{"id":15204,"date":"2026-10-08T16:03:45","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T16:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/elementary-school-success-profile-essp-parent\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T16:03:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T16:03:45","slug":"elementary-school-success-profile-essp-parent","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=elementary-school-success-profile-essp-parent","title":{"rendered":"Profil de r\u00e9ussite \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire (ESSP) &#8211; Pour les parents"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Profil de r\u00e9ussite \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire \u2014 Version pour les parents<\/strong> (<em>Elementary School Success Profile \u2013 Parent Version<\/em>, ESSP-Parent) est un instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique et socio-\u00e9cologique multidimensionnel d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 pour mesurer les facteurs contextuels de risque et de protection influen\u00e7ant la trajectoire scolaire, sociale et comportementale des \u00e9l\u00e8ves de l&rsquo;enseignement primaire (de la 3e \u00e0 la 5e ann\u00e9e primaire, \u00e9quivalant aux niveaux CE2, CM1 et CM2 dans le syst\u00e8me francophone). Con\u00e7u initialement par Natasha K. Bowen, Gary L. Bowen et leurs collaborateurs au sein de l&rsquo;\u00e9cole de travail social de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill (UNC Chapel Hill), cet outil s&rsquo;inscrit au sein d&rsquo;une batterie d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation globale triangul\u00e9e comprenant les perspectives de l&rsquo;enfant (ESSP-Child), de l&rsquo;enseignant (ESSP-Teacher) et des parents (ESSP-Parent).<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire pour les parents comporte 54 items ou ensembles de questions structur\u00e9s explorant plusieurs micro- et m\u00e9so-syst\u00e8mes \u00e9cologiques fondamentaux : les caract\u00e9ristiques sociod\u00e9mographiques et structurelles du foyer, l&rsquo;environnement du quartier (coh\u00e9sion sociale, efficacit\u00e9 collective, s\u00e9curit\u00e9 physique, criminalit\u00e9), les relations \u00e9cole-famille (implication parentale, perception de l&rsquo;engagement des enseignants, obstacles organisationnels), l&rsquo;environnement \u00e9ducatif au foyer (soutien aux devoirs, encadrement des \u00e9crans, r\u00e9gulation cognitive), les dynamiques familiales (chaleur affective, pratiques disciplinaires, r\u00e9solution de conflits) et le profil comportemental et socio-\u00e9motionnel de l&rsquo;enfant (comp\u00e9tences prosociales, r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, comportements agressifs et oppositionnels). Les formats de r\u00e9ponse varient selon les modules : \u00e9chelles ordonn\u00e9es de Likert en 4, 5 ou 6 points, formats dichotomiques (Oui\/Non) et variables cat\u00e9gorielles.<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent, valid\u00e9es notamment par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires rigoureuses (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3120049\/\">Wegmann, Thompson, &amp; Bowen, 2011<\/a> ; Bowen, 2008), r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une structure factorielle stable, une excellente consistance interne pour les \u00e9chelles composites (coefficients alpha de Cronbach variant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,78 et 0,91) ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de construit, convergente et discriminante robuste. L&rsquo;ESSP-Parent s&rsquo;impose ainsi comme un dispositif de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation diagnostique, le d\u00e9pistage universel ou cibl\u00e9, et la conception d&rsquo;interventions individualis\u00e9es en milieu scolaire.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Profil de r\u00e9ussite \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire, ESSP, \u00e9valuation socio-\u00e9cologique, implication parentale, climat de quartier, comp\u00e9tences prosociales, r\u00e9gulation comportementale, th\u00e9orie bio\u00e9cologique, relations \u00e9cole-famille, psychom\u00e9trie scolaire, analyse factorielle confirmatoire, facteurs de risque et de protection, travail social scolaire.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument <em>Elementary School Success Profile<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par une \u00e9quipe pluridisciplinaire d&rsquo;universitaires et de chercheurs en sciences sociales et en travail social de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unc.edu\/\">Universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill<\/a> (UNC School of Social Work) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Natasha K. Bowen, Ph.D., MSW<\/strong> : Chercheuse principale et conceptrice de la version pour enfants et de l&rsquo;adaptation pour parents de l&rsquo;ESSP. Sp\u00e9cialiste des m\u00e9thodes quantitatives, de la mod\u00e9lisation par \u00e9quations structurelles et des interventions \u00e9cologiques en milieu scolaire. Ancienne professeure \u00e0 l&rsquo;UNC Chapel Hill, actuellement professeure \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ohio State University (College of Social Work).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gary L. Bowen, Ph.D., ACSW<\/strong> : Doyen \u00e9m\u00e9rite et professeur Kenan Distinguished Professor \u00e0 la School of Social Work de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill. Pionnier du d\u00e9veloppement du mod\u00e8le original <em>School Success Profile<\/em> (SSP) pour les adolescents du coll\u00e8ge et du lyc\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jack M. Richman, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur et ancien doyen de la School of Social Work de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill, expert de la r\u00e9silience familiale, du soutien social et de la gestion ax\u00e9e sur les r\u00e9sultats.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Michael E. Woolley, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Collaborateur scientifique sur les premi\u00e8res phases de validation psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;ESSP, professeur agr\u00e9g\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Maryland.