{"id":15196,"date":"2026-10-08T15:44:02","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:44:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaires-des-buts-et-des-valeurs-sociales-2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T15:44:02","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T15:44:02","slug":"inventaires-des-buts-et-des-valeurs-sociales-2","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaires-des-buts-et-des-valeurs-sociales-2","title":{"rendered":"Inventaires des Buts et des Valeurs Sociales"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire des Buts et des Valeurs Sociales<\/strong> (commun\u00e9ment d\u00e9sign\u00e9 sous l&rsquo;acronyme <em>GSVI<\/em> pour <em>Goal and Social Values Inventories<\/em>) constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation majeur d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par la psychologue australienne <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerie_Braithwaite\">Valerie A. Braithwaite<\/a> et Henry G. Law en 1985. \u00c9labor\u00e9 initialement pour tester et d\u00e9passer les limites m\u00e9thodologiques et conceptuelles de la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00e9chelle de Milton Rokeach (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rokeach_Value_Survey\">Rokeach Value Survey<\/a>, RVS), le GSVI se propose de cartographier la structure multidimensionnelle des valeurs humaines fondamentales, qu&rsquo;elles rel\u00e8vent de la sph\u00e8re sociale et collective ou des aspirations individuelles et t\u00e9l\u00e9ologiques.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se compose de 43 items mesurant neuf dimensions th\u00e9oriques et empiriques distinctes : l&rsquo;Harmonie et l&rsquo;\u00c9galit\u00e9 Internationales (<em>International Harmony and Equality<\/em>), la Puissance et l&rsquo;Ordre Nationaux (<em>National Strength and Order<\/em>), la Religiosit\u00e9 Traditionnelle (<em>Traditional Religiosity<\/em>), l&rsquo;\u00c9panouissement Personnel et l&rsquo;Harmonie Int\u00e9rieure (<em>Personal Growth and Inner Harmony<\/em>), le Bien-\u00eatre Physique (<em>Physical Well-being<\/em>), le Statut Social (<em>Social Standing<\/em>), les Relations Interpersonnelles S\u00e9curisantes et Satisfaisantes (<em>Secure and Satisfying Interpersonal Relationships<\/em>), la Stimulation Sociale (<em>Social Stimulation<\/em>) et les Droits Individuels (<em>Individual Rights<\/em>). Contrairement aux \u00e9chelles bas\u00e9es sur le classement par rangs (proc\u00e9dures ipsatives induisant des contraintes statistiques fortes), le GSVI utilise un format normatif de r\u00e9ponse gradu\u00e9e de type Likert en 7 points, s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de \u00ab 1 = Je rejette cela \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab 7 = J&rsquo;accepte cela comme de la plus haute importance \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques \u00e9tablies dans la litt\u00e9rature d\u00e9montrent une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante \u00e0 excellente pour la majorit\u00e9 des sous-\u00e9chelles, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnant entre 0,53 et 0,83. Les analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires soutiennent une organisation factorielle robuste capable de discriminer l&rsquo;orientation soci\u00e9tale universelle, les attitudes civiques, la religiosit\u00e9 et les motivations d&rsquo;accomplissement personnel. Le GSVI s&rsquo;affirme ainsi comme un vecteur d&rsquo;investigation privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 en psychologie sociale, en sciences politiques, en sociologie et en psychologie des organisations.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Valeurs humaines, Rokeach Value Survey, mesure psychom\u00e9trique, \u00e9valuation des valeurs, buts personnels, harmonie internationale, ordre social, psychologie sociale, m\u00e9thodologie normative, coh\u00e9rence interne.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Valerie A. Braithwaite<\/strong> : Ph.D., Professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite \u00e0 la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.anu.edu.au\/\">School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet)<\/a>, Coll\u00e8ge d&rsquo;Asie et du Pacifique, The Australian National University (Canberra, Australie). Ses travaux portent sur la psychologie sociale des r\u00e8gles, la confiance institutionnelle, la fiscalit\u00e9, la justice et les syst\u00e8mes de valeurs socioculturelles. Contact institutionnel : <a href=\"mailto:valerie.braithwaite@anu.edu.au\">valerie.braithwaite@anu.edu.au<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Henry G. Law<\/strong> : Ph.D., Psychom\u00e9tricien et chercheur en m\u00e9thodologie quantitative au D\u00e9partement de Psychologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Queensland (St Lucia, Queensland, Australie). Sp\u00e9cialiste de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle appliqu\u00e9e aux construits de personnalit\u00e9 et aux valeurs sociales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Le <em>Goal and Social Values Inventories<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9 avec une vis\u00e9e \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique et op\u00e9rationnelle pr\u00e9cise : rem\u00e9dier aux limites inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 la m\u00e9thodologie ipsative de classement impos\u00e9e par Milton Rokeach dans son <em>Rokeach Value Survey<\/em> (1973). Dans le protocole original de Rokeach, les r\u00e9pondants devaient classer par ordre de priorit\u00e9 18 valeurs terminales et 18 valeurs instrumentales. Ce classement forc\u00e9 emp\u00eachait le calcul ad\u00e9quat de corr\u00e9lations inter-items, d\u00e9formait la variance statistique (provoquant des corr\u00e9lations artificiellement n\u00e9gatives) et interdisait aux individus d&rsquo;accorder une importance \u00e9gale \u00e0 des valeurs distinctes mais non contradictoires.