{"id":14681,"date":"2026-10-07T20:43:11","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T20:43:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-abregee-des-attitudes-et-croyances-generales-sgabs\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T20:43:11","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T20:43:11","slug":"echelle-abregee-des-attitudes-et-croyances-generales-sgabs","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-abregee-des-attitudes-et-croyances-generales-sgabs","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle abr\u00e9g\u00e9e des attitudes et croyances g\u00e9n\u00e9rales (SGABS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle abr\u00e9g\u00e9e des attitudes et croyances g\u00e9n\u00e9rales<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale<\/em> ou <strong>SGABS<\/strong>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy\">Harald Lindner et ses collaborateurs (1999)<\/a>, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer de mani\u00e8re multidimensionnelle les croyances irrationnelles et rationnelles issues des postulats de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy\">th\u00e9rapie comportementale \u00e9motive rationnelle<\/a> (REBT ; <em>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy<\/em>) fond\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Ellis\">Albert Ellis<\/a>. Face aux limitations psychom\u00e9triques des premi\u00e8res \u00e9chelles de croyances irrationnelles \u2014 telles que le <em>Rational Behavior Inventory<\/em> (RBI) ou l&rsquo;<em>Irrational Beliefs Test<\/em> (IBT), qui confondaient souvent les cognitions irrationnelles avec leurs cons\u00e9quences affectives \u2014, la SGABS a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle originale \u00e0 72 items de Burgess (1990) et Bernard (1998) afin de proposer un outil court, robuste et cliniquement maniable.<\/p>\n<p>Compos\u00e9e de <strong>26 items<\/strong> \u00e9valu\u00e9s sur une \u00e9chelle de Likert en 5 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Disagree<\/em>) \u00e0 5 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Agree<\/em>), la SGABS mesure sept sous-\u00e9chelles distinctes : le besoin d&rsquo;accomplissement (<em>Need for Achievement<\/em>), le besoin d&rsquo;approbation (<em>Need for Approval<\/em>), le besoin de confort (<em>Need for Comfort<\/em>), l&rsquo;exigence de justice (<em>Demand for Fairness<\/em>), la d\u00e9valorisation de soi (<em>Self-Downing<\/em>), la d\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui (<em>Other-Downing<\/em>), et la pens\u00e9e rationnelle (<em>Rational Thinking<\/em>). Les six premi\u00e8res sous-\u00e9chelles peuvent \u00eatre agr\u00e9g\u00e9es pour former un score global d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 cognitive (<em>Total Irrationality<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;instrument t\u00e9moignent d&rsquo;une consistance interne remarquable, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,72 et 0,88 pour les sous-\u00e9chelles et d\u00e9passant 0,85 pour le score global d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9. Les \u00e9tudes factorielles confirmatoires appuient son architecture multifactorielle corr\u00e9l\u00e9e et sa structure hi\u00e9rarchique bi-factorielle. La SGABS pr\u00e9sente une excellente validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante vis-\u00e0-vis des mesures de d\u00e9pression, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, de col\u00e8re et de dysfonctionnements interpersonnels, ce qui en fait un instrument de premier plan tant pour la recherche empirique en psychologie clinique que pour le monitorage th\u00e9rapeutique au sein des protocoles de th\u00e9rapies cognitives et comportementales (TCC).<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>SGABS, croyances irrationnelles, th\u00e9rapie comportementale \u00e9motive rationnelle, REBT, Albert Ellis, \u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique, distorsions cognitives, exigence absolue, d\u00e9valorisation de soi, faible tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la frustration, dramatisation, psychom\u00e9trie clinique, restructuration cognitive.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>La version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle (SGABS) a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue et valid\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs australiens rattach\u00e9s \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 des sciences du comportement et de la sant\u00e9 de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latrobe.edu.au\/\">Universit\u00e9 La Trobe<\/a> (Melbourne, Australie) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Harald Lindner, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 D\u00e9partement de psychologie et des sciences de la sant\u00e9 comportementale, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australie. Psychologue clinicien et chercheur sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans les processus cognitifs dysfonctionnels et la mesure psychom\u00e9trique en milieu clinique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Robert J. Kirkby, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeur et chercheur au D\u00e9partement des sciences comportementales, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australie. Connu pour ses travaux sur la m\u00e9thodologie de recherche en psychologie comportementale et en r\u00e9adaptation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eleanor