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kate M. Wegmann, Ph.D., MSW<\/strong> et <strong>Aaron M. Thompson, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheurs associ\u00e9s ayant men\u00e9 les analyses factorielles confirmatoires avanc\u00e9es et la standardisation de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;environnement familial et du comportement social.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;<strong>ESSP-Parent<\/strong> est de fournir une cartographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, standardis\u00e9e et \u00e9cologiquement valide des facteurs de risque et des facteurs de r\u00e9silience qui gravitent autour de l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire. Alors que les outils d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation traditionnels se limitent souvent \u00e0 diagnostiquer des d\u00e9ficits intrins\u00e8ques \u00e0 l&rsquo;enfant (par exemple, des difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;apprentissage isol\u00e9es ou des troubles du comportement r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s selon le DSM), l&rsquo;ESSP adopte une perspective syst\u00e9mique qui appr\u00e9hende l&rsquo;adaptation scolaire comme le r\u00e9sultat de transactions continues entre l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve et ses micro-environnements fondamentaux : le foyer, l&rsquo;\u00e9cole et le quartier de r\u00e9sidence.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications en recherche<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les contextes de recherche en psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement, en \u00e9ducation et en travail social, l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent sert d&rsquo;instrument de collecte standardis\u00e9 pour :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Analyser les m\u00e9canismes m\u00e9diateurs et mod\u00e9rateurs par lesquels le statut socio-\u00e9conomique, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue du quartier ou le climat familial influencent le rendement acad\u00e9mique et l&rsquo;ajustement psychosocial de l&rsquo;enfant ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9valuer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 diff\u00e9rentielle des programmes d&rsquo;intervention pr\u00e9ventive ou de soutien \u00e0 la parentalit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n<li>Explorer la convergence inter-informateurs en croisant les perceptions des parents avec celles des enseignants et des \u00e9l\u00e8ves eux-m\u00eames afin d&rsquo;\u00e9tudier les biais d&rsquo;observation contextuels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Applications cliniques et scolaires<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la pratique professionnelle des psychologues scolaires, conseillers d&rsquo;orientation et travailleurs sociaux scolaires, l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent est d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 dans le cadre des syst\u00e8mes de soutien \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux (<em>Multi-Tiered Systems of Support<\/em> \u2014 MTSS ou <em>Response to Intervention<\/em> \u2014 RTI) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pistage universel et identification pr\u00e9coce :<\/strong> Permettre de rep\u00e9rer les enfants \u00e9voluant dans des contextes cumulatifs de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 (ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 r\u00e9sidentielle, isolement social, conflits de quartier) avant l&rsquo;apparition d&rsquo;un \u00e9chec scolaire patent ou de troubles externalis\u00e9s s\u00e9v\u00e8res ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9valuation diagnostique individualis\u00e9e (Niveau 2 et 3) :<\/strong> Lorsqu&rsquo;un \u00e9l\u00e8ve manifeste une rupture scolaire ou comportementale, l&rsquo;outil met en lumi\u00e8re les ressources inexploit\u00e9es du syst\u00e8me familial (chaleur affective \u00e9lev\u00e9e, engagement pour les devoirs) tout en identifiant les leviers d&rsquo;action concrets (besoin d&rsquo;am\u00e9nagements d&rsquo;horaires pour les r\u00e9unions de parents d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ves, m\u00e9diation de quartier) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Planification d&rsquo;interventions cibl\u00e9es ax\u00e9es sur les r\u00e9sultats (<em>Results-Management Approach<\/em>) :<\/strong> Les donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par le profil alimentent directement l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de plans d&rsquo;action personnalis\u00e9s associant l&rsquo;\u00e9cole, la famille et les partenaires communautaires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;ESSP-Parent op\u00e9rationnalise un m\u00e9taconstruit d&rsquo;<strong>adaptation scolaire et \u00e9cologique<\/strong> d\u00e9compos\u00e9 en plusieurs dimensions et sous-\u00e9chelles compl\u00e9mentaires, structur\u00e9es autour de trois piliers principaux : l&rsquo;environnement communautaire\/quartier, le syst\u00e8me famille-\u00e9cole, et le fonctionnement de l&rsquo;enfant au foyer.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:20px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color:#f1f5f9; text-align:left;\">\n<th style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Dimension \u00e9cologique<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Sous-\u00e9chelles \/ Composantes<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">D\u00e9finition op\u00e9rationnelle et indicateurs cl\u00e9s<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>1. Contexte sociod\u00e9mographique &amp; structurel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Stabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, niveau d&rsquo;instruction, composition du m\u00e9nage<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Mesure la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re subjective, le statut marital, la scolarit\u00e9 des tuteurs, la mobilit\u00e9 r\u00e9sidentielle et l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux transports vers l&rsquo;\u00e9cole (items 1 \u00e0 18).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>2. Environnement du quartier<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Coh\u00e9sion sociale, efficacit\u00e9 collective, s\u00e9curit\u00e9\/victimisation, mod\u00e8les d\u00e9viants<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">\u00c9value la confiance mutuelle entre voisins, la surveillance adulte partag\u00e9e (items 22a-g), l&rsquo;exposition directe aux violences\/drogues (items 20, 21a-h) et la pr\u00e9sence de pairs adolescents prosociaux ou d\u00e9viants (item 24).