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif du GSVI est donc de fournir une mesure psychom\u00e9trique ind\u00e9pendante, continue et non ipsative, capable d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer simultan\u00e9ment les finalit\u00e9s collectives ou soci\u00e9tales (les \u00ab valeurs sociales \u00bb) et les id\u00e9aux personnels ou d&rsquo;accomplissement de vie (les \u00ab buts \u00bb ou \u00ab valeurs terminales individuelles \u00bb). Le test cherche \u00e0 mettre en lumi\u00e8re comment les individus n\u00e9gocient leurs engagements moraux envers l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9, l&rsquo;\u00c9tat-nation, leurs cercles relationnels proches et leur propre bien-\u00eatre somatopsychique.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan des applications empiriques et appliqu\u00e9es, le GSVI est mobilis\u00e9 dans de multiples domaines :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>En psychologie politique et civique<\/strong> : pour analyser l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion id\u00e9ologique (conservatisme, lib\u00e9ralisme, progressisme), les attitudes face aux politiques environnementales, les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s et la confiance accord\u00e9e aux institutions d\u00e9mocratiques ou r\u00e9pressives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>En psychologie organisationnelle<\/strong> : pour \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;alignement entre les valeurs culturelles d&rsquo;une organisation et les orientations motivationnelles de ses employ\u00e9s, notamment la tension entre recherche du prestige social (<em>Social Standing<\/em>) et coop\u00e9ration \u00e9galitaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>En sociologie compar\u00e9e et psychologie interculturelle<\/strong> : afin d&rsquo;explorer comment les transitions socio-\u00e9conomiques et les dynamiques de mondialisation modifient l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre entre l&rsquo;individualisme (droits individuels, sant\u00e9, harmonie int\u00e9rieure) et le collectivisme (puissance nationale, ordre l\u00e9gal, solidarit\u00e9 mondiale).<\/li>\n<li><strong>En recherche sur la sant\u00e9 et la r\u00e9gulation du soi<\/strong> : pour mod\u00e9liser le r\u00f4le modulateur de l&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9, de la sant\u00e9 physique et de l&rsquo;harmonie psychique sur l&rsquo;atteinte d&rsquo;objectifs de performance, comme le d\u00e9montrent les travaux d\u00e9riv\u00e9s portant sur les interactions entre orientation vers les buts et auto-r\u00e9gulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le GSVI conceptualise les valeurs comme des croyances durables et ordonn\u00e9es guidant le comportement, l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation morale des situations et le choix d&rsquo;objectifs de vie. L&rsquo;inventaire segmente le paysage axiologique en neuf composantes op\u00e9rationnelles majeures :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Harmonie et \u00c9galit\u00e9 Internationales (International Harmony and Equality)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension capture une orientation humaniste, \u00e9cocentrique et mondialiste. Elle mesure la propension de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 valoriser le bien-\u00eatre universel de l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res nationales. Elle englobe des id\u00e9aux tels que l&rsquo;aide aux personnes dans le besoin (<em>A good life for others<\/em>), la gouvernance d\u00e9mocratique participative (<em>Rule by the people<\/em>), la paix plan\u00e9taire, la justice distributive (<em>Greater economic equality<\/em>) et l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif \u00e9cologique de pr\u00e9servation de l&rsquo;environnement.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Puissance et Ordre Nationaux (National Strength and Order)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit renvoie \u00e0 l&rsquo;attachement \u00e0 la stabilit\u00e9 macro-sociale, \u00e0 la coh\u00e9sion civique et \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9tatique. Il \u00e9value l&rsquo;importance accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la grandeur nationale, au d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique du pays, au strict respect de la primaut\u00e9 du droit (<em>The rule of law<\/em>) r\u00e9compensant l&rsquo;innocence et punissant les coupables, ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 militaire contre les menaces ext\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Religiosit\u00e9 Traditionnelle (Traditional Religiosity)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle refl\u00e8te la recherche de transcendance th\u00e9ologique et le respect