H. Wertheim, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite \u00e0 la School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australie. Sp\u00e9cialiste de renomm\u00e9e internationale de la mod\u00e9lisation psychom\u00e9trique, du d\u00e9veloppement cognitif et des troubles de l&rsquo;image corporelle et de l&rsquo;humeur. Courriel : <a href=\"mailto:e.wertheim@latrobe.edu.au\">e.wertheim@latrobe.edu.au<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Paul Birch, B.Sc. (Hons)<\/strong> \u2014 Statisticien et chercheur associ\u00e9, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australie. Expert en analyses factorielles et en mod\u00e9lisation par \u00e9quations structurelles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<h3>Fondement et finalit\u00e9 du d\u00e9veloppement<\/h3>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de la <em>Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale<\/em> (SGABS) par Lindner et ses coll\u00e8gues en 1999 r\u00e9pond \u00e0 un besoin m\u00e9thodologique pressant au sein du paradigme de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy\">th\u00e9rapie cognitive et comportementale (TCC)<\/a> et de la REBT. Historiquement, les premiers outils d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s pour tester les formulations th\u00e9oriques d&rsquo;Albert Ellis \u2014 notamment le <em>Common Belief Inventory<\/em> (CBI), l&rsquo;<em>Irrational Beliefs Test<\/em> (IBT ; Jones, 1968) et le <em>Rational Behavior Inventory<\/em> (RBI ; Shorkey &amp; Whiteman, 1977) \u2014 souffraient d&rsquo;un d\u00e9faut psychom\u00e9trique majeur d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 par les m\u00e9thodologistes (Smith, 1989 ; Bernard, 1998) : la contamination par le contenu affectif ou l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de d\u00e9tresse psychologique. En d&rsquo;autres termes, les items de ces \u00e9chelles mesuraient simultan\u00e9ment la cognition irrationnelle (\u00ab Je dois r\u00e9ussir \u00bb) et le r\u00e9sultat \u00e9motionnel d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8re (\u00ab et si j&rsquo;\u00e9choue, je deviens extr\u00eamement anxieux et d\u00e9prim\u00e9 \u00bb), induisant des corr\u00e9lations artificiellement gonfl\u00e9es avec les \u00e9chelles de d\u00e9pression ou d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (telles que le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Depression_Inventory\">Beck Depression Inventory<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Pour pallier ce probl\u00e8me de validit\u00e9 de construit, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle originale <em>General Attitude and Belief Scale<\/em> (GABS) de 72 items a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Burgess (1990) et affin\u00e9e par Bernard (1998). Cependant, sa longueur excessive (72 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s) limitait drastiquement son utilit\u00e9 en routine clinique, au sein de cohortes m\u00e9dicales vuln\u00e9rables ou lors d&rsquo;\u00e9valuations longitudinales r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es. L&rsquo;objectif explicite de Lindner et al. (1999) \u00e9tait donc d&rsquo;isoler une forme condens\u00e9e, pure et hautement discriminante de 26 items, capable de capturer l&rsquo;essence conceptuelle des croyances irrationnelles sans surcharger les participants et sans r\u00e9introduire d&rsquo;artefacts d&rsquo;humeur ou de d\u00e9tresse g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications cliniques et en recherche<\/h3>\n<p>La SGABS remplit plusieurs r\u00f4les d\u00e9terminants dans les milieux scientifiques et de soins :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Profilage diagnostique et cognitif :<\/strong> Elle permet aux cliniciens de cartographier avec pr\u00e9cision la constellation de sch\u00e9mas irrationnels d&rsquo;un patient donn\u00e9, en distinguant par exemple un patient principalement vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 l&rsquo;approbation sociale d&rsquo;un patient gouvern\u00e9 par des exigences de justice ou d&rsquo;intol\u00e9rance \u00e0 l&rsquo;inconfort.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mesure des processus et des r\u00e9sultats th\u00e9rapeutiques :<\/strong> La SGABS sert de barom\u00e8tre dans les protocoles d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 clinique pour d\u00e9terminer si la restructuration cognitive et le d\u00e9bat philosophique (<em>disputing<\/em>) ciblent avec succ\u00e8s les croyances nucl\u00e9aires rigides plut\u00f4t que de simples sympt\u00f4mes superficiels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recherche translationnelle et exp\u00e9rimentale :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est largement exploit\u00e9e pour investiguer les corr\u00e9lats neurobiologiques, psychophysiologiques et comportementaux de la rigidit\u00e9 cognitive, de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 au stress professionnel (<em>burnout<\/em>), des troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs, des addictions et des troubles de l&rsquo;adaptation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>La SGABS op\u00e9rationnalise les croyances cognitives selon l&rsquo;architecture bipartite de la th\u00e9orie REBT : elle capture \u00e0 la fois les <strong>processus cognitifs dysfonctionnels<\/strong> (les formes de pens\u00e9e irrationnelle) et les <strong>domaines th\u00e9matiques<\/strong> ou de contenu (les objets de ces exigences). L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est structur\u00e9e autour de sept construits