{"id":14761,"date":"2026-10-07T22:34:10","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/formulaire-d-auto-efficacite-pour-l-apprentissage\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T22:34:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:34:10","slug":"formulaire-d-auto-efficacite-pour-l-apprentissage","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=formulaire-d-auto-efficacite-pour-l-apprentissage","title":{"rendered":"Formulaire d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Formulaire d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage<\/strong> (connu sous l&rsquo;acronyme anglophone <em>SELF<\/em> pour <em>Self-Efficacy for Learning Form<\/em>), \u00e9labor\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barry_Zimmerman\">Barry J. Zimmerman<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/cehd.gmu.edu\/people\/faculty\/akitsant\/\">Anastasia Kitsantis<\/a> et Magda Campillo (2005), repr\u00e9sente un \u00e9talon de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence psychom\u00e9trique pour la mesure du sentiment d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 personnelle appliqu\u00e9 aux processus d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation acad\u00e9mique dans l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et secondaire. Cet instrument \u00e9value sp\u00e9cifiquement les croyances subjectives d&rsquo;un \u00e9tudiant quant \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue \u00e0 mobiliser les ressources cognitives, m\u00e9tacognitives, motivationnelles et comportementales requises pour surmonter les obstacles typiques de l&rsquo;environnement d&rsquo;apprentissage universitaire.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle existe sous deux configurations psychom\u00e9triques principales : la version int\u00e9grale comprenant 57 items distribu\u00e9s \u00e0 travers cinq domaines fonctionnels fondamentaux de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 scolaire (la lecture strat\u00e9gique [<em>Reading<\/em>], les habitudes d&rsquo;\u00e9tude et la gestion du temps [<em>Study<\/em>], la pr\u00e9paration et la passation d&rsquo;examens [<em>Test preparation<\/em>], la prise et le traitement de notes [<em>Note-taking<\/em>], et la production \u00e9crite acad\u00e9mique [<em>Writing<\/em>]), ainsi qu&rsquo;une version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e valid\u00e9e de 19 items (<em>SELF-A<\/em>, Zimmerman &amp; Kitsantis, 2007). Conform\u00e9ment aux recommandations m\u00e9thodologiques formul\u00e9es par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Bandura\">Albert Bandura<\/a>, le format de r\u00e9ponse repose sur une \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation continue gradu\u00e9e de 0 % (\u00ab Ne peut absolument pas le faire \u00bb) \u00e0 100 % (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait capable de le faire \u00bb), par paliers de 10 points.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, le SELF affiche une consistance interne exceptionnelle, attest\u00e9e par des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant syst\u00e9matiquement entre 0,96 et 0,98 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale et sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 0,90 pour la version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e. Les analyses factorielles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une structure unifactorielle d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur tr\u00e8s coh\u00e9rente (efficacit\u00e9 autor\u00e9gulatrice globale) doubl\u00e9e de composantes sp\u00e9cifiques de premier ordre align\u00e9es sur les t\u00e2ches acad\u00e9miques. L&rsquo;instrument poss\u00e8de une validit\u00e9 convergente et pr\u00e9dictive robuste vis-\u00e0-vis des notes universitaires (GPA), de l&rsquo;attribution causale adaptative, de la gestion proactive de la procrastination et des scores aux inventaires d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation tels que le MSLQ (<em>Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage, Sentiment d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 personnelle, Autor\u00e9gulation acad\u00e9mique, Psychom\u00e9trie \u00e9ducative, \u00c9valuation cognitive, Prise de notes, Pr\u00e9paration aux examens, Motivation acad\u00e9mique, Comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9tacognitives, Validation d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Le formulaire d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage a \u00e9t\u00e9 conjointement con\u00e7u et valid\u00e9 par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs pionniers de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cognitive_theory\">th\u00e9orie sociocognitive<\/a> de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Barry J. Zimmerman, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite en psychologie de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation au <em>Graduate Center<\/em> de la <em>City University of New York<\/em> (CUNY), \u00c9tats-Unis. Figure de proue mondiale de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de l&rsquo;apprentissage autor\u00e9gul\u00e9 (<em>Self-Regulated Learning<\/em>, SRL), il a th\u00e9oris\u00e9 les mod\u00e8les cycliques de l&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation comportementale et m\u00e9tacognitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anastasia Kitsantis, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeure de psychologie de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation \u00e0 la <em>George Mason University<\/em> (Fairfax, Virginie, \u00c9tats-Unis), directrice du programme d&rsquo;apprentissage autor\u00e9gul\u00e9 et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9ducatif. Ses travaux portent sur le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;observation de mod\u00e8les, des buts d&rsquo;apprentissage et de l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation dans l&rsquo;acquisition de comp\u00e9tences complexes. Contact institutionnel : <a href=\"mailto:akitsant@gmu.edu\">akitsant@gmu.edu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Magda Campillo, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse et psychologue de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, collaboratrice des travaux fondateurs sur l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 r\u00e9gulatrice au sein des populations universitaires hispanophones et nord-am\u00e9ricaines (Universit\u00e9 Nationale Autonome du Mexique \/ CUNY).