>You dislike to be hurried in your work.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes find yourself \u00ab\u00a0crossing bridges before you come to them\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>You find it somewhat difficult to say \u00ab\u00a0no\u00a0\u00bb to a salesman who tries to sell you something you do not really want.<\/li>\n<li>There are only a few friends with whom you can relax and have a good time.<\/li>\n<li>You usually keep cheerful in spite of trouble.<\/li>\n<li>People sometimes tell you to \u00ab\u00a0slow down\u00a0\u00bb or \u00ab\u00a0take it easy\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>You are one of those who drink or smoke more than they know they should.<\/li>\n<li>When you think you recognize someone you see in a public place\u201a you ask him whether you have met him before.<\/li>\n<li>You prefer to work alone.<\/li>\n<li>Disappointments affect you so little that you seldom think about them twice.<\/li>\n<li>You are slow and deliberate in movement.<\/li>\n<li>You like wild enthusiasm\u201a sometimes to a point bordering on rowdyism\u201a at a football or baseball game.<\/li>\n<li>You feel self-conscious in the presence of important people.<\/li>\n<li>People think of you as being a very social type of person.<\/li>\n<li>You have often los sleep over your worries.<\/li>\n<li>You can turn out a large amount of work in a short time.<\/li>\n<li>You keep at a task until it is done\u201a even after nearly everyone else has given up.<\/li>\n<li>You can think of a good excuse when you need one.<\/li>\n<li>Other people say that it is difficult to get to know you well.<\/li>\n<li>Your daydreams are often about things that can never come true.<\/li>\n<li>You often run upstairs taking two steps at a time.<\/li>\n<li>You seldom let your responsibilities interfere with your ha\u200eving a good time.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to take on important responsibilities such as organizing a new business.<\/li>\n<li>You have hesitated to make or to accept \u00ab\u00a0dates\u00a0\u00bb because of shyness.<\/li>\n<li>Your mood is very easily influenced by people around you.<\/li>\n<li>Others are often amazed on the amount of work you turn out.<\/li>\n<li>You generally feel as though you haven&rsquo;t a care in the world.<\/li>\n<li>You find it difficult to get rid of a salesman to whom you do not care to listen or give your time.<\/li>\n<li>You are a listener rather than a talker in social conversations.<\/li>\n<li>You almost always feel that life is very much worth living.<\/li>\n<li>It irritates you to have to wail at a crossing for a long freight train to pass.<\/li>\n<li>You usually say what you feel like saying at the moment.<\/li>\n<li>You like to speak in public.<\/li>\n<li>You like to be with people.<\/li>\n<li>You generally keep cool and think clearly in exciting situations.<\/li>\n<li>Other people regard you as a lively individual.<\/li>\n<li>When you get angry\u201a if you let yourself go you feel better.<\/li>\n<li>You seek to avoid all trouble with other people.<\/li>\n<li>People seem to enjoy being with you.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes feel listless and tired for no good reason.<\/li>\n<li>It is hard to understand why many people are so slow and get so little done.<\/li>\n<li>You are fond of betting on horse races and games\u201a whether you can afford it or nol.<\/li>\n<li>If someone you know has been spreading untrue and bad stories about you\u201a you see him as soon as possible and have a talk about it.<\/li>\n<li>Shyness keeps you from being as popular as you should be.<\/li>\n<li>You are generally free from worry about possible misfortunes.<\/li>\n<li>You nearly always receive all the credit that is coming to you for things you do.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to tell certain people a thing or two.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather spend an evening reading at home than to attend a large party.<\/li>\n<li>You would change a lot of things about human nature if you could have your way about it.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to go hunting with a rifle for wild game.<\/li>\n<li>In group activities you get your full share of everything.<\/li>\n<li>In most cases it is important to get what you want even if you have to light to get it.<\/li>\n<li>You often try to analyze the motives of others.<\/li>\n<li>Most public office holders generally put public interests ahead of their own.<\/li>\n<li>The sight of blood frightens you.<\/li>\n<li>People talk about you behind your back.<\/li>\n<li>Money is important mostly because it gives its owner power.<\/li>\n<li>It is easy for you to act naturally wherever you are.<\/li>\n<li>Most people are stupid.<\/li>\n<li>You feel deeply sorry fat a bird with a broken wing.<\/li>\n<li>Other people often blame you for things you didn&rsquo;t do.<\/li>\n<li>You hate to lose in a contest.<\/li>\n<li>You like a job that requires attention to many details.<\/li>\n<li>Most people fulfill their duties even when not being watched.<\/li>\n<li>You can look at snakes without shuddering.<\/li>\n<li>You often become bored when the subject of conversation shifts away from your own experience\u201a hobbies\u201a or interests.<\/li>\n<li>You hate to lose an argument even when the issue is not very important.<\/li>\n<li>You are usually too busy to spend time in reflective thought.<\/li>\n<li>Most people know what to do without being told.<\/li>\n<li>When a parent\u201a teacher\u201a or boss scolds you\u201a you feel like weeping.<\/li>\n<li>You are touchy about something.