{"id":14452,"date":"2026-10-07T15:44:15","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T15:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-du-lieu-de-controle-conjugal-de-miller-mmloc\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T15:44:15","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T15:44:15","slug":"echelle-du-lieu-de-controle-conjugal-de-miller-mmloc","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-du-lieu-de-controle-conjugal-de-miller-mmloc","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle du lieu de contr\u00f4le conjugal de Miller (MMLOC)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019<strong>\u00c9chelle du lieu de contr\u00f4le conjugal de Miller<\/strong> (<em>Miller Marital Locus of Control Scale<\/em>, MMLOC), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_M._Lefcourt\">Herbert M. Lefcourt<\/a>, Philip C. Miller et E. Edward Ware en 1983 \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence con\u00e7u pour mesurer les attentes de contr\u00f4le g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es au sein de la relation de couple. S\u2019appuyant sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Locus_of_control\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/a> de Julian B. Rotter et le mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;attribution causale de Bernard Weiner, la MMLOC postule que les croyances relatives \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine des \u00e9v\u00e9nements maritaux (internes vs externes) influencent profond\u00e9ment la dynamique conjugale, les strat\u00e9gies de r\u00e9solution de conflits et le bien-\u00eatre dyadique.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se compose de <strong>44 items<\/strong> formul\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;affirmations auto-rapport\u00e9es, \u00e9valu\u00e9es sur une \u00e9chelle de type Likert en 5 points allant de -2 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb) \u00e0 +2 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb). La structure de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle oppose 22 items orient\u00e9s vers l&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 (attribuant les r\u00e9ussites ou difficult\u00e9s aux efforts et aux comp\u00e9tences personnelles) et 22 items orient\u00e9s vers l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 (attribuant la dynamique relationnelle \u00e0 la chance, au destin ou aux circonstances contextuelles). Le score global est calcul\u00e9 selon une formule de transformation lin\u00e9aire : <code>Score = 132 + Score Externe - Score Interne<\/code>, o\u00f9 un score plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te une orientation externe accentu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, la MMLOC pr\u00e9sente d&rsquo;excellentes qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par une consistance interne robuste (&alpha; de Cronbach oscillant entre 0,77 et 0,86 selon les \u00e9chantillons), une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle satisfaisante au test-retest (r = 0,74 \u00e0 six semaines) et une remarquable validit\u00e9 de construit. Elle d\u00e9montre une sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive nette par rapport aux \u00e9chelles de contr\u00f4le globales pour anticiper les comportements effectifs de communication dyadique et les trajectoires de satisfaction conjugale mesur\u00e9es par l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;ajustement dyadique de Spanier.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Lieu de contr\u00f4le conjugal, Miller Marital Locus of Control Scale, MMLOC, psychom\u00e9trie, dynamique de couple, satisfaction maritale, th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social, attributions causales, r\u00e9solution de conflits, ajustement dyadique, Herbert M. Lefcourt.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>La conception et la validation empirique de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sont attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs du d\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/uwaterloo.ca\/psychology\/\">Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo<\/a> (Ontario, Canada) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Philip C. Miller, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheur clinicien principal, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychologique des couples et les processus d&rsquo;adaptation interpersonnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Herbert M. Lefcourt, Ph.D. (1936\u20132011)<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo, figure internationale de la recherche sur le concept de lieu de contr\u00f4le (<em>locus of control<\/em>) et pionnier du d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;instruments de mesure multidimensionnels et sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 des domaines pr\u00e9cis (auteur notamment de la <em>Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>E. Edward Ware, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur agr\u00e9g\u00e9 et m\u00e9thodologue statisticien \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo, expert en analyse multivari\u00e9e et en mod\u00e9lisation factorielle appliqu\u00e9e aux sciences du comportement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif central de la <strong>Miller Marital Locus of Control Scale (MMLOC)<\/strong> est de quantifier le degr\u00e9 auquel un individu attribue les dynamiques positives et n\u00e9gatives de sa relation de couple \u00e0 ses propres actions, comp\u00e9tences et investissements (contr\u00f4le interne), par opposition \u00e0 des d\u00e9terminants ext\u00e9rieurs tels que le hasard, la chance, le temp\u00e9rament impr\u00e9visible du conjoint ou les contraintes environnementales (contr\u00f4le externe).<\/p>\n<h3>Justification th\u00e9orique de la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 situationnelle<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la formulation originale de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_Rotter\">Julian B. Rotter<\/a> (1966), le lieu de contr\u00f4le \u00e9tait appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 comme un trait global et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9. Cependant, les recherches ult\u00e9rieures \u2014 port\u00e9es notamment par Lefcourt et Phares \u2014 ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les mesures globales du locus de contr\u00f4le poss\u00e9daient un faible pouvoir pr\u00e9dictif lorsqu&rsquo;elles \u00e9taient appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 des contextes interpersonnels hautement sp\u00e9cifiques et affectifs. Dans l&rsquo;ar\u00e8ne conjugale, un partenaire peut maintenir une croyance d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans sa trajectoire professionnelle tout en d\u00e9veloppant un sentiment d&rsquo;impuissance acquise ou d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 fatidique dans sa vie amoureuse. La MMLOC a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pour combler cette lacune \u00e9cologique en offrant un outil sensible aux nuances d&rsquo;attribution sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 la dyade maritale.