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental du <strong>Formulaire d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage<\/strong> est de mesurer quantitativement la confiance qu&rsquo;accorde un apprenant \u00e0 ses propres comp\u00e9tences d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation face aux d\u00e9fis concrets et aux perturbations inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 la vie acad\u00e9mique. Contrairement aux outils \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;estime de soi g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou un vague sentiment de comp\u00e9tence globale (tels que le concept de soi acad\u00e9mique global), le SELF a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment structur\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 dans des contextes de contraintes r\u00e9elles, o\u00f9 l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 des distracteurs, \u00e0 la fatigue, \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un contenu ou \u00e0 un manque d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat intrins\u00e8que.<\/p>\n<p>La justification th\u00e9orique et empirique de cet instrument repose sur le constat que le savoir pur ou la ma\u00eetrise th\u00e9orique d&rsquo;une strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;\u00e9tude ne garantissent nullement sa mise en application effective. Pour qu&rsquo;un \u00e9tudiant r\u00e9vise efficacement, structure ses notes ou surmonte l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 avant une \u00e9preuve sommative, il doit imp\u00e9rativement croire en sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9guler ses processus cognitifs, affectifs et environnementaux en situation d&rsquo;adversit\u00e9. Le SELF examine ainsi le niveau d&rsquo;\u00ab agentivit\u00e9 \u00bb de l&rsquo;apprenant lorsqu&rsquo;il rencontre des blocages typiques, tels qu&rsquo;un cours ennuyeux, une bibliographie excessivement longue, une mauvaise note pr\u00e9alable ou des conflits avec des pairs.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la recherche psycho\u00e9ducative, le SELF sert \u00e0 mod\u00e9liser les trajectoires de r\u00e9ussite scolaire, \u00e0 diss\u00e9quer la dynamique de l&rsquo;abandon universitaire et \u00e0 mesurer l&rsquo;impact d&rsquo;interventions p\u00e9dagogiques ciblant les comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9tacognitives. Sur le plan pratique et clinique (conseil p\u00e9dagogique, centres d&rsquo;aide \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite, psychologie de l&rsquo;orientation), l&rsquo;instrument op\u00e8re comme un outil diagnostique individualis\u00e9 de premier ordre. Il permet aux conseillers d&rsquo;identifier pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les micro-domaines de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 chez un \u00e9tudiant en difficult\u00e9 : certains sujets peuvent pr\u00e9senter une excellente auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour la r\u00e9daction d&rsquo;essais tout en manifestant une incapacit\u00e9 totale per\u00e7ue \u00e0 restructurer des notes de cours complexes ou \u00e0 planifier la r\u00e9vision \u00e0 long terme d&rsquo;un examen, orientant ainsi des rem\u00e9diations cibl\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par le SELF est l&rsquo;<strong>auto-efficacit\u00e9 autor\u00e9gulatrice pour l&rsquo;apprentissage<\/strong>. Ce construit multidimensionnel s&rsquo;articule autour de la capacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue \u00e0 orchestrer intentionnellement la cognition, la m\u00e9tacognition, la motivation et l&rsquo;environnement d&rsquo;apprentissage dans cinq domaines op\u00e9ratoires :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Lecture strat\u00e9gique et compr\u00e9hension textuelle (<em>Reading &#8211; R<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante explore l&rsquo;aptitude per\u00e7ue \u00e0 maintenir l&rsquo;attention lors de la lecture d&rsquo;ouvrages denses, \u00e0 r\u00e9parer les ruptures de compr\u00e9hension textuelle et \u00e0 m\u00e9moriser les concepts cl\u00e9s sur de longues p\u00e9riodes. L&rsquo;accent est mis sur les strat\u00e9gies correctives face \u00e0 des textes mal r\u00e9dig\u00e9s ou ennuyeux, par exemple la formulation d&rsquo;auto-questions (item 34 : <em>\u00ab When you suddenly realize that you can\u2019t remember any material you have read during the last half hour, can you create self-questions to help you review the material successfully? \u00bb<\/em>) ou l&rsquo;exploitation d&rsquo;indices textuels contextuels.