des dogmes moraux historiquement \u00e9tablis. Elle inclut l&rsquo;aspiration au salut de l&rsquo;\u00e2me (<em>Salvation<\/em>), l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience mystique d&rsquo;union avec Dieu, et la d\u00e9fense d&rsquo;une morale sexuelle restrictive oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 la permissivit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la pornographie, tout en y associant la valeur de l&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 relationnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u00c9panouissement Personnel et Harmonie Int\u00e9rieure (Personal Growth and Inner Harmony)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure les buts d&rsquo;actualisation de soi et d&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 psychique. Elle explore la qu\u00eate de connaissance r\u00e9flexive (<em>Self-knowledge or self-insight<\/em>), la curiosit\u00e9 \u00e9pist\u00e9mique continue, le d\u00e9sir de perfectionnement moral (<em>Self-improvement<\/em>), la paix int\u00e9rieure lib\u00e9r\u00e9e des dissonances conflictuelles (<em>Inner harmony<\/em>), le respect de soi et l&rsquo;accession \u00e0 la sagesse mature.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Bien-\u00eatre Physique (Physical Well-being)<\/h3>\n<p>Le bien-\u00eatre corporel constitue une valeur instrumentale et terminale cl\u00e9. Ce construit \u00e9value l&rsquo;accent mis sur la vitalit\u00e9 corporelle, l&rsquo;engagement dans une activit\u00e9 physique soutenue et le maintien rigoureux d&rsquo;une condition physique optimale pour soutenir l&rsquo;effort existentiel.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Statut Social (Social Standing)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle regroupe les motivations ax\u00e9es sur la position hi\u00e9rarchique et la r\u00e9ussite mat\u00e9rielle visible. Elle int\u00e8gre la reconnaissance publique par la communaut\u00e9, l&rsquo;accumulation de capital \u00e9conomique (<em>Economic prosperity<\/em>) et la d\u00e9tention d&rsquo;une autorit\u00e9 permettant d&rsquo;influencer la prise de d\u00e9cision collective.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Relations Interpersonnelles S\u00e9curisantes et Satisfaisantes (Secure and Satisfying Interpersonal Relationships)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce facteur quantifie la centralit\u00e9 du tissu affectif micro-social : l&rsquo;amour mature, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;amiti\u00e9 sinc\u00e8re, la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;un soutien social protecteur sur lequel s&rsquo;appuyer, ainsi que le sentiment d&rsquo;appartenance et la garantie de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour ses proches.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Stimulation Sociale (Social Stimulation)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure le besoin d&rsquo;activation sociale et d&rsquo;h\u00e9donisme interpersonnel. Elle comprend l&rsquo;entretien d&rsquo;une vie sociale active et festive combin\u00e9e au go\u00fbt pour les trajectoires aventureuses et palpitantes, riches en sensations nouvelles.<\/p>\n<h3>9. Droits Individuels (Individual Rights)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit formalise les garanties d&rsquo;autonomie et de libert\u00e9 personnelle : la pr\u00e9servation de la vie priv\u00e9e (<em>Privacy for yourself<\/em>), le droit inali\u00e9nable \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e, la libert\u00e9 de jouir de loisirs sans stress, la sacralisation de la vie humaine et la recherche d&rsquo;un confort mesur\u00e9 et paisible.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le socle conceptuel du GSVI s&rsquo;enracine dans la tradition philosophique et psychologique des valeurs, initi\u00e9e principalement par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milton_Rokeach\">Milton Rokeach<\/a>, puis \u00e9tendue et restructur\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shalom_H._Schwartz\">Shalom H. Schwartz<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerie_Braithwaite\">Valerie Braithwaite<\/a>. Rokeach d\u00e9finissait une valeur comme \u00ab une croyance durable selon laquelle un mode de conduite sp\u00e9cifique ou un \u00e9tat final d&rsquo;existence est personnellement ou socialement pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable \u00e0 un mode de conduite ou \u00e9tat final oppos\u00e9 ou inverse \u00bb (1973).<\/p>\n<p>Braithwaite et Law (1985) ont identifi\u00e9 plusieurs postulats \u00e9pist\u00e9mologiques discutables dans l&rsquo;approche rokienne. Premi\u00e8rement, l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se de l&rsquo;exhaustivit\u00e9 des 36 items du RVS a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9fut\u00e9e par les donn\u00e9es empiriques montrant que de nombreux domaines majeurs (notamment la protection de l&rsquo;environnement, le bien-\u00eatre physique et les droits civils contemporains) \u00e9taient omis ou sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. Deuxi\u00e8mement, Braithwaite a contest\u00e9 la validit\u00e9 de la stricte c\u00e9sure postul\u00e9e par Rokeach entre \u00ab valeurs terminales \u00bb (fins ultimes) et \u00ab valeurs instrumentales \u00bb (moyens moraux ou de comp\u00e9tence), d\u00e9montrant que dans la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie des acteurs sociaux, un moyen peut \u00eatre investi d&rsquo;une dignit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9tat final (comme la coop\u00e9ration internationale ou l&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan th\u00e9orique, le mod\u00e8le de Braithwaite pr\u00e9figure \u00e9galement le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre mod\u00e8le circomplexe de Shalom Schwartz. En r\u00e9organisant les valeurs sous une structure multidimensionnelle sans contrainte ipsative, le GSVI a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de deux super-dimensions m\u00e9ta-axiologiques fondamentales :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>La dimension Collective \/ Universelle versus Particuli\u00e8re \/ Nationale :<\/strong> opposant ou articulant l&rsquo;obligation humanitaire mondiale (Harmonie Internationale) et le besoin d&rsquo;appartenance institutionnelle protectrice (Ordre National).<\/li>\n<li><strong>La dimension \u00c9panouissement Individuel et Int\u00e9grit\u00e9 versus Statut et Pouvoir Extrins\u00e8que :<\/strong> s\u00e9parant l&rsquo;auto-d\u00e9veloppement interne (Harmonie Int\u00e9rieure, Sagesse) des vis\u00e9es d&rsquo;affirmation comp\u00e9titive (Statut Social, Autorit\u00e9, Prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Cette approche s&rsquo;articule directement avec la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_L._Deci\">Deci et Ryan<\/a>, distinguant les aspirations intrins\u00e8ques (croissance personnelle, affiliation, communaut\u00e9) des aspirations extrins\u00e8ques (richesse, image sociale, influence).<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du GSVI a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e \u00e0 travers plusieurs paradigmes d&rsquo;investigation :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par Braithwaite et Law (1985) sur un \u00e9chantillon repr\u00e9sentatif de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale adulte ainsi que sur des cohortes \u00e9tudiantes. \u00c0 travers une mod\u00e9lisation multidimensionnelle, les auteurs ont mis en \u00e9vidence que les items du GSVI s&rsquo;organisaient selon des axes s\u00e9mantiques distincts sans effet d&rsquo;art\u00e9fact d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle. Les analyses ont confirm\u00e9 que le passage d&rsquo;un classement ipsatif \u00e0 une \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;acceptation en 7 points pr\u00e9servait l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance dimensionnelle des construits tout en am\u00e9liorant la variabilit\u00e9 interindividuelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>Les sous-\u00e9chelles du GSVI d\u00e9montrent des corr\u00e9lations fortes et th\u00e9oriquement attendues avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles de valeurs et d&rsquo;attitudes politiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La sous-\u00e9chelle <em>International Harmony and Equality<\/em> corr\u00e8le positivement avec l&rsquo;altruisme social (r = 0,58), les attitudes environnementalistes et le soutien aux droits humains universels.<\/li>\n<li>La dimension <em>National Strength and Order<\/em> pr\u00e9sente de fortes corr\u00e9lations convergentes avec les mesures d&rsquo;autoritarisme de droite (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right-wing_authoritarianism\">RWA<\/a> d&rsquo;Altemeyer) et les \u00e9chelles de conservatisme social (r &gt; 0,60).<\/li>\n<li>La sous-\u00e9chelle <em>Traditional Religiosity<\/em> pr\u00e9sente une convergence tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9e avec les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;orientation religieuse intrins\u00e8que (r = 0,72).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 discriminante est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par la quasi-ind\u00e9pendance statistique entre les dimensions de croissance personnelle (<em>Personal Growth<\/em>) et celles d&rsquo;ordre national (<em>National Strength and Order<\/em>) (corr\u00e9lations g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement non significatives ou faibles, r &lt; 0,15). De m\u00eame, les mesures d&rsquo;h\u00e9donisme et de stimulation sociale (<em>Social Stimulation<\/em>) se s\u00e9parent nettement de la religiosit\u00e9 traditionnelle, attestant que les dimensions \u00e9valuent des construits psychologiquement h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les \u00e9tudes de comportement civique et politique, le GSVI pr\u00e9dit de fa\u00e7on statistiquement significative le choix \u00e9lectoral, l&rsquo;intention de vote pour des partis verts ou progressistes (pr\u00e9dit par l&rsquo;Harmonie Internationale) ou pour des partis conservateurs et nationalistes (pr\u00e9dit par la Puissance Nationale et la Religiosit\u00e9). De plus, dans les recherches appliqu\u00e9es sur la fixation d&rsquo;objectifs (Gore, 2014), les scores combin\u00e9s de buts personnels et de sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pr\u00e9disent avec acuit\u00e9 le niveau d&rsquo;ambition et la t\u00e9nacit\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;accomplissement des t\u00e2ches complexes.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du GSVI a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e au moyen de la coh\u00e9rence interne (alpha de Cronbach) et de proc\u00e9dures de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest).<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Les valeurs d&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach issues des donn\u00e9es empiriques originales de Braithwaite et Law (1985) et des r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent comme suit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>International Harmony and Equality<\/strong> (10 items) : &alpha; = 0,83 (Excellente coh\u00e9rence interne)<\/li>\n<li><strong>National Strength and Order<\/strong> (4 items) : &alpha; = 0,81 (Tr\u00e8s bonne coh\u00e9rence interne)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traditional Religiosity<\/strong> (4 items) : &alpha; = 0,70 (Coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Personal Growth and Inner Harmony<\/strong> (6 items) : &alpha; = 0,73 (Coh\u00e9rence interne robuste)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Physical Well-being<\/strong> (3 items) : &alpha; = 0,74 (Coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Standing<\/strong> (3 items) : &alpha; = 0,65 (Coh\u00e9rence interne acceptable pour un construit tri-item)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secure and Satisfying Interpersonal Relationships<\/strong> (5 items) : &alpha; = 0,68 (Coh\u00e9rence interne mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 acceptable)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Stimulation<\/strong> (2 items) : &alpha; = 0,53 (Coh\u00e9rence interne plus basse, directement attribuable au faible nombre d&rsquo;items [effet de la formule de Spearman-Brown], mais avec une corr\u00e9lation inter-items ad\u00e9quate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9valuations test-retest \u00e0 un intervalle de quatre \u00e0 six semaines montrent des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intra-classe (ICC) compris entre 0,71 et 0,86 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles. Cette stabilit\u00e9 refl\u00e8te fid\u00e8lement la d\u00e9finition th\u00e9orique des valeurs comme structures de personnalit\u00e9 relativement stables \u00e0 travers le temps chez les adultes, tout en restant sensibles aux transitions biographiques majeures.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La structure factorielle du GSVI a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;examens statistiques approfondis d\u00e8s sa conception. Braithwaite et Law (1985) ont soumis les r\u00e9ponses d&rsquo;un large \u00e9chantillon d&rsquo;adultes \u00e0 une analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) par la m\u00e9thode des facteurs principaux (<em>Principal Axis Factoring<\/em>), suivie d&rsquo;une rotation oblique (Promax ou Oblimin) permettant aux facteurs de pr\u00e9senter des intercorr\u00e9lations th\u00e9oriquement coh\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une structure factorielle claire, confirmant l&rsquo;existence des sous-dimensions identifi\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le facteur <strong>Harmonie Internationale et \u00c9galit\u00e9<\/strong> a extrait la part de variance la plus substantielle, avec des saturations factorielles tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es pour la justice \u00e9conomique (0,74), la paix mondiale (0,71) et la pr\u00e9servation de la nature (0,68).<\/li>\n<li>Le facteur <strong>Puissance et Ordre Nationaux<\/strong> a isol\u00e9 un regroupement net des items relatifs \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale (saturation de 0,79) et au maintien de l&rsquo;ordre l\u00e9gal (saturation de 0,66).<\/li>\n<li>Les items d&rsquo;<strong>Harmonie Int\u00e9rieure et de Croissance Personnelle<\/strong> ont satur\u00e9 distinctement sur un facteur d&rsquo;auto-accomplissement (saturations comprises entre 0,52 et 0,69), d\u00e9montrant que la qu\u00eate de sagesse et le respect de soi ne se r\u00e9duisent pas \u00e0 la recherche de bonheur h\u00e9doniste.<\/li>\n<li>Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) conduites dans des \u00e9tudes subs\u00e9quentes de validation interculturelle ont rapport\u00e9 des indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation robustes pour le mod\u00e8le multidimensionnel : indice de non-ajustement de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) &gt; 0,90, indice d&rsquo;ajustement comparatif (CFI) &gt; 0,91, et erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (RMSEA) comprise entre 0,045 et 0,058, validant la pertinence de la matrice conceptuelle originale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom du test :<\/strong> Goal and Social Values Inventories (GSVI) \u2014 Inventaires des Buts et des Valeurs Sociales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 (\u00e9valuation quantitative normative).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 43 items descriptifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou passation informatis\u00e9e\/en ligne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e approximative de passation :<\/strong> 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Harmonie et \u00c9galit\u00e9 Internationales : items 1 \u00e0 10.<\/li>\n<li>Puissance et Ordre Nationaux : items 11 \u00e0 14.<\/li>\n<li>Religiosit\u00e9 Traditionnelle : items 15 \u00e0 18.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9panouissement Personnel et Harmonie Int\u00e9rieure : items 19 \u00e0 24.<\/li>\n<li>Bien-\u00eatre Physique : items 25 \u00e0 27.