<\/li>\n<li>You know someone whom you would particularly like to see \u00ab\u00a0put in his (or her) place\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>You are more interested in athletics than in intellectual things.<\/li>\n<li>Most people are paid as well as they should be for what they contribute to society.<\/li>\n<li>The idea of finding a bug or a worm crawling on you makes you shudder.<\/li>\n<li>You often feel that one of the main ch\u200earacters in a movie or a play is like you.<\/li>\n<li>You hesitate to tell people to mind their own business.<\/li>\n<li>You make it a policy to evaluate your past actions carefully.<\/li>\n<li>In most places the traffic laws are in great need of improvement.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather study mathematics and science than literature and music.<\/li>\n<li>You get into scrapes which you did not seek to stir up.<\/li>\n<li>You resent ha\u200eving friends or members of your family give you orders.<\/li>\n<li>You are philosophically inclined\u201a that is\u201a inclined to philosophize about things.<\/li>\n<li>Most people keep to the \u00ab\u00a0straight and narrow path\u00a0\u00bb only because of the fear of being caught.<\/li>\n<li>You specially dislike to get your hands dirty or greasy.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to think about yourself much of the time.<\/li>\n<li>You have frequently felt like telling \u00ab\u00a0nosey\u00a0\u00bb people to mind their own business.<\/li>\n<li>You are frequently \u00ab\u00a0lost in thought\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>Far too many people try to take as much as they can and give as little as possible back to society.<\/li>\n<li>You like to read true stories about love and romance.<\/li>\n<li>You get over a humiliating experience very quickly.<\/li>\n<li>In group undertakings you almost always feel that your own plans are best.<\/li>\n<li>You like to discuss the more serious questions of life with your friends.<\/li>\n<li>Most people today try to do an honest day&rsquo;s work for a day&rsquo;s pay.<\/li>\n<li>You pay little attention to styles in clothing.<\/li>\n<li>Almost everything that happens seems to have some relationship to you.<\/li>\n<li>When people become bossy or domineering\u201a you want to do the opposite of everything they tell you to do.<\/li>\n<li>You often would like to know the underlying reasons behind the actions of other people.<\/li>\n<li>There are far too many useless laws which hamper an individual&rsquo;s personal freedom.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather be a forest ranger than a dress designer.<\/li>\n<li>Certain people deliberately say or do things to annoy you.<\/li>\n<li>Some people become so rude that you feel the urge to \u00ab\u00a0sit on them\u00a0\u00bb or to \u00ab\u00a0tell them off\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>You sometimes have a peculiar feeling that you are not your old self.<\/li>\n<li>Most people who get ahead today do so because they have \u00ab\u00a0pull\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>The sound of foul language disgusts you.<\/li>\n<li>There are many kinds of work that you would not think of doing because they are not good enough for you.<\/li>\n<li>You get into fights or arguments in defense of your friends or members of your family.<\/li>\n<li>You enjoy thinking out complicated problems.<\/li>\n<li>Most people learn quickly to aV9id making the same mistake twice.<\/li>\n<li>You are only mildly disturbed when you see or hear of animals being treated cruelly.<\/li>\n<li>People offend you without knowing it because you hide your feelings from them.<\/li>\n<li>You get a lot of satisfaction from making other people do as you want them to.<\/li>\n<li>You often take time out just to meditate about things.<\/li>\n<li>You have received about all the rewards in life that you deserve.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather be an interior decorator than an architectural engineer.<\/li>\n<li>You have felt that certain persons are secretly trying to get the better of you.<\/li>\n<li>You are likely to talk back to a policeman or other person in authority over you if you feel like it.<\/li>\n<li>You find it very interesting to watch people to see what they will do.<\/li>\n<li>The number of \u00ab\u00a0two-faced\u00a0\u00bb individuals you have known is actually very small.<\/li>\n<li>You feel very badly if someone does not approve of what you are wearing.<\/li>\n<li>You very often seek the advice of other people.<\/li>\n<li>When someone is not playing fair\u201a you like to see him beaten at his own game.<\/li>\n<li>You are constantly alert to ways of improving yourself.<\/li>\n<li>Most groups of people behave like a bunch of sheep\u201a that is\u201a they blindly follow a leader.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather go to an athletic event than to a dance.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult to hurt your feelings.<\/li>\n<li>Anyone trying to take away any of your lawful rights will have a real fight on his hands with you personally.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to steer clear of complicated problems that call for thinking.<\/li>\n<li>In general\u201a people higher up tend to assume their share of the dirty work\u201a not leaving it for hers to do.<\/li>\n<li>The sight of ragged or soiled fingernails is repulsive to you.<\/li>\n<li>There have been times when you have been bothered by the idea that someone is reading your thoughts.<\/li>\n<li>It pays to \u00ab\u00a0turn the other cheek\u00a0\u00bb rather than to start a fight.<\/li>\n<li>You try to sense what people are thinking about as they talk to you.<\/li>\n<li>You have had your share of good luck.