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>3. Partenariat \u00c9cole-Famille<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Engagement parental \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole, perception des enseignants, sentiment d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Mesure la participation aux r\u00e9unions, b\u00e9n\u00e9volat, contacts avec l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe p\u00e9dagogique (item 34), la perception du soutien professoral (items 28-30), et les barri\u00e8res professionnelles (item 33).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>4. Environnement \u00e9ducatif au foyer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Soutien acad\u00e9mique, r\u00e9gulation des activit\u00e9s d&rsquo;apprentissage, gestion du temps d&rsquo;\u00e9cran<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Fr\u00e9quence des discussions sur les apprentissages scolaires, v\u00e9rification des devoirs (item 35), r\u00e9gulation des loisirs num\u00e9riques\/TV (items 36, 41-43), et investissement dans la lecture.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>5. Dynamiques familiales &amp; Pratiques parentales<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Chaleur affective parentale, coh\u00e9sion familiale, discipline coh\u00e9rente<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Manifestations explicites d&rsquo;affection et d&rsquo;encouragement (item 48), soutien \u00e9motionnel intrafamilial (item 49), utilisation de renforcements positifs versus pratiques disciplinaires inductives ou punitives (item 51).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\"><strong>6. Comportement social de l&rsquo;enfant<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Comp\u00e9tences prosociales, r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, agressivit\u00e9 physique<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px; border:1px solid #cbd5e1;\">Capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;affiliation avec des pairs prosociaux (item 37), autocontr\u00f4le et empathie (item 38), comportements agressifs manifestes et bagarres physiques (item 39).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent s&rsquo;appuie sur une synth\u00e8se int\u00e9grative de plusieurs mod\u00e8les th\u00e9oriques majeurs en psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement et en sociologie de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Le mod\u00e8le bio\u00e9cologique du d\u00e9veloppement humain de Bronfenbrenner<\/h3>\n<p>Le cadre conceptuel structurant de l&rsquo;ESSP repose sur la th\u00e9orie des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9cologiques d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urie_Bronfenbrenner\">Urie Bronfenbrenner<\/a> (1979, 1986, 1994). Selon ce paradigme, le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;enfant n&rsquo;est pas uniquement dict\u00e9 par des pr\u00e9dispositions g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques ou cognitives, mais \u00e9merge de l&rsquo;interaction dynamique au sein de syst\u00e8mes embo\u00eet\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le microsyst\u00e8me :<\/strong> Les contextes d&rsquo;interaction directe quotidienne o\u00f9 \u00e9volue l&rsquo;enfant, incluant le foyer familial (relations parents-enfants, interactions avec la fratrie) et la classe d&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le m\u00e9sosyst\u00e8me :<\/strong> Le r\u00e9seau d&rsquo;interconnexions entre les microsyst\u00e8mes de l&rsquo;enfant. L&rsquo;ESSP-Parent accorde une place primordiale au m\u00e9sosyst\u00e8me famille-\u00e9cole, postulant qu&rsquo;un alignement positif entre les attentes des parents et celles des enseignants d\u00e9multiplie les chances d&rsquo;adaptation de l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;exosyst\u00e8me :<\/strong> Les environnements n&rsquo;impliquant pas directement l&rsquo;enfant mais affectant son d\u00e9veloppement, tels que le milieu de travail des parents (contraintes d&rsquo;horaires limitant la pr\u00e9sence scolaire) et l&rsquo;environnement global du quartier (pr\u00e9sence de violence communautaire, trafic de stup\u00e9fiants) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le chronosyst\u00e8me :<\/strong> L&rsquo;impact des transitions temporelles et des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie critiques, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;outil par les \u00e9pisodes r\u00e9cents de deuil familial (item 52) ou les ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents de d\u00e9m\u00e9nagements multiples (item 18).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. La th\u00e9orie du capital social et de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 collective<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;inspire directement des concepts sociologiques de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Samuel_Coleman\">James S. Coleman<\/a> (1988) et de Robert Sampson (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collective_efficacy\">Sampson, Raudenbush, &amp; Earls, 1997<\/a>) relatifs au capital social et \u00e0 l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 collective. L&rsquo;ESSP-Parent \u00e9value la densit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau de surveillance adulte dans le quartier (<em>closure<\/em> interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle, ex. : item 46 \u00ab Connaissez-vous les parents des amis de votre enfant ? \u00bb) et la volont\u00e9 des voisins d&rsquo;intervenir pour le bien commun des enfants (items 22a-g). Ces facteurs constituent un tampon protecteur contre les comportements \u00e0 risque et favorisent la transmission de normes acad\u00e9miques favorables.<\/p>\n<h3>3. La perspective de la r\u00e9silience et des facteurs de risque<\/h3>\n<p>Ancr\u00e9 dans les travaux de Mark Fraser (2004) et d&rsquo;Ann Masten (2001), l&rsquo;ESSP s&rsquo;\u00e9carte d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le purement pathologique pour adopter une approche d&rsquo;\u00e9quilibrage des risques et des protections. M\u00eame en pr\u00e9sence de risques cumul\u00e9s (faible revenu, quartier d\u00e9grad\u00e9), des ressources compensatoires fortes au niveau du microsyst\u00e8me familial (chaleur parentale \u00e9lev\u00e9e, r\u00e8gles fermes et bienveillantes, encouragement explicite) permettent \u00e0 l&rsquo;enfant d&rsquo;atteindre un niveau optimal de r\u00e9ussite et d&rsquo;adaptation scolaire.