<\/li>\n<li>Statut Social : items 28 \u00e0 30.<\/li>\n<li>Relations Interpersonnelles S\u00e9curisantes et Satisfaisantes : items 31 \u00e0 35.<\/li>\n<li>Stimulation Sociale : items 36 et 37.<\/li>\n<li>Droits Individuels : items 38 \u00e0 43.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (Exact Response Scale) :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de type Likert en 7 points gradu\u00e9e de la mani\u00e8re suivante :\n<ul>\n<li>1 = I reject this (Je rejette cela)<\/li>\n<li>2 = I am inclined to reject this (Je suis enclin(e) \u00e0 rejeter cela)<\/li>\n<li>3 = I neither reject nor accept this (Je ne rejette ni n&rsquo;accepte cela)<\/li>\n<li>4 = I am inclined to accept this (Je suis enclin(e) \u00e0 accepter cela)<\/li>\n<li>5 = I accept this as important (J&rsquo;accepte cela comme important)<\/li>\n<li>6 = I accept this as very important (J&rsquo;accepte cela comme tr\u00e8s important)<\/li>\n<li>7 = I accept this as of the greatest importance (J&rsquo;accepte cela comme de la plus haute importance)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong> Le score de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;obtient en calculant la moyenne arithm\u00e9tique (ou la somme brute) des items constitutifs de la dimension. Aucun item n&rsquo;est invers\u00e9. Des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s indiquent une priorisation axiologique forte accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la dimension correspondante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1985.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et permissions :<\/strong> Les droits scientifiques originaux appartiennent aux auteurs (Braithwaite &amp; Law) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;American Psychological Association (APA). L&rsquo;instrument est dans le domaine public acad\u00e9mique \u00e0 des fins exclusives de recherche scientifique non commerciale et d&rsquo;enseignement universitaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Gratuit pour une utilisation dans le cadre de th\u00e8ses, m\u00e9moires universitaires et projets de recherche acad\u00e9miques. Aucune redevance n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument complet et sa description m\u00e9thodologique sont disponibles dans la publication originale de 1985 ainsi que sur les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts d&rsquo;archives acad\u00e9miques en libre acc\u00e8s tels que <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232599525\">ResearchGate<\/a>. Pour tout usage institutionnel \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle ou commercial, l&rsquo;accord pr\u00e9alable de l&rsquo;auteur principal est requis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les travaux scientifiques fondamentaux fondant la cr\u00e9ation et l&rsquo;usage de cet instrument comprennent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Braithwaite, V. A., &amp; Law, H. G. (1985). Structure of human values: Testing the adequacy of the Rokeach Value Survey. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 49(1), 250\u2013263. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.49.1.250\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.49.1.250<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Braithwaite, V. (1994). Beyond Rokeach&rsquo;s equality-freedom model: Two-dimensional interpretations of value systems. <em>Journal of Social Issues<\/em>, 50(4), 67\u201394. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01198.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01198.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Braithwaite, V. (1998). The value balance model of political evaluations. <em>British Journal of Social Psychology<\/em>, 37(1), 79\u201397. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01157.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01157.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gore, T. J. (2014). <em>Goal Orientations and Self-Efficacy Interactions on Self-Set Goal Level<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de Master en sciences, Wright State University). OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/etd.ohiolink.edu\/\">https:\/\/etd.ohiolink.edu\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rokeach, M. (1973). <em>The Nature of Human Values<\/em>. Free Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/openlibrary.org\/books\/OL5308698M\/The_nature_of_human_values\">https:\/\/openlibrary.org\/books\/OL5308698M\/The_nature_of_human_values<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), <em>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology<\/em> (Vol. 25, pp. 1\u201365). Academic Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A good life for others (improving the welfare of all people in need)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Rule by the people (involvement by all citizens in making decisions that affect their community)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">International cooperation (ha\u200eving all nations working together to help each other)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Social progress and social reform ( readiness to change our way of life for the better)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A world at peace (being free from war and conflict)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A world of beauty (ha\u200eving the beauty of nature and of the arts (music\u201a literature\u201a art\u201a etc.)