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Habitudes d&rsquo;\u00e9tude et gestion de l&rsquo;environnement (<em>Study &#8211; S<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce domaine \u00e9value la r\u00e9gulation de l&rsquo;effort, la gestion proactive de l&rsquo;agenda acad\u00e9mique, la r\u00e9sistance aux sollicitations sociales concurrentes et la canalisation des \u00e9tats \u00e9motionnels dysphoriques. Les items mesurent la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 prioriser les devoirs scolaires face aux conflits d&#8217;emploi du temps ou au d\u00e9couragement passager, ainsi que la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 collaborer efficacement avec des pairs d&rsquo;\u00e9tude lorsque des difficult\u00e9s conceptuelles surviennent (ex. item 13 et item 51).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Pr\u00e9paration et gestion des examens (<em>Test preparation &#8211; T<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce sous-construit cerne les croyances de l&rsquo;apprenant relatives \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 anticiper les exigences d&rsquo;une \u00e9valuation sommative, \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation et \u00e0 transformer un \u00e9chec ant\u00e9rieur en levier d&rsquo;apprentissage. Il s&rsquo;\u00e9tend de la mobilisation mn\u00e9motechnique (ex. diagrammes, analogies) jusqu&rsquo;au refus d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives imm\u00e9diates (item 37 : refuser d&rsquo;aller au cin\u00e9ma avec des amis pour r\u00e9viser) et \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation cognitive en situation d&rsquo;\u00e9preuve (item 31 : se relaxer et retrouver sa concentration lors d&rsquo;un trou de m\u00e9moire pendant un examen).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Prise et traitement des notes de cours (<em>Note-taking &#8211; N<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>La prise de notes ne constitue pas un simple enregistrement passif, mais une activit\u00e9 cognitivo-motrice hautement sollicitante. Ce sous-construit jauge l&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant \u00e0 combler les lacunes d&rsquo;un expos\u00e9 confus ou trop rapide donn\u00e9 par l&rsquo;enseignant, \u00e0 synth\u00e9tiser des volumes volumineux d&rsquo;informations et \u00e0 solliciter des camarades pour clarifier des ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s conceptuelles entre deux s\u00e9ances magistrales (ex. items 8, 9, 22 et 42).<\/p>\n<h3>5. R\u00e9daction et production \u00e9crite acad\u00e9mique (<em>Writing &#8211; W<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>La production textuelle exige une planification rigoureuse, une traduction linguistique d&rsquo;id\u00e9es abstraites et une r\u00e9vision it\u00e9rative. Les items de ce domaine sondent la confiance de l&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant \u00e0 surmonter la procrastination r\u00e9dactionnelle (item 35), \u00e0 reformuler un premier jet syntaxiquement ou structurellement d\u00e9ficient (item 46), \u00e0 concevoir des analogies explicatives complexes (item 45) et \u00e0 pers\u00e9v\u00e9rer dans la t\u00e2che malgr\u00e9 un \u00e9puisement cognitif manifeste (item 33).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique du SELF repose sur la <strong>th\u00e9orie sociocognitive<\/strong> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Bandura\">Albert Bandura<\/a> (1986, 1997) et sur le <strong>mod\u00e8le cyclique de l&rsquo;apprentissage autor\u00e9gul\u00e9<\/strong> formalis\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barry_Zimmerman\">Barry J. Zimmerman<\/a> (2000, 2002). Selon ce cadre, le fonctionnement humain r\u00e9sulte d&rsquo;un d\u00e9terminisme r\u00e9ciproque triadique o\u00f9 interagissent constamment les facteurs personnels (cognitions, affects, croyances d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9), les comportements observ\u00e9s et les influences de l&rsquo;environnement physique et social.<\/p>\n<p>Dans ce mod\u00e8le triadique, les croyances d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 constituent le pivot central du syst\u00e8me motivationnel. Elles ne mesurent pas les comp\u00e9tences r\u00e9elles d&rsquo;un sujet, mais l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation subjective qu&rsquo;il porte sur ce qu&rsquo;il est en mesure d&rsquo;accomplir avec ses comp\u00e9tences dans des contextes sp\u00e9cifiques. Bandura a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que des croyances \u00e9lev\u00e9es d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 favorisent le choix de t\u00e2ches stimulantes, augmentent la pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance face aux obstacles, r\u00e9duisent la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 au stress et conditionnent la mobilisation strat\u00e9gique des connaissances.<\/p>\n<p>Zimmerman a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 cette perspective au sein d&rsquo;une boucle cyclique d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation comportant trois phases s\u00e9quentielles interactives :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La phase de pr\u00e9vision (<em>Forethought<\/em>)<\/strong> : Comprend l&rsquo;analyse de la t\u00e2che, la fixation d&rsquo;objectifs proximaux, la planification strat\u00e9gique et l&rsquo;activation des croyances d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9. L&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 agit ici comme un catalyseur direct de l&rsquo;engagement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La phase de contr\u00f4le de la performance (<em>Performance \/ Volitional Control<\/em>)<\/strong> : Englobe le d\u00e9ploiement des strat\u00e9gies m\u00e9tacognitives, l&rsquo;auto-instruction, la focalisation attentionnelle et la gestion environnementale. Les items du SELF op\u00e9rationnalisent directement cette phase en testant la r\u00e9silience attentionnelle de l&rsquo;apprenant lorsqu&rsquo;un cours devient l\u00e9thargique ou qu&rsquo;un texte est aride.