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent ont fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses investigations empiriques men\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons diversifi\u00e9s d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ves du primaire et de leurs familles aux \u00c9tats-Unis, notamment dans des districts scolaires urbains et ruraux confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis socio-\u00e9conomiques importants.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et validit\u00e9 apparente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de contenu a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie d\u00e8s la phase de conception par le biais de panels d&rsquo;experts en \u00e9ducation, en psychologie infantile et en travail social scolaire. Les items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9s pour respecter un niveau de lisibilit\u00e9 accessible (\u00e9quivalent \u00e0 un niveau de lecture de 5e\/6e primaire) et ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9s par des entretiens cognitifs approfondis (<em>cognitive pretesting<\/em>) aupr\u00e8s de parents issus de milieux socio-culturels vari\u00e9s (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2818440\/\">Bowen, 2008<\/a>). Ce protocole a permis de s&rsquo;assurer de l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalence de sens et de l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 linguistique concernant les concepts d&rsquo;implication parentale, de soutien social et de perception de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du quartier.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 factorielle et structurelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) approfondies (Bowen, 2008 ; Wegmann, Thompson, &amp; Bowen, 2011). Les mod\u00e8les sp\u00e9cifiant des dimensions distinctes pour l&rsquo;environnement familial (chaleur parentale, soutien aux apprentissages, discipline parentale, routines familiales) et le comportement de l&rsquo;enfant (comportement prosocial, r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, agressivit\u00e9) pr\u00e9sentent des indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation robustes r\u00e9pondant aux crit\u00e8res stricts de Hu et Bentler (1999) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Indice de comparaison de Bentler (CFI) &gt; 0,93 \u00e0 0,96 ;<\/li>\n<li>Indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) &gt; 0,92 \u00e0 0,95 ;<\/li>\n<li>Erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (RMSEA) &lt; 0,05 \u00e0 0,06 (avec intervalles de confiance \u00e0 90 % serr\u00e9s) ;<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9sidu standardis\u00e9 moyen quadratique (SRMR) &lt; 0,06.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent a \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e en corr\u00e9lant ses sous-\u00e9chelles avec des \u00e9chelles standardis\u00e9es renomm\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les scores d&rsquo;agressivit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;opposition (items 38f, 38h, 38i, 39a-d) corr\u00e8lent positivement et de mani\u00e8re significative (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,55\">$r = 0,55$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,68$, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>) avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de probl\u00e8mes ext\u00e9rioris\u00e9s du <em>Child Behavior Checklist<\/em> (CBCL de Thomas Achenbach) et du BASC-2 (<em>Behavior Assessment System for Children<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li>Les scores d&rsquo;aptitudes prosociales et d&#8217;empathie (items 37a-f, 38b, 38d, 38g) pr\u00e9sentent de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,60\">$r = 0,60$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,72$, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>) avec les sous-\u00e9chelles de comp\u00e9tences sociales du <em>Social Skills Rating System<\/em> (SSRS) ;<\/li>\n<li>La sous-\u00e9chelle de soutien aux devoirs et d&rsquo;implication scolaire montre des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,48\">$r = 0,48$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,62$) avec les \u00e9chelles de partenariat \u00e9cole-famille de Hoover-Dempsey et Sandler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 discriminante a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e par le fait que les dimensions \u00e9valuant la coh\u00e9sion de quartier partagent une variance commune mod\u00e9r\u00e9e (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &lt; 0,30\">$r &lt; 0,30$<\/span>) avec les dimensions d&rsquo;affectivit\u00e9 intrafamiliale, attestant que l&rsquo;instrument capture des strates \u00e9cologiques conceptuellement ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et crit\u00e9ri\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p>Des \u00e9tudes longitudinales et transversales (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20455858\">Bowen, Rose, Powers, &amp; Glennie, 2008<\/a>) ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les scores composites de l&rsquo;ESSP pr\u00e9disent significativement les performances acad\u00e9miques futures aux tests standardis\u00e9s de lecture et de math\u00e9matiques, le taux d&rsquo;absent\u00e9isme scolaire injustifi\u00e9, ainsi que le risque de sanctions disciplinaires ou d&rsquo;exclusions scolaires. Les enfants dont les parents rapportent une efficacit\u00e9 collective de quartier \u00e9lev\u00e9e et un soutien parental fort aux devoirs maintiennent des trajectoires de r\u00e9ussite plus stables, y compris apr\u00e8s contr\u00f4le des facteurs de pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de multiples indicateurs de coh\u00e9rence interne et de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle au sein d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons normatifs et d&rsquo;intervention.