distincts :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Besoin d&rsquo;accomplissement (<em>Need for Achievement<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit mesure l&rsquo;exigence dogmatique et absolue d&rsquo;excellence, de comp\u00e9tence et de succ\u00e8s dans les entreprises personnelles, scolaires ou professionnelles. L&rsquo;individu ne se contente pas d&rsquo;esp\u00e9rer la r\u00e9ussite : il formule un imp\u00e9ratif cat\u00e9gorique non n\u00e9gociable. L&rsquo;\u00e9chec ou la contre-performance y est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 non comme un \u00e9v\u00e9nement d\u00e9cevant mais comme une catastrophe insurmontable (ex. item 1 : <em>\u00ab It\u2019s unbearable to fail at important things and I can\u2019t stand not succeeding at them \u00bb<\/em> ; item 20 : <em>\u00ab If I do not perform well at things which are important it will be a catastrophe \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Besoin d&rsquo;approbation (<em>Need for Approval<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif absolu d&rsquo;\u00eatre aim\u00e9, accept\u00e9, valid\u00e9 et estim\u00e9 par les autruis significatifs. La personne per\u00e7oit le rejet, la d\u00e9sapprobation ou l&rsquo;indiff\u00e9rence interpersonnelle comme une rupture existentielle insupportable, conduisant \u00e0 une d\u00e9pendance affective aigu\u00eb et \u00e0 une anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sociale majeure (ex. item 6 : <em>\u00ab It\u2019s awful to be disliked by people who are important to me and it is a catastrophe if they don\u2019t like me \u00bb<\/em> ; item 23 : <em>\u00ab I must be liked and accepted by people I want to like me and I will not accept their not liking me \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Besoin de confort (<em>Need for Comfort<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce construit quantifie l&rsquo;intol\u00e9rance visc\u00e9rale \u00e0 l&rsquo;inconfort psychologique, somatique ou environnemental, souvent d\u00e9sign\u00e9e sous le terme de <em>faible tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la frustration<\/em> (LFT ; <em>Low Frustration Tolerance<\/em>). L&rsquo;individu pose l&rsquo;exigence que la vie soit exempte de tension, de nervosit\u00e9, de tracas administratifs ou d&rsquo;adversit\u00e9 (ex. item 3 : <em>\u00ab It\u2019s unbearable being uncomfortable\u201a tense or nervous and I can\u2019t stand it when I am \u00bb<\/em> ; item 16 : <em>\u00ab I can\u2019t stand hassles in my life \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Exigence de justice (<em>Demand for Fairness<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value la rigidit\u00e9 morale et normative appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement social. Elle traduit la croyance absolue que les autres et le monde doivent traiter l&rsquo;individu avec une \u00e9quit\u00e9, une consid\u00e9ration et un respect impeccables en toutes circonstances. La violation de cette r\u00e8gle engendre une col\u00e8re dysfonctionnelle et de l&rsquo;amertume (ex. item 2 : <em>\u00ab I can\u2019t stand a lack of consideration from other people and I can\u2019t bear the possibility of their unfairness \u00bb<\/em> ; item 14 : <em>\u00ab I cannot stand being treated unfairly and I think unfairness is unbearable \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>5. D\u00e9valorisation de soi (<em>Self-Downing<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>La d\u00e9valorisation globale de soi est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e dans le mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;Ellis comme l&rsquo;un des m\u00e9canismes cognitifs les plus d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res menant \u00e0 la d\u00e9pression majeure. L&rsquo;individu proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une surg\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation p\u00e9jorative de sa valeur humaine globale \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;un comportement isol\u00e9, d&rsquo;un \u00e9chec sp\u00e9cifique ou d&rsquo;un rejet interpersonnel (ex. item 7 : <em>\u00ab If important people dislike me it is because I am an unlikable bad person \u00bb<\/em> ; item 10 : <em>\u00ab If I do not perform well at tasks that are important to me it is because I am a worthless bad person \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>6. D\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui (<em>Other-Downing<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Sym\u00e9trique de la d\u00e9valorisation de soi, la d\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui consiste \u00e0 attribuer une valeur globale nulle, malveillante ou m\u00e9prisable \u00e0 une tierce personne d\u00e8s lors qu&rsquo;elle agit de fa\u00e7on injuste, offensante ou d\u00e9cevante. Ce construit alimente la ranc\u0153ur, la rage vindicative, l&rsquo;agressivit\u00e9 verbale et l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 au pardon (ex. item 8 : <em>\u00ab When I am treated inconsiderately I think it shows what kind of bad and hopeless people there are in the world \u00bb<\/em> ; item 15 : <em>\u00ab I believe that if a person treats me very unfairly they are bad and worthless \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Pens\u00e9e rationnelle (<em>Rational Thinking<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Contrairement aux six autres sous-\u00e9chelles, celle-ci \u00e9value la pr\u00e9sence de croyances flexibles, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentielles et r\u00e9silientes. L&rsquo;individu y reconna\u00eet son d\u00e9sir l\u00e9gitime de succ\u00e8s, d&rsquo;approbation et d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 tout en admettant logiquement que la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 n&rsquo;est pas tenue de se plier \u00e0 ses d\u00e9sirs, et qu&rsquo;un \u00e9chec ou un rejet n&rsquo;alt\u00e8re en rien sa dignit\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que (ex. item 4 : <em>\u00ab I have worth as a person even if I do not perform well at tasks that are important to me \u00bb<\/em> ; item 19 : <em>\u00ab It is important that people treat me fairly most of the time\u201a however\u201a I realise I do not have to be treated fairly just because I want to be \u00bb<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<h3>Les racines sto\u00efciennes et le mod\u00e8le ABC d&rsquo;Albert Ellis<\/h3>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de la SGABS prend directement sa source dans la th\u00e9rapie rationnelle-\u00e9motive formalis\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Ellis\">Albert Ellis<\/a> au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1950, elle-m\u00eame inspir\u00e9e de la philosophie sto\u00efcienne antique, en particulier de la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre maxime d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epictetus\">\u00c9pict\u00e8te<\/a> : <em>\u00ab Les hommes ne sont pas troubl\u00e9s par les choses, mais par les jugements qu&rsquo;ils portent sur les choses. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Au c\u0153ur de cette approche se trouve le <strong>mod\u00e8le ABC<\/strong> du fonctionnement psychologique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A (<em>Activating Event<\/em>) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement activateur, la situation d\u00e9clenchante ou l&rsquo;adversit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue par l&rsquo;individu (ex. subir un licenciement, recevoir une critique).<\/li>\n<li><strong>B (<em>Beliefs<\/em>) :<\/strong> Le syst\u00e8me de croyances et de repr\u00e9sentations cognitives mobilis\u00e9 par l&rsquo;individu pour appr\u00e9hender l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement A. Ce syst\u00e8me peut \u00eatre rationnel (souple, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel) ou irrationnel (rigide, absolu).<\/li>\n<li><strong>C (<em>Consequences<\/em>) :<\/strong> Les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9motionnelles et comportementales r\u00e9sultant non pas directement de A, mais de la m\u00e9diation par B. Des croyances rationnelles conduisent \u00e0 des \u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives fonctionnelles (tristesse, contrari\u00e9t\u00e9, vigilance), tandis que des croyances irrationnelles g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des \u00e9motions dysfonctionnelles (d\u00e9pression, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 panique, rage d\u00e9vastatrice, procrastination s\u00e9v\u00e8re).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Les quatre formes fondamentales d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 cognitive<\/h3>\n<p>Selon les r\u00e9visions th\u00e9oriques d&rsquo;Ellis (1994) et les \u00e9laborations de David, Szentagotai, Eva et Macavei (2005), la pens\u00e9e irrationnelle se d\u00e9compose en un processus primaire et trois processus secondaires :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;exigence absolue ou dogmatique (<em>Demandingness<\/em> \/ \u00ab Musturbatory thinking \u00bb) :<\/strong> Le noyau primaire de l&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9. Il s&rsquo;agit de la transformation de souhaits, de d\u00e9sirs et de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences saines en imp\u00e9ratifs rigides et inconditionnels (\u00ab Je dois absolument \u00bb, \u00ab Il faut imp\u00e9rativement \u00bb, \u00ab Ils doivent me traiter avec respect \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>La dramatisation ou catastrophisme (<em>Awfulizing \/ Catastrophizing<\/em>) :<\/strong> Processus secondaire consistant \u00e0 estimer qu&rsquo;une situation n\u00e9gative est pire qu&rsquo;\u00e0 100 % mauvaise, qu&rsquo;elle d\u00e9passe toute possibilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9solution ou de tol\u00e9rance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La faible tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la frustration (<em>Low Frustration Tolerance \/ Frustration Intolerance<\/em>) :<\/strong> Croyance selon laquelle l&rsquo;inconfort, la difficult\u00e9 ou l&rsquo;angoisse est proprement intol\u00e9rable (\u00ab Je ne peux absolument pas le supporter \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation globale n\u00e9gative (<em>Global Evaluation \/ Depreciation \/ Downing<\/em>) :<\/strong> Jugement globalisant et d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciatif port\u00e9 soit sur sa propre personne (<em>self-downing<\/em>), soit sur les autres (<em>other-downing<\/em>), soit sur l&rsquo;existence dans son ensemble (<em>life-downing<\/em>), r\u00e9duisant un \u00eatre complexe \u00e0 un statut de nullit\u00e9 absolue sur la base d&rsquo;une faute ou d&rsquo;une faiblesse ponctuelle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>La SGABS capture l&rsquo;intersection empirique de ces processus fondamentaux et des grands domaines existentiels humains (l&rsquo;amour\/approbation, la performance\/r\u00e9ussite, le confort\/s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la justice relationnelle).