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La phase d&rsquo;autor\u00e9flexion (<em>Self-Reflection<\/em>)<\/strong> : Implique l&rsquo;auto-jugement, les attributions causales (internes et modifiables versus externes et incontr\u00f4lables) et les r\u00e9actions adaptatives. Le SELF saisit cette \u00e9tape \u00e0 travers les items \u00e9valuant la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 ajuster les m\u00e9thodes de travail apr\u00e8s un \u00e9chec ou un examen manqu\u00e9 (ex. items 16, 18, 54).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du <em>Self-Efficacy for Learning Form<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 corrobor\u00e9e par de nombreuses investigations conduites principalement aupr\u00e8s de populations coll\u00e9giales et universitaires (Zimmerman &amp; Kitsantis, 2005, 2007 ; Conner, Skidmore, &amp; Aagaard, 2012).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et d&rsquo;apparence<\/h3>\n<p>Les 57 items initiaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9riv\u00e9s d&rsquo;entretiens qualitatifs approfondis et de protocoles de pens\u00e9e \u00e0 voix haute conduits avec des \u00e9tudiants de premier cycle confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des t\u00e2ches acad\u00e9miques standards. Un panel d&rsquo;experts en psychologie cognitive et en \u00e9ducation a valid\u00e9 l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation \u00e9cologique des contextes d\u00e9crits, s&rsquo;assurant que chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 mettait en sc\u00e8ne une r\u00e9elle entrave \u00e0 l&rsquo;apprentissage (procrastination, ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 des consignes, charge cognitive excessive).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Les scores au SELF corr\u00e8lent positivement et significativement avec les sous-\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation m\u00e9tacognitive (<em>r<\/em> = 0,68 \u00e0 0,74, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) et de gestion de l&rsquo;effort du <em>Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire<\/em> (MSLQ ; Pintrich et al., 1993). Inversement, des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives robustes sont observ\u00e9es avec les \u00e9chelles de procrastination acad\u00e9mique (<em>Tuckman Procrastination Scale<\/em>, <em>r<\/em> = -0,55, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) et l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9bilitante face aux tests (<em>r<\/em> = -0,42). La validit\u00e9 discriminante est appuy\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es voire faibles avec l&rsquo;estime de soi globale mesur\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Rosenberg (<em>r<\/em> \u2248 0,28), confirmant que le SELF ne capture pas un trait g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de bien-\u00eatre personnel, mais une comp\u00e9tence autor\u00e9gulatrice sp\u00e9cifique au domaine scolaire.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 crit\u00e9ri\u00e9e et pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Le SELF d\u00e9montre une remarquable validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard des accomplissements scolaires tangibles. Dans les \u00e9tudes de r\u00e9gression hi\u00e9rarchique men\u00e9es par Zimmerman et Kitsantis (2007), les scores au SELF-A pr\u00e9disent de mani\u00e8re significative la moyenne g\u00e9n\u00e9rale universitaire cumulative (GPA), expliquant entre 16 % et 22 % de la variance des performances d&rsquo;examen, et ce m\u00eame apr\u00e8s contr\u00f4le statistique des aptitudes verbales initiales (scores SAT\/ACT) et des performances ant\u00e9rieures au secondaire.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les caract\u00e9ristiques de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du SELF se situent parmi les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es document\u00e9es dans la litt\u00e9rature psychom\u00e9trique des sciences de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/strong> : Pour l&rsquo;instrument complet de 57 items, le coefficient alpha de Cronbach global rapport\u00e9 par Zimmerman, Kitsantis et Campillo (2005) atteint un niveau exceptionnel de <strong>\u03b1 = 0,98<\/strong>. Les sous-\u00e9chelles individuelles d\u00e9montrent \u00e9galement une tr\u00e8s forte homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 : <em>Reading<\/em> (\u03b1 = 0,91), <em>Study<\/em> (\u03b1 = 0,92), <em>Test preparation<\/em> (\u03b1 = 0,90), <em>Note-taking<\/em> (\u03b1 = 0,89), et <em>Writing<\/em> (\u03b1 = 0,91).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la forme abr\u00e9g\u00e9e (SELF-A)<\/strong> : La version condens\u00e9e \u00e0 19 items conserve un niveau de consistance interne exemplaire, affichant des coefficients alpha variant entre <strong>\u03b1 = 0,92 et \u03b1 = 0,94<\/strong> selon les \u00e9chantillons universitaires (Zimmerman &amp; Kitsantis, 2007 ; Conner et al., 2012).