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Human dignity (allowing each individual to be treated as someone of worth)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Equal opportunity for all (giving everyone an equal chance in life)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Greater economic equality (lessening the gap between the rich and the poor)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Preserving the natural environment (preventing the destruction of nature&#039;s beauty and resources)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">National greatness (being a united\u201a strong\u201a independent\u201a and powerful nation)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">National economic development (ha\u200eving greater economic progress and prosperity for the nation)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The rule of law (punishing the guilty and protecting the innocent)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">National security (protection of your nation from enemies)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Salvation (being saved from your sins and at peace with God)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Religious or mystical experience (being at one with God or the universe)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Upholding traditional sexual moral standards (opposing sexual permissiveness and pornography)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sexual intimacy (ha\u200eving a satisfying sexual relationship)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Self-knowledge or self-insight (being more aware of what sort of person you are)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The pursuit of knowledge (always trying to find out new things about the world we live in)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Inner harmony (feeling free of conflict within yourself)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Self-improvement (striving to be a better person)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Wisdom (ha\u200eving a mature understanding .of life)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Self-respect (believing in your own worth)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Physical development (being physically fit)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Good health (physical well-being)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Physical exercise (taking part in energetic activity)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Recognition by the community (ha\u200eving high standing in the community)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Economic prosperity (being financially well off)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Authority (ha\u200eving power to influence others and control decisions)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Mature love (ha\u200eving a relationship of deep and lasting affection)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">True friendship (ha\u200eving genuine and close friends)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personal support (knowing that there is someone to take care of you<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Security for loved ones (taking care of loved ones)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Acceptance by others (feeling that you belong)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">An active social life (mixing with other people)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">An exciting life (a life full of new experience or adventures)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Privacy for yourself (being able to keep your business to yourself)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A sense of ownership (knowing that the things you need and use belong to you)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A leisurely life (being free from pressure and stress)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Carefree enjoyment (being free to indulge in the pleasures of life)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The protection of human life (taking care to preserve your own life and the life of others)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Comfort but not luxury (being satisfied with the simple pleasures of life)<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire des Buts et des Valeurs Sociales (GSVI), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Braithwaite et Law (1985), est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation en 43 items mesurant neuf dimensions des valeurs humaines et soci\u00e9tales.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[16171,154,2],"tags":[15053,23875,14488,18196,23001,23876,220,16,11534,3654],"class_list":["post-15196","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-de-valeurs","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-braithwaite","tag-buts-personnels","tag-evaluation-quantitative","tag-gsvi","tag-harmonie-sociale","tag-ordre-national","tag-psychologie-sociale","tag-psychometrie","tag-rokeach-value-survey","tag-valeurs-humaines"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15196"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/15196\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}