<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit de la SGABS a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement d\u00e9montr\u00e9e d\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Lindner et al. (1999). Lors de sa construction, les auteurs ont s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 les items pr\u00e9sentant des saturations factorielles univoques et un pouvoir discriminant \u00e9lev\u00e9. Contrairement aux anciennes \u00e9chelles qui saturaient lourdement sur un facteur diffus de d\u00e9tresse affective g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, les analyses en composantes principales et confirmatoires ont confirm\u00e9 que les items de la SGABS se regroupent selon des patterns th\u00e9oriquement pr\u00e9vus sans covariance r\u00e9siduelle non contr\u00f4l\u00e9e avec la psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 attest\u00e9e par de nombreuses corr\u00e9lations statistiquement significatives avec des instruments de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pression :<\/strong> Le score de <em>Self-Downing<\/em> et le score d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 globale pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations positives robustes (variant typiquement de <em>r<\/em> = 0,45 \u00e0 <em>r<\/em> = 0,65, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) avec l&rsquo;inventaire de d\u00e9pression de Beck (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Depression_Inventory\">BDI<\/a> ; Beck et al., 1996) et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle SDS de Zung.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 :<\/strong> Les sous-\u00e9chelles de besoin d&rsquo;approbation et de besoin de confort sont fortement associ\u00e9es aux scores du <em>State-Trait Anxiety Inventory<\/em> (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory\">STAI<\/a>) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sociale de Liebowitz (<em>r<\/em> = 0,40 \u00e0 0,58).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Col\u00e8re et hostilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> La sous-\u00e9chelle <em>Other-Downing<\/em> et l&rsquo;exigence de justice corr\u00e8lent positivement avec les dimensions de col\u00e8re-\u00e9tat et col\u00e8re-trait du STAXI de Spielberger (<em>State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitions automatiques n\u00e9gatives :<\/strong> Une convergence marqu\u00e9e (<em>r<\/em> &gt; 0,55) est observ\u00e9e avec l&rsquo;<em>Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire<\/em> (ATQ ; Hollon &amp; Kendall, 1980).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La SGABS d\u00e9montre une remarquable capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 distinguer les populations cliniques des populations non cliniques. Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon initial de Lindner et al. (1999), les patients souffrant de troubles de l&rsquo;humeur et de troubles anxieux pr\u00e9sentaient des scores moyens d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 globale significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que les t\u00e9moins appari\u00e9s (diff\u00e9rence d&rsquo;amplitude d&rsquo;effet importante, <em>d<\/em> de Cohen &gt; 0,80). En outre, la corr\u00e9lation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e voire faible entre la sous-\u00e9chelle <em>Rational Thinking<\/em> et les sous-\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 confirme que la rationalit\u00e9 n&rsquo;est pas un simple p\u00f4le inverse de l&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9, mais une dimension cognitive distincte ayant sa propre valeur explicative.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>La consistance interne de la SGABS a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9e dans de multiples contextes cliniques et acad\u00e9miques. L&rsquo;\u00e9tude fondatrice de Lindner et al. (1999) a \u00e9tabli des coefficients alpha de Cronbach (&alpha;) remarquables pour chacune des dimensions :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Besoin d&rsquo;accomplissement (<em>Achievement<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,79<\/li>\n<li>Besoin d&rsquo;approbation (<em>Approval<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,79<\/li>\n<li>Besoin de confort (<em>Comfort<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,80<\/li>\n<li>Exigence de justice (<em>Fairness<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,80<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9valorisation de soi (<em>Self-Downing<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,83<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui (<em>Other-Downing<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,83<\/li>\n<li>Pens\u00e9e rationnelle (<em>Rationality<\/em>) : &alpha; = 0,84<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans des travaux ult\u00e9rieurs, tels que l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de Douglas (2015) publi\u00e9e dans <em>Nurse Researcher<\/em>, la fiabilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 corrobor\u00e9e sur des cohortes soignantes et des \u00e9tudiants en sciences de la sant\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Besoin d&rsquo;accomplissement : &alpha; = 0,877<\/li>\n<li>Besoin d&rsquo;approbation : &alpha; = 0,714<\/li>\n<li>Besoin de confort : &alpha; = 0,812<\/li>\n<li>Exigence de justice : &alpha; = 0,720<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9valorisation de soi : &alpha; = 0,832<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui : &alpha; = 0,616<\/li>\n<li>Score global d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 : &alpha; = 0,846<\/li>\n<li>Pens\u00e9e rationnelle : &alpha; = 0,735<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations portant sur la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle de la SGABS sur des intervalles de deux \u00e0 six semaines chez des participants non soumis \u00e0 une intervention psychoth\u00e9rapeutique indiquent des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) et de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest compris entre 0,78 et 0,89, ce qui d\u00e9montre que la mesure capture des sch\u00e9mas cognitifs stables (traits cognitifs) plut\u00f4t que de simples fluctuations d&rsquo;humeur passag\u00e8res (\u00e9tats).