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/strong> : Les \u00e9valuations de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle conduites sur un intervalle de quatre \u00e0 six semaines indiquent un coefficient de corr\u00e9lation test-retest de <em>r<\/em> = 0,86 (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) en l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;intervention didactique, d\u00e9montrant une stabilit\u00e9 ad\u00e9quate du construit tout en restant sensible aux interventions d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement aux strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;apprentissage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Erreur standard de mesure (SEM)<\/strong> : La marge d&rsquo;erreur standard de mesure rapport\u00e9e sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle m\u00e9trique de 0 \u00e0 100 est particuli\u00e8rement restreinte (SEM &lt; 3,5 points), conf\u00e9rant \u00e0 l&rsquo;instrument une tr\u00e8s grande pr\u00e9cision pour le diagnostic individualis\u00e9 en pratique clinique psycho\u00e9ducative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Les investigations psychom\u00e9triques originelles et les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures ont document\u00e9 la structure factorielle du SELF \u00e0 travers des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) :<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la phase de d\u00e9veloppement initiale (Zimmerman et al., 2005), une extraction en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax) a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e aux 57 items. Bien que cinq facteurs distincts aient \u00e9merg\u00e9, correspondant aux contextes d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 (Lecture, \u00c9tude g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Examens, Prise de notes, R\u00e9daction), le premier facteur non tourn\u00e9 expliquait \u00e0 lui seul plus de 48 % de la variance totale, avec des saturations factorielles comprises entre 0,52 et 0,81 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des items. Ce pattern a mis en \u00e9vidence l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un puissant facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sous-jacent d&rsquo;<em>efficacit\u00e9 autor\u00e9gulatrice globale<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Pour la forme abr\u00e9g\u00e9e (SELF-A de 19 items), Zimmerman et Kitsantis (2007) ont compar\u00e9 plusieurs mod\u00e8les concurrents par mod\u00e9lisation d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles (SEM) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le unifactoriel strict<\/strong> : Postule que l&rsquo;ensemble des 19 items refl\u00e8te une seule dimension d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation de l&rsquo;apprentissage. Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s tr\u00e8s satisfaisants : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\chi^2 \/ dl &lt; 2,3\">$\\chi^2 \/ dl &lt; 2,3$<\/span>, CFI = 0,95, TLI = 0,94, RMSEA = 0,056 (IC 90 % [0,047, 0,065]), SRMR = 0,038.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre<\/strong> : Comprend un facteur global d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 autor\u00e9gulatrice surplombant des facteurs de premier ordre contextualis\u00e9s. Ce mod\u00e8le pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement d&rsquo;excellents indices d&rsquo;ajustement (CFI = 0,96, RMSEA = 0,052).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les saturations factorielles standardis\u00e9es (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda\">$lambda$<\/span>) pour la forme abr\u00e9g\u00e9e oscillent entre 0,58 et 0,84, confirmant que tous les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s contribuent de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e et robuste \u00e0 la capture du construit d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation acad\u00e9mique.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nature de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation<\/strong> : Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique (auto-rapport standardis\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Version int\u00e9grale : <strong>57 items<\/strong> contextualis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e (SELF-A) : <strong>19 items<\/strong> s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s pour leur repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 fonctionnelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format et \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c9chelle continue de type Bandura gradu\u00e9e en pourcentages : <strong>de 0 % \u00e0 100 %<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Ancrages s\u00e9mantiques formels : <em>0% = Definitely Cannot Do It<\/em> (Ne peut absolument pas le faire) \u00e0 <em>100% = Definitely Can Do It<\/em> (Tout \u00e0 fait capable de le faire), les r\u00e9pondants s\u00e9lectionnant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un palier par tranches de 10 % (0, 10, 20&#8230; 100).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-domaines op\u00e9rationnels<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R<\/strong> = Lecture strat\u00e9gique (<em>Reading items<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>S<\/strong> = Habitudes d&rsquo;\u00e9tude et gestion de l&rsquo;effort (<em>Study items<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>T<\/strong> = Pr\u00e9paration et gestion des examens (<em>Test preparation items<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>N<\/strong> = Prise et r\u00e9vision de notes (<em>Note-taking items<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>W<\/strong> = R\u00e9daction acad\u00e9mique (<em>Writing items<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de calcul des scores (Cotation)<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Le score global correspond \u00e0 la moyenne arithm\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;ensemble des r\u00e9ponses aux items compl\u00e9t\u00e9s (somme des pourcentages divis\u00e9e par 57 ou par 19), g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un score synth\u00e9tique d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 compris entre 0 et 100 %.