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>La consistance interne des sous-\u00e9chelles composites composant l&rsquo;instrument est \u00e9valu\u00e9e au moyen du coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha\">$\u0007lpha$<\/span>) et du coefficient om\u00e9ga de McDonald (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\omega\">$\\omega$<\/span>). Les valeurs empiriques publi\u00e9es dans les \u00e9tudes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3120049\/\">Wegmann et al., 2011<\/a> ; Bowen, 2006, 2008) sont synth\u00e9tis\u00e9es ci-dessous :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9sion sociale et efficacit\u00e9 collective du quartier (items 22a-g) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,86\">$\u0007lpha = 0,86$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,89$ (excellente fiabilit\u00e9 de mesure de l&rsquo;entraide communautaire) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sentiment de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 dans le quartier (items 23a-d) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,81\">$\u0007lpha = 0,81$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,85$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Normes comportementales des pairs du quartier (items 24a-j) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,84\">$\u0007lpha = 0,84$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Soutien parental aux apprentissages et aux devoirs (item 35a-f) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,80\">$\u0007lpha = 0,80$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,84$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gulation parentale des loisirs et de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude (item 36a-d) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,72\">$\u0007lpha = 0,72$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,77$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Relations positives avec les pairs (items 37a-f) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,85\">$\u0007lpha = 0,85$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,88$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comp\u00e9tences prosociales et d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation (items 38a-e, 38g) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,81\">$\u0007lpha = 0,81$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,86$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comportement agressif et confrontation physique (items 39a-d) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,82\">$\u0007lpha = 0,82$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,87$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chaleur et valorisation parentale (items 48a-e) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,83\">$\u0007lpha = 0,83$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,87$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9sion et soutien familial global (items 49a-f) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,84\">$\u0007lpha = 0,84$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,89$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pratiques disciplinaires inductives\/positives (items 51a, 51c, 51d, 51g) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,74\">$\u0007lpha = 0,74$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,79$.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle conduites sur des sous-\u00e9chantillons de parents r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 un intervalle de 3 \u00e0 4 semaines (en l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;intervention cibl\u00e9e) indiquent des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) et de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson compris entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,74\">$r = 0,74$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,88\">$r = 0,88$<\/span>. Les dimensions relatives aux caract\u00e9ristiques structurelles et \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation du quartier manifestent la plus grande stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &gt; 0,85\">$r &gt; 0,85$<\/span>), tandis que les mesures du comportement social fluctuant de l&rsquo;enfant pr\u00e9sentent une stabilit\u00e9 mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 forte (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r \u0007pprox 0,76\">$r \u0007pprox 0,76$<\/span>), refl\u00e9tant la sensibilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;outil aux variations contextuelles et temporelles.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle de l&rsquo;ESSP-Parent a \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9e au moyen de d\u00e9marches combinant analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) initiales et mod\u00e9lisations par \u00e9quations structurelles avec analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) sur de grands \u00e9chantillons repr\u00e9sentatifs (ex. : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"N &gt; 1200\">$N &gt; 1200$<\/span>).<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle de l&rsquo;environnement familial et du comportement social<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude phare de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3120049\/\">Wegmann, Thompson et Bowen (2011)<\/a>, une mod\u00e9lisation AFC d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur et de facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e sp\u00e9cifiquement sur les sections \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;environnement familial (<em>Home Environment<\/em>) et les comportements sociaux au foyer (<em>Home Social Behavior<\/em>) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le de l&rsquo;environnement familial :<\/strong> Les analyses ont confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de quatre facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s distincts : <em>Soutien scolaire parental<\/em> (Parent Academic Support), <em>Chaleur parentale<\/em> (Parent Warmth), <em>Coh\u00e9sion familiale<\/em> (Family Support\/Cohesion) et <em>Pratiques de discipline<\/em> (Disciplinary Practices). Les saturations factorielles standardis\u00e9es (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda\">$lambda$<\/span>) pour l&rsquo;ensemble des items \u00e9taient comprises entre $0,54$ et $0,89$, toutes significatives \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le du comportement social de l&rsquo;enfant :<\/strong> L&rsquo;analyse factorielle a mis en \u00e9vidence une dissociation claire en trois facteurs distincts mais inter-reli\u00e9s : <em>Comp\u00e9tences prosociales\/affiliation<\/em> (Peer Social Skills, item 37), <em>Autor\u00e9gulation et adaptabilit\u00e9<\/em> (Self-regulation\/Cooperativeness, items 38), et <em>Agressivit\u00e9 manifeste<\/em> (Aggression, item 39). Les saturations factorielles pour les items d&rsquo;agressivit\u00e9 (39a-d) \u00e9taient particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9es (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,72\">$lambda = 0,72$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,88$), d\u00e9montrant l&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 du construit de violence verbale et physique chez l&rsquo;enfant du primaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Invariance de mesure<\/h3>\n<p>Un enjeu psychom\u00e9trique crucial de l&rsquo;ESSP r\u00e9side dans son \u00e9quit\u00e9 transculturelle et socio-\u00e9conomique. Des tests d&rsquo;invariance de mesure factorielle multi-groupes (invariance configurale, m\u00e9trique et scalaire) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s selon le statut racial et ethnique des participants (blancs non hispaniques, afro-am\u00e9ricains, hispaniques) et selon le niveau de revenu (b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires ou non du programme de cantine scolaire gratuite\/r\u00e9duite) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Invariance configurale :<\/strong> La structure factorielle de base est parfaitement identique \u00e0 travers les diff\u00e9rents groupes socioculturels ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Invariance m\u00e9trique (faible) :<\/strong> Les poids factoriels (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda\">$lambda$<\/span>) sont \u00e9quivalents entre les groupes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\Delta \\text{CFI} &lt; 0,01\">$\\Delta \\text{CFI} &lt; 0,01$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\Delta \\text{RMSEA} &lt; 0,015\">$\\Delta \\text{RMSEA} &lt; 0,015$<\/span>), confirmant que les construits psychologiques ont la m\u00eame signification fondamentale quelle que soit l&rsquo;origine ethnique ou le statut socio-\u00e9conomique des familles ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Invariance scalaire (forte) :<\/strong> Les seuils et intercepts des items restent stables, autorisant ainsi la comparaison l\u00e9gitime des moyennes latentes entre populations diverses sans risque de biais de mesure li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;instrument.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>ESSP-Parent<\/strong> est un questionnaire structur\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation \u00e9cosyst\u00e9mique, con\u00e7u pour une administration en auto-passation ou en h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-passation assist\u00e9e par un enqu\u00eateur ou un travailleur social.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique multidimensionnel \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;environnement familial, scolaire, communautaire et l&rsquo;adaptation socio-comportementale de l&rsquo;enfant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Public cible :<\/strong> Parents, tuteurs l\u00e9gaux ou personnes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence responsables d&rsquo;un enfant scolaris\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;enseignement primaire (approximativement de 6 \u00e0 12 ans, prioritairement du CE2 au CM2 \/ Grades 3 \u00e0 5).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 54 questions principales, comprenant de nombreuses sous-composantes d\u00e9taill\u00e9es (notamment items 21, 22, 23, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54), totalisant plus de 100 points de recueil de donn\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Formats de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00c9chelles de Likert d&rsquo;accord :<\/em> 4 points (Strongly Disagree \/ Disagree \/ Agree \/ Strongly Agree) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00c9chelles de fr\u00e9quence :<\/em> 4 points (Never \/ Sometimes \/ Often \/ Always) ou 6 points (Never \/ Rarely \/ Sometimes \/ Often \/ Very Often \/ Always) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>Formats temporels et quantitatifs :<\/em> Choix multiple pour le nombre d&rsquo;heures de devoirs, d&rsquo;\u00e9crans, de t\u00e2ches m\u00e9nag\u00e8res ;<\/li>\n<li><em>Formats dichotomiques :<\/em> Non \/ Oui (ex. : victimisation de quartier, ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents m\u00e9dicaux, deuil) ;<\/li>\n<li><em>Formats de probabilit\u00e9 :<\/em> 3 points (Unlikely \/ Somewhat likely \/ Very likely) pour les risques futurs de substances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Environ 20 \u00e0 30 minutes en auto-passation (sur support papier ou via la plateforme informatis\u00e9e School Success Online).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation et d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Les scores bruts sont agr\u00e9g\u00e9s par sous-\u00e9chelle apr\u00e8s inversion des items libell\u00e9s n\u00e9gativement (ex. : items 38f, 38h, 38i sur le refus de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9, la transgression des r\u00e8gles et l&rsquo;ent\u00eatement).<\/li>\n<li>Les scores sont convertis en scores standardis\u00e9s (scores <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"T\">$T$<\/span> ou percentiles) bas\u00e9s sur des \u00e9chantillons de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence normatifs.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation est organis\u00e9e sous la forme d&rsquo;un profil visuel tricolore : zone verte (ressources \/ facteurs de protection solides), zone jaune (vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s mod\u00e9r\u00e9es n\u00e9cessitant une vigilance), zone rouge (facteurs de risque critiques justifiant une intervention prioritaire de niveau 2 ou 3).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement et de publication initiale :<\/strong> L&rsquo;architecture conceptuelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en place au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000 (Bowen, Richman, &amp; Bowen, 2002 ; Bowen, Bowen, &amp; Woolley, 2004), avec une formalisation compl\u00e8te de la version pour parents entre 2005 et 2008 (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/measures-for-clinical-practice-and-research-a-sourcebook\/oclc\/77476594\">Fischer &amp; Corcoran, 2007<\/a> ; Bowen, 2008).