<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<h3>Structure factorielle exploratoire (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>La structure factorielle de la SGABS a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9e \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires men\u00e9es sur les 72 items de la GABS originale. En appliquant une analyse en composantes principales suivie d&rsquo;une rotation oblique (Oblimin), Lindner et al. (1999) ont identifi\u00e9 sept composantes nettes dont les valeurs propres (<em>eigenvalues<\/em>) \u00e9taient sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 1,0. Les items retenus pr\u00e9sentaient tous une saturation factorielle primaire sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,45 sur leur facteur th\u00e9orique cible et des saturations crois\u00e9es (<em>cross-loadings<\/em>) inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,25 sur les autres dimensions.<\/p>\n<h3>Mod\u00e9lisation factorielle confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires men\u00e9es par Lindner et al. (1999), Macavei (2002), ainsi que d&rsquo;autres \u00e9quipes internationales (par ex. en Roumanie, en Italie, en Turquie) ont compar\u00e9 plusieurs mod\u00e8les concurrents :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel :<\/strong> Un mod\u00e8le postulant un facteur unique de croyances irrationnelles g\u00e9n\u00e9rales. Ce mod\u00e8le pr\u00e9sente un ajustement tr\u00e8s m\u00e9diocre aux donn\u00e9es (RMSEA &gt; 0,10 ; CFI &lt; 0,80), rejetant l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;une irrationalit\u00e9 monolithique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le \u00e0 7 facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s :<\/strong> Ce mod\u00e8le pr\u00e9sente un ajustement satisfaisant (RMSEA &le; 0,055 ; CFI &ge; 0,92 ; TLI &ge; 0,90 ; SRMR &le; 0,050).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique \/ bi-factoriel :<\/strong> L&rsquo;architecture la plus \u00e9l\u00e9gante et la plus couramment valid\u00e9e est un mod\u00e8le de second ordre o\u00f9 les six facteurs d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 (Accomplissement, Approbation, Confort, Justice, D\u00e9valorisation de soi, D\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui) chargent sur un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 cognitive (<em>Total Irrationality<\/em>), tandis que la sous-\u00e9chelle de rationalit\u00e9 constitue une dimension ind\u00e9pendante ou orthogonale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce patron structural robuste confirme que la SGABS permet \u00e0 la fois une lecture modulaire fine (par dimension) et une interpr\u00e9tation globale synth\u00e9tique de la rigidit\u00e9 cognitive.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;outil :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle abr\u00e9g\u00e9e des attitudes et croyances g\u00e9n\u00e9rales (<em>Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale<\/em> &#8211; SGABS).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nature de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 (<em>self-report inventory<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 26 items ind\u00e9pendants formul\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;affirmations cognitives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (Likert en 5 points) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1 = <em>Strongly Disagree<\/em> (Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>2 = <em>Disagree<\/em> (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>3 = <em>Neutral<\/em> (Neutre \/ Ni d&rsquo;accord ni en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<li>4 = <em>Agree<\/em> (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li>5 = <em>Strongly Agree<\/em> (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9partition des items par sous-\u00e9chelle :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Need for Achievement (Besoin d&rsquo;accomplissement) :<\/strong> Items 1, 11, 18, 20 (4 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Need for Approval (Besoin d&rsquo;approbation) :<\/strong> Items 6, 23, 25 (3 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Need for Comfort (Besoin de confort) :<\/strong> Items 3, 5, 16, 17 (4 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demand for Fairness (Exigence de justice) :<\/strong> Items 2, 12, 14, 21 (4 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Self-Downing (D\u00e9valorisation de soi) :<\/strong> Items 7, 10, 13, 22 (4 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other-Downing (D\u00e9valorisation d&rsquo;autrui) :<\/strong> Items 8, 15, 26 (3 items).