<\/li>\n<li>Des scores de sous-\u00e9chelles peuvent \u00eatre calcul\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on similaire en faisant la moyenne des items relevant de chaque domaine respectif (R, S, T, N, W) afin d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir un profil diagnostique d&rsquo;apprentissage.<\/li>\n<li>Aucun item n&rsquo;est invers\u00e9 ; des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s traduisent une confiance d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation acad\u00e9mique optimale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation<\/strong> : 15 \u00e0 25 minutes pour la forme compl\u00e8te (57 items) ; 5 \u00e0 8 minutes pour la version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e (19 items).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e d&rsquo;introduction princeps<\/strong> : 2005 (Zimmerman, Kitsantis, &amp; Campillo) ; version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e valid\u00e9e en 2007 (Zimmerman &amp; Kitsantis).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle<\/strong> : D\u00e9tenu initialement par les auteurs et les maisons d&rsquo;\u00e9dition associ\u00e9es (<em>Journal of Psychology<\/em> \/ Springer Science+Business Media).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et politique tarifaire<\/strong> : L&rsquo;instrument est class\u00e9 comme outil ouvert \u00e0 l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique et scientifique. Son utilisation dans un cadre non commercial de recherche universitaire ou d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique en milieu scolaire est libre et gratuite, sous r\u00e9serve expresse de citation bibliographique des travaux fondateurs de Zimmerman et coll\u00e8gues.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exploitation commerciale<\/strong> : Toute incorporation dans des suites logicielles payantes ou des plateformes commerciales d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des comp\u00e9tences requiert une demande formelle d&rsquo;autorisation aupr\u00e8s des d\u00e9tenteurs de licences \u00e9ditoriales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Bandura, A. (1986). <em>Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory<\/em>. Prentice-Hall.<\/li>\n<li>Bandura, A. (1997). <em>Self-efficacy: The exercise of control<\/em>. W. H. Freeman and Company.<\/li>\n<li>Conner, T. W., Skidmore, R. L., &amp; Aagaard, L. (2012). <em>College student disposition and academic self-efficacy<\/em>. Communication pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9union annuelle de la Mid-South Educational Research Association, Lexington, Kentucky. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED548582.pdf\">http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED548582.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., &amp; McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). <em>Educational and Psychological Measurement<\/em>, 53(3), 801-813. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164493053003024\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164493053003024<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J. (1986). Becoming a self-regulated learner: Which are the key subprocesses? <em>Contemporary Educational Psychology<\/em>, 11(4), 307-313. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90027-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0361-476X(86)90027-5<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-efficacy: An essential motive to learn. <em>Contemporary Educational Psychology<\/em>, 25(1), 82-91. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ceps.1999.1016\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ceps.1999.1016<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. <em>Theory Into Practice<\/em>, 41(2), 64-70. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., &amp; Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. <em>American Educational Research Journal<\/em>, 29(3), 663-676. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312029003663\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312029003663<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J., &amp; Campillo, M. (2003). Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. Dans J. E. Davidson &amp; R. J. Sternberg (\u00c9ds.), <em>The psychology of problem solving<\/em> (pp. 233-262). Cambridge University Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511615771.009\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511615771.009<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J., &amp; Kitsantis, A. (2007). Reliability and validity of Self-Efficacy for Learning Form (SELF) scores of college students. <em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie \/ Journal of Psychology<\/em>, 215(3), 157-163. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0044-3409.215.3.157\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0044-3409.215.3.157<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J., &amp; Kitsantis, A. (2013). The Self-Efficacy for Learning Form\u2013Abridged. Dans C. A. Simmons &amp; P. Lehmann (\u00c9ds.), <em>Tools for strengths-based assessment and evaluation<\/em> (pp. 320-322). Springer Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman, B. J., Kitsantis, A., &amp; Campillo, M. (2005). Evaluaci\u00f3n de la autoeficacia regulatoria: Una perspectiva social cognitiva. <em>Evaluar<\/em>, 5, 1-21. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35670\/1667-4545.v5.n1.543\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35670\/1667-4545.v5.n1.543<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you miss a class can you find another student who can explain the lecture notes as clearly as your teacher did?