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Le contenu et la structure du questionnaire sont prot\u00e9g\u00e9s par le droit d&rsquo;auteur, d\u00e9tenu par les auteurs et l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill (School of Social Work). L&rsquo;instrument est \u00e9galement publi\u00e9 dans des ouvrages de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence clinique (par exemple dans Fischer &amp; Corcoran, 2007, <em>Measures for Clinical Practice and Research<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Utilisation en recherche acad\u00e9mique :<\/em> L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument papier pour la recherche universitaire non commerciale est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement autoris\u00e9e gratuitement sous r\u00e9serve d&rsquo;obtenir l&rsquo;accord \u00e9crit pr\u00e9alable des auteurs et de citer syst\u00e9matiquement les publications d&rsquo;origine.<\/li>\n<li><em>Utilisation clinique et scolaire informatis\u00e9e :<\/em> L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la plateforme en ligne d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation et de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration automatis\u00e9e des rapports d&rsquo;intervention (h\u00e9berg\u00e9e historiquement sur <em>schoolsuccessonline.com<\/em>) n\u00e9cessite l&rsquo;acquisition de licences institutionnelles ou d&rsquo;abonnements scolaires payants couvrant le traitement des donn\u00e9es et les rapports d&rsquo;intervention g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par le syst\u00e8me.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Bowen, G. L., Richman, J. M., &amp; Bowen, N. K. (2002). The School Success Profile: A results management approach to assessment and intervention planning. In A. R. Roberts &amp; G. J. Greene (Eds.), <em>Social workers\u2019 desk reference<\/em> (pp. 787\u2013793). Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Bowen, N. K. (2005). Elementary School Success Profile (ESSP). In J. Fischer &amp; K. J. Corcoran (Eds.), <em>Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook<\/em> (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 510\u2013528). Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Bowen, N. K. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Elementary School Success Profile for Children. <em>Social Work Research<\/em>, 30(1), 51\u201363. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/30.1.51\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/30.1.51<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bowen, N. K. (2008). Cognitive testing and the validity of child-report data from the Elementary School Success Profile. <em>Social Work Research<\/em>, 32(1), 7\u201318. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/32.1.7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/32.1.7<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bowen, N. K., Bowen, G. L., &amp; Woolley, M. E. (2004). Constructing and validating assessment tools for school-based practitioners: The Elementary School Success Profile. In A. R. Roberts &amp; K. R. Yeager (Eds.), <em>Evidence-based practice manual: Research and outcome measures in health and human services<\/em> (pp. 509\u2013517). Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Bowen, N. K., &amp; Powers, J. D. (2005). Knowledge gaps among school staff and the role of high quality ecological assessments in schools. <em>Research on Social Work Practice<\/em>, 15(6), 491\u2013500. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731505276043\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731505276043<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bowen, G. L., Rose, R. A., &amp; Bowen, N. K. (2005). <em>The reliability and validity of the School Success Profile<\/em>. Xlibris.<\/li>\n<li>Bowen, G. L., Rose, R. A., Powers, J. D., &amp; Glennie, E. J. (2008). The joint effects of neighborhoods, schools, peers, and families on changes in the school success of middle school students. <em>Family Relations<\/em>, 57(4), 504\u2013516. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2008.00518.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2008.00518.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). <em>The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. <em>Developmental Psychology<\/em>, 22(6), 723\u2013742. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.22.6.723\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.22.6.723<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. <em>American Journal of Sociology<\/em>, 94, S95\u2013S120. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/228943\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/228943<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fischer, J., &amp; Corcoran, K. J. (2007). <em>Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook<\/em> (4th ed., Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., &amp; Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. <em>Science<\/em>, 277(5328), 918\u2013924. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.277.5328.918\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.277.5328.918<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wegmann, K. M., Thompson, A. M., &amp; Bowen, N. K. (2011). A confirmatory factor analysis of home environment and home social behavior data from the Elementary School Success Profile for Families. <em>Social Work Research<\/em>, 35(2), 117\u2013127. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/35.2.117\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/35.2.117<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am the child&#039;s:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child is a:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child&#039;s race\/ethnicity best described as:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child is:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Are you currently married?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many people age 17 or younger live in your home (including the child taking the ESSP)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many people age 18 or older live in your home (including yourself)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How far in school did you go?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If there is a second parent or other adult in your child&#039;s home who helps take care of the child\u201a how far in school did he or she go?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Did any of your child&#039;s brothers or sisters (Including step- or half-siblings) dr\u200eop out of school before graduating from high school?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How would you describe the financial situation of your household?