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rational Thinking (Pens\u00e9e rationnelle) :<\/strong> Items 4, 9, 19, 24 (4 items).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Chaque sous-\u00e9chelle est scor\u00e9e par la somme brute (ou la moyenne) des items qui lui sont assign\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Le <strong>score d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9 globale (<em>Total Irrationality Score<\/em>)<\/strong> est calcul\u00e9 en sommant les 22 items des six premi\u00e8res sous-\u00e9chelles (items 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26). L&rsquo;intervalle de score s&rsquo;\u00e9tend de 22 \u00e0 110. Un score plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique un degr\u00e9 plus marqu\u00e9 de dysfonctionnement cognitif irrationnel.<\/li>\n<li>La sous-\u00e9chelle <strong>Rational Thinking<\/strong> (items 4, 9, 19, 24 ; score allant de 4 \u00e0 20) est cot\u00e9e s\u00e9par\u00e9ment. Elle n&rsquo;est <em>pas<\/em> invers\u00e9e pour le score total d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9, afin de pr\u00e9server l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de la mesure de la rationalit\u00e9 en tant qu&rsquo;entit\u00e9 non r\u00e9ductible \u00e0 la simple absence d&rsquo;irrationalit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 5 \u00e0 10 minutes, ce qui facilite son int\u00e9gration dans les bilans psychologiques de routine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication :<\/strong> 1999 (version originale abr\u00e9g\u00e9e valid\u00e9e par Lindner, Kirkby, Wertheim et Birch).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Le copyright scientifique initial est d\u00e9tenu par l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur acad\u00e9mique <em>Springer Science+Business Media<\/em> via la revue <em>Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/em>. L&rsquo;instrument est accessible dans le domaine acad\u00e9mique public \u00e0 des fins de recherche non commerciale et d&rsquo;enseignement clinique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification \/ Co\u00fbt :<\/strong> Gratuit pour la recherche clinique, les th\u00e8ses universitaires et la pratique d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation individuelle non lucrative. Aucune redevance commerciale n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9e pour l&rsquo;administration de routine dans un cadre diagnostique individuel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Les chercheurs et cliniciens utilisant l&rsquo;instrument doivent citer formellement l&rsquo;article de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de 1999 et veiller \u00e0 respecter la formulation exacte des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s originaux ou des adaptations transculturelles valid\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Voici les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques acad\u00e9miques relatives \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle SGABS et \u00e0 ses bases th\u00e9oriques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., &amp; Brown, G. K. (1996). <em>Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II<\/em>. Psychological Corporation. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t00742-000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t00742-000<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bernard, M. E. (1998). Validation of the General Attitude and Belief Scale. <em>Journal of Rational-Emotive &amp; Cognitive-Behavior Therapy<\/em>, 16(3), 183\u2013196. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024945417112\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024945417112<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Burgess, P. M. (1990). <em>Towards a validated measure of irrational beliefs: The development of the General Attitude and Belief Scale<\/em>. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.<\/li>\n<li>David, D., Szentagotai, A., Eva, K., &amp; Macavei, B. (2005). A synopsis of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT); Fundamental and applied research. <em>Journal of Rational-Emotive &amp; Cognitive-Behavior Therapy<\/em>, 23(3), 175\u2013221. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10942-005-0011-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10942-005-0011-0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Douglas, M. (2015). A psychometric evaluation of the Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale in a sample of healthcare professionals. <em>Nurse Researcher<\/em>, 22(4), 28\u201334. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/nr.22.4.28.e1315\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/nr.22.4.28.e1315<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ellis, A. (1962). <em>Reason and emotion in psychotherapy<\/em>. Lyle Stuart.<\/li>\n<li>Ellis, A. (1994). <em>Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: A comprehensive method of treating human disturbances<\/em> (Revised and updated ed.). Birch Lane Press.<\/li>\n<li>Hollon, S. D., &amp; Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. <em>Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/em>, 4(4), 383\u2013395. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01178214\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01178214<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lindner, H., Kirkby, R., Wertheim, E., &amp; Birch, P. (1999). A brief assessment of irrational thinking: The Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale. <em>Cognitive Therapy and Research<\/em>, 23(6), 651\u2013663. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018741009293\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018741009293<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Macavei, B. (2002). The Romanian version of the Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale (SGABS). <em>Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies<\/em>, 2(1-2), 75\u201388.<\/li>\n<li>Mould, J. (2014). <em>A programme to promote internal resiliency among female adolescents: A cognitive-behavioural approach<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/scholar.ufs.ac.za\/handle\/11660\/1545\">https:\/\/scholar.ufs.ac.za\/handle\/11660\/1545<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Smith, T. W. (1989). Assessment of irrational beliefs: More than a measurement problem. <em>Journal of Rational-Emotive &amp; Cognitive-Behavior Therapy<\/em>, 7(1), 27\u201336. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01072709\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01072709<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s unbearable to fail at important things and I can\u2019t stand not succeeding at them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can\u2019t stand a lack of consideration from other people and I can\u2019t bear the possibility of their unfairness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s unbearable being uncomfortable\u201a tense or nervous and I can\u2019t stand it when I am.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have worth as a person even if I do not perform well at tasks that are important to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can\u2019t stand being tense or nervous and I think tension is unbearable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s awful to be disliked by people who are important to me and it is a catastrophe if they don\u2019t like me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If important people dislike me it is because I am an unlikable bad person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I am treated inconsiderately I think it shows what kind of bad and hopeless people there are in the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I am rejected by someone I like\u201a I can accept myself and still recognise my worth as a human being.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not perform well at tasks that are important to me it is because I am a worthless bad person<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s awful to do poorly at some important things and I think it is a catastrophe if I do poorly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think it is terribly bad when people treat me with disrespect.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When people I like reject me or dislike me it is because I am a bad or worthless person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I cannot stand being treated unfairly and I think unfairness is unbearable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I believe that if a person treats me very unfairly they are bad and worthless.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can\u2019t stand hassles in my life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s awful to have hassles in one\u2019s life and it is a catastrophe to be hassled.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I cannot tolerate not doing well at important tasks and it is unbearable to fail.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is important that people treat me fairly most of the time\u201a however\u201a I realise I do not have to be treated fairly just because I want to be.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I do not perform well at things which are important it will be a catastrophe.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is unbearable to not have respect from people and I can\u2019t stand their disrespect.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If important people dislike me\u201a it goes to show what a worthless person I am.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I must be liked and accepted by people I want to like me and I will not accept their not liking me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I want to be liked and accepted by people whom I like\u201a but I realise they don\u2019t have to like me just because I want them to.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When people who I want to like me disapprove or me or reject me\u201a I can\u2019t bear their disliking me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If people treat me without respect\u201a it goes to show how bad they really are.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u00e9sentation acad\u00e9mique compl\u00e8te de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle abr\u00e9g\u00e9e des attitudes et croyances g\u00e9n\u00e9rales (SGABS ; Lindner et al., 1999) : cadre REBT, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et 26 items officiels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[138,2,11552],"tags":[7451,11299,1007,16,7452,22836,289],"class_list":["post-14681","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-psychologiques","category-psychometrie","category-therapie-cognitive-et-comportementale","tag-albert-ellis","tag-croyances-irrationnelles","tag-evaluation-cognitive","tag-psychometrie","tag-rebt","tag-sgabs","tag-tcc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14681"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14681\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}