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your teacher\u2019s lecture is very complex\u201a can you write an effective summary of your original notes before the next class?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a lecture is especially boring\u201a can you motivate yourself to keep good notes?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you had trouble understanding your instructor\u2019s lecture\u201a can you clarify the confusion before the next class meeting by comparing notes with a classmate?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have trouble studying your class notes because they are incomplete or confusing\u201a can you revise and rewrite them clearly after every lecture?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are taking a course covering a huge amount of material\u201a can you condense your notes down to just the essential facts?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are trying to understand a new topic\u201a can you associate new concepts with old ones sufficiently well to understand them?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When another student asks you to study together for a course in which you are experiencing difficulty\u201a can you be an effective study partner?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When problems with friends and peers conflict with schoolwork\u201a can you keep up with your assignments?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you feel moody or restless during studying\u201a can you focus your attention well enough to finish your assigned work?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find yourself getting increasingly behind in a new course\u201a can you increase your study time sufficiently enough to catch up?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you discover that your homework assignments for the semester are much longer than expected\u201a can you change your other priorities to have enough time for studying?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have trouble recalling an abstract concept\u201a can you think of a good example that will help you remember it on the test?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have to take a test in a school subject you dislike\u201a can you motivate yourself to do well?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are feeling depressed about a forthcoming grade\u201a can you find a way to motivate yourself to do well?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your last test results were poor\u201a can you figure out potential questions before the next test that will improve your score greatly?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are struggling to remember technical details of a concept for a test\u201a can you find a way to associate them together that will ensure recall?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you think you did poorly on a test you just finished\u201a can you go back to your notes and locate all the information you had forgotten?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find that you had to cram at the last minute for a test\u201a can you begin your test preparation much earlier so you won\u2019t need to cram the next time?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When an assigned reading is poorly written\u201a can you figure out its meaning\u00a0so you can explain it well on an essay test? (R)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a teacher\u2019s lecture is over your head\u201a can you find a way to get the\u00a0information clarified before the next class meeting? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your teacher\u2019s lecture is very complex\u201a can you write an effective\u00a0summary of your original notes before the next class? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are ha\u200eving trouble understanding assigned reading material\u201a can\u00a0you find a classmate who can explain everything clearly to you? (R)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you feel moody or restless during studying\u201a can you focus your\u00a0attention well enough to finish your assigned work? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are trying to understand a new topic\u201a can you associate new\u00a0concepts with old ones sufficiently well to remember them? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a lecture is especially boring\u201a can you motivate yourself to keep\u00a0good notes? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are ha\u200eving trouble comprehending a reading assignment\u201a can\u00a0you find key sentences that will help you understand each paragraph? (R)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have to take a test in a school subject you dislike\u201a can you find\u00a0a way to motivate yourself to earn a good grade? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have time available between classes\u201a can you motivate yourself\u00a0to use it for studying? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you had trouble understanding your instructor\u2019s lecture\u201a can you\u00a0clarify the confusion before the next class meeting by comparing notes with a classmate?(N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you feel anxious during an exam and have trouble controlling\u00a0information\u201a can you relax and concentrate well enough to remember it? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are feeling depressed about a forthcoming test\u201a can you find a\u00a0way to motivate yourself to do well? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are tired\u201a but have not finished writing a paper\u201a can you find a\u00a0way to motivate yourself until it is completed? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you suddenly realize that you can\u2019t remember any material you\u00a0have read during the last half hour\u201a can you cr\u200eeate self-questions to help you review thematerial successfully? (R)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find yourself putting off writing of an assigned paper\u201a can you\u00a0motivate yourself to begin the task immediately? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have trouble recalling an abstract concept\u201a can you think of a\u00a0good example that will help you remember it on a test? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your friends want to see a movie when you need to study for a test\u201a\u00a0can you find a way to decline without offending them? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your last test results were poor\u201a can you figure out potential\u00a0questions before the next test that will improve your score greatly? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are taking a course covering a huge amount of material\u201a can\u00a0you condense your notes down to just the essential facts? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find yourself getting increasingly behind in a new course\u201a\u00a0can you increase your study time sufficiently to catch up? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are struggling to remember technical details of a concept for\u00a0a test\u201a can you find a way to associate them together that will ensure recall? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your teacher lectures so rapidly you can\u2019t write everything down\u201a\u00a0can you record all the important points in your notes? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are angry about a course because of a teacher\u2019s demanding\u00a0requirements\u201a can you find a way to channel your anger to help you succeed? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When your concentration wanders while writing an important paper\u201a\u00a0can you refocus it sufficiently to finish the paper on time? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When describing a complex principle in a written paper\u201a can you cr\u200eeate\u00a0an analogy that a reader will understand? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find that your first draft of a paper is wordy\u201a ungrammatical\u201a\u00a0or confusing\u201a can you revise it so that it is completely clear and grammatical? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are asked to write a concise\u201a well-organized paper over\u00a0night\u201a can you find a way to do it? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are dissatisfied with an important paper you are writing\u201a can\u00a0you find another person who will show you how to remove all the problems? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are asked to write a paper on an unfamiliar topic\u201a can you\u00a0find good enough information to please your teacher? (W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you learn that a paper you just finished writing is confusing and\u00a0needs to be completely rewritten\u201a can you delay your other plans for a day to revise it?(W)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you discover that your homework assignments for the semester\u00a0are much longer than expected\u201a can you change your other priorities to have enough timefor studying? (S)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you think you did poorly on a test you just finished\u201a can you go\u00a0back to your notes and locate all the information you had forgotten? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are struggling to remember the details of a complex reading\u00a0assignment\u201a can you write summary notes that will greatly improve your recall? (R)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you find that you had to \u201ccram\u201d at the last minute for a test\u201a can\u00a0you begin your test preparation much earlier so you won\u2019t need to cram the next time? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When other students from your class emphasize parts of the teacher\u2019s\u00a0lecture that you excluded from your notes\u201a can you correct this omission before the nextclass meeting? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are struggling to understand a body of information for a test\u201a can you diagram it or ch\u200eart it so you will remember it all two weeks later? (T)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you have trouble studying your class notes because they are\u00a0incomplete or confusing\u201a can you revise and rewrite them clearly after every lecture? (N)<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Formulaire d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;apprentissage (SELF \/ SELF-A) de Zimmerman, Kitsantis et Campillo mesure les croyances d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 personnelle autor\u00e9gulatrice des \u00e9tudiants face aux d\u00e9fis acad\u00e9miques complexes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[138,421,2],"tags":[22970,3306,398,976,21970,425,972,16,22971],"class_list":["post-14761","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-psychologiques","category-psychologie-de-leducation","category-psychometrie","tag-anastasia-kitsantis","tag-apprentissage","tag-auto-efficacite","tag-autoregulation","tag-barry-zimmerman","tag-enseignement-superieur","tag-motivation","tag-psychometrie","tag-self"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14761\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}