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What is the zip code of your home address? (Write the numbers in the boxes\u201a then fill in the right circle below each box.)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do any of the adults (people 18 and Older) in the child\u2019s home currently work for pay?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Does your child receive free or reduced price lunches at school?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you have a way to get to your child&#039;s school if needed?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Has a doctor suggested your child take medication this year for any of the following reasons? NO\u201a YES<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do people move in and out of your neighborhood a lot?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many times have you moved in the past year?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time per week does your child usually spend on neighborhood or community activities run by adults\u201a such as team sports\u201a the scouts\u201a or programs at a community center or park?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How big of a problem are drugs in your neighborhood?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In the past 30days did any of the following things happen in your neighborhood? No\u201a Yes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Does your child receive after-school care at the school?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Does your child take part in any school clubs or activities that take place after school (such as team sports\u201a band\u201a drama\u201a or science club)? No\u201a Yes\u201a Not available at the school<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often are you afraid that someone will hurt or bother your child at school? Never\u201a Sometimes\u201a Often\u201a Always<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child&#039;s teacher cares about my child. Strongly disagree\u201a Disagree\u201a Agree\u201a Strongly agree<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child&#039;s teacher wants my child to do well in school. Strongly disagree\u201a Disagree\u201a Agree\u201a Strongly agree<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My child&#039;s teacher or other school staff would contact me if they had a concern or question about my child&#039;s school behavior or progress. Strongly disagree\u201a Disagree\u201a Agree\u201a Strongly agree<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much influence do you think parents like You can have in making schools a better place for students to learn and grow?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How good of an education do you think your child is getting at his or her school? Poor\u201a Fair\u201a Good\u201a Excellent<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My work schedule makes it hard for me to be involved at my child&#039;s school.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often do you do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often do you do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often do you do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For the following statements\u201a choose the response that best describes your child within the past 30 days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For the following statements\u201a choose the response that best describes your child within the past30 days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For the following statements. Choose the response that best describes your child within the past 30 days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time does your child spend on homework on most school nights?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time does your child spend watching TV on most school nights?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time does your child spend playing non-educational computer or video games on most school nights?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time does your child spend using educational programs or doing homework on the computer on most school nights?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How much time each week does your child spend on chores (such as helping with meals\u201a pets\u201a or cleaning)?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many of your child\u2019s friends do you know?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many of the parents of your child&#039;s friends do you know?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How far in school do you think your child will go?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often do you do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often are the following statements true for your family?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often does your child do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How often do you do the following?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Has your child experienced the death of a parent\u201a brother\u201a sister\u201a grandparent\u201a or other close family member in the last year? No\u201a Yes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you talked to your child about drugs\u201a cigarettes\u201a or alcohol?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Many young people get Involved with alcohol and drugs. How likely do you think it is that your child will do each of the following as he\/she gets older?<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Profil de r\u00e9ussite \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire &#8211; Version pour les parents (ESSP-Parent) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique et socio-\u00e9cologique \u00e9valuant les facteurs familiaux, scolaires, communautaires et comportementaux influen\u00e7ant la r\u00e9ussite des \u00e9l\u00e8ves du primaire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[17870,3481,2],"tags":[17018,23885,23886,21948,11376,21251,16],"class_list":["post-15204","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-familiale","category-psychologie-scolaire","category-psychometrie","tag-adaptation-scolaire","tag-climat-de-quartier","tag-competences-prosociales","tag-essp","tag-evaluation-ecologique","tag-implication-parentale","tag-psychometrie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15204"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15204\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}