<\/li>\n<li>You feel deeply sorry for a mistreated horse.<\/li>\n<li>You have been seriously slighted more than once.<\/li>\n<li>When you resent the actions of anyone\u201a you promptly tell him so.<\/li>\n<li>After a critical moment is over\u201a you usually think of something you should have done but didn&rsquo;t do.<\/li>\n<li>You want a thing done right. you must do it yourself.<\/li>\n<li>You can handle a loaded gun without feeling at all jittery.<\/li>\n<li>Other people too often take the credit for things you yourself have done.<\/li>\n<li>You know or have known someone personally whom you would like to see behind prison bars.<\/li>\n<li>You are much concerned over the morals of your generation.<\/li>\n<li>Large business corporations are a good thing.<\/li>\n<li>You cry rather easily.<\/li>\n<li>When things go wrong\u201a It upsets you very little.<\/li>\n<li>You see to it that people do not take advantage of you.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to ponder over your past.<\/li>\n<li>Some people pay more attention to your comings and goings than they should.<\/li>\n<li>The sight of large bugs and spiders gives you a \u00ab\u00a0creepy\u00a0\u00bb feeling.<\/li>\n<li>You often feel that a speaker is talking about you personally.<\/li>\n<li>You are unhappy unless things in an organization go pretty much as you want them to.<\/li>\n<li>You enjoy analyzing your own thoughts and feelings.<\/li>\n<li>Most people use politeness to cover up what is really \u00ab\u00a0cut-throat\u00a0\u00bb competition.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather be a building contractor than a nurse.<\/li>\n<li>You have days in which it seems that everything goes wrong.<\/li>\n<li>You feel the urge to stir up some excitement when things become dull.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather put plans into action than to spend time working them out.<\/li>\n<li>The educational system in this country is all right in most ways.<\/li>\n<li>You feel sorry for a fish that is caught on a hook.<\/li>\n<li>You often unburden your troubles to others.<\/li>\n<li>You would like to have enough money or power in order to impress people who think they are better than you are.<\/li>\n<li>You frequently find yourself in a meditative stale.<\/li>\n<li>People today have just about as many chances for success as in your parents&rsquo; day.<\/li>\n<li>You feel strongly against kissing a friend of your own sex and age.<\/li>\n<li>You are too sensitive for your own good.<\/li>\n<li>You have often found it necessary to fight for what you believe to be right.<\/li>\n<li>You often watch others to see what effects your words or actions have upon them.<\/li>\n<li>Most people are ou.t to get more than they give.<\/li>\n<li>You are willing to take a chance alone in a situation where the outcome is doubtful.<\/li>\n<li>People have criticized you unjustly to others.<\/li>\n<li>The opinions of most people are worthless.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to be introspective\u201a that is\u201a to analyze yourself.<\/li>\n<li>Almost anyone\u201a even though poor\u201a can get a square deal in courts of law.<\/li>\n<li>You would rather be a miner than a florist.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult for you to become interested in the problems of others when you have so many of your own.<\/li>\n<li>It bothers you to have other people tell you what you should do.<\/li>\n<li>You often wonder about why human life exists and what its future is.<\/li>\n<li>Some people deliberately make things hard for you.<\/li>\n<li>Odors of perspiration disgust you.<\/li>\n<li>Criticism disturbs you very little.<\/li>\n<li>It bothers you to see someone else bungling a job that you know perfectly well how to manage.<\/li>\n<li>You are inclined to live in the present\u201a leaving the past and the future out of your thoughts.<\/li>\n<li>Most people will tell a lie now and then in order to get ahead.<\/li>\n<li>The sight of an unshaven man disgusts you.<\/li>\n<li>When you lose something you often begin to suspect someone of either ha\u200eving taken it or ha\u200eving misplaced it.<\/li>\n<li>There are some people whose actions seem continually to irritate you.<\/li>\n<li>You like to have time to be alone with your thoughts.<\/li>\n<li>There are entirely too many employees who deserve higher pay than their bosses.<\/li>\n<li>You like love scenes in a movie or play.<\/li>\n<li>There are times when it seems that everyone is against you.<\/li>\n<li>If anyone steps ahead of you in line\u201a he is likely to hear from you about it.<\/li>\n<li>You often wonder why people behave as they do.<\/li>\n<li>Nearly all people try to do the right thing when given a chance.<\/li>\n<li>When you become emotional you come to the point of tears.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;Inventaire du temp\u00e9rament de Guilford-Zimmerman (GZTS) : historique, fondements th\u00e9oriques, dimensions \u00e9valu\u00e9es, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et grille compl\u00e8te des 300 items.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1159,1169,2],"tags":[245,24019,24018,1163,16,6119,282,14486],"class_list":["post-15275","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-de-la-personnalite","category-psychologie-differentielle","category-psychometrie","tag-analyse-factorielle","tag-guilford","tag-gzts","tag-personnalite","tag-psychometrie","tag-temperament","tag-tests-psychologiques","tag-zimmerman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15275"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15275\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}