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications en recherche et en pratique clinique<\/h3>\n<p>En pratique clinique et en th\u00e9rapie de couple syst\u00e9mique ou cognitivo-comportementale (TCC de couple), la MMLOC offre une cartographie diagnostique des biais attributionnels des conjoints. Un score externe \u00e9lev\u00e9 signale fr\u00e9quemment un m\u00e9canisme de d\u00e9sengagement ou de bl\u00e2me passif : l&rsquo;individu estime que les disputes \u00ab \u00e9clatent toutes seules \u00bb ou que les r\u00e9conciliations d\u00e9pendent enti\u00e8rement de l&rsquo;autre ou de la providence. L&rsquo;identification de ces cognitions permet au th\u00e9rapeute de cibler la restructuration cognitive et d&rsquo;accro\u00eetre le sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 relationnelle.<\/p>\n<p>En recherche fondamentale, l&rsquo;instrument est utilis\u00e9 pour mod\u00e9liser les pr\u00e9dicteurs longitudinaux de la stabilit\u00e9 conjugale, la d\u00e9tresse relationnelle, la gestion du stress parental et la propension \u00e0 adopter des d\u00e9marches proactives de r\u00e9solution de conflits plut\u00f4t que des conduites d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement ou de confrontation destructrice.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par la MMLOC repose sur une articulation conceptuelle sophistiqu\u00e9e croisant l&rsquo;axe bipolaire internalit\u00e9-externalit\u00e9 avec la typologie multidimensionnelle des causes introduite par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernard_Weiner\">Bernard Weiner<\/a> (1979). Les 44 items explorent comment l&rsquo;individu per\u00e7oit la causalit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers quatre quadrants fonctionnels :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Dimension Interne &#8211; Instable : L&rsquo;Effort (Effort)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension regroupe les croyances selon lesquelles la qualit\u00e9 relationnelle d\u00e9pend du travail actif, de l&rsquo;investissement temporel, de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie et de la pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par les partenaires. Les individus valorisant l&rsquo;effort consid\u00e8rent qu&rsquo;une vie de couple \u00e9panouie n&rsquo;est pas le fruit d&rsquo;une harmonie magique mais le r\u00e9sultat d&rsquo;un engagement constant. Exemples th\u00e9oriques d&rsquo;items : <em>\u00ab Putting effort into the relationship will practically guarantee a successful marriage \u00bb<\/em> (Item 3) ou <em>\u00ab Even with the most loving couples a mutually satisfying emotional relationship doesn&rsquo;t just happen, it is the result of the couple working at it \u00bb<\/em> (Item 23).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Dimension Interne &#8211; Stable : La Capacit\u00e9 \/ Habilet\u00e9 (Ability)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension renvoie \u00e0 la perception des comp\u00e9tences relationnelles, de l&rsquo;intelligence \u00e9motionnelle et des aptitudes communicationnelles acquises ou intrins\u00e8ques des conjoints. L&rsquo;accent est mis sur la ma\u00eetrise technique et la confiance dans les comp\u00e9tences interpersonnelles pour g\u00e9rer les crises et d\u00e9samorcer l&rsquo;escalade conflictuelle. Exemples d&rsquo;items : <em>\u00ab Good communication between spouses is simply a matter of learning and applying the skills; nothing can interfere with good communication \u00bb<\/em> (Item 26) ou <em>\u00ab My spouse and I get along well because we have the interpersonal skills, not because of things like luck or temperament \u00bb<\/em> (Item 36).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Dimension Externe &#8211; Instable : La Chance \/ Le Destin (Luck)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;attribution \u00e0 la chance traduit une vision probabiliste ou fataliste de la relation conjugale. Les moments d&rsquo;harmonie ou les d\u00e9saccords sont per\u00e7us comme des al\u00e9as du destin, des co\u00efncidences mystiques ou des \u00e9v\u00e9nements purement fortuits sur lesquels les partenaires n&rsquo;ont aucune prise. Exemples d&rsquo;items : <em>\u00ab If my marriage were a long, happy one I&rsquo;d say that I must just be very lucky \u00bb<\/em> (Item 22) ou <em>\u00ab Something more than a couple&rsquo;s intentions and abilities are needed to bring about a mutually satisfying emotional relationship; it&rsquo;s really a kind of special magic that is there or isn&rsquo;t \u00bb<\/em> (Item 44).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Dimension Externe &#8211; Stable ou Situationnelle : Le Contexte (Context)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension regroupe les attributions fond\u00e9es sur des contraintes externes objectives, les tracas quotidiens, l&rsquo;environnement social ou les sautes d&rsquo;humeur per\u00e7ues comme inexplicables du conjoint. L&rsquo;individu s&rsquo;estime otage des circonstances ext\u00e9rieures. Exemples d&rsquo;items : <em>\u00ab Difficulties with my spouse start with chance remarks \u00bb<\/em> (Item 4) ou <em>\u00ab My spouse&rsquo;s moods are often mysterious to me in that I have little idea as to what may have set them off \u00bb<\/em> (Item 37).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de la MMLOC s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de deux courants majeurs de la psychologie cognitive et sociale : la <strong>th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/strong> de Julian B. Rotter (1954, 1966) et la <strong>th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;attribution causale<\/strong> formul\u00e9e par Fritz Heider (1958) et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Bernard Weiner (1979, 1985).<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie du renforcement et des attentes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es de Rotter<\/h3>\n<p>Rotter postule que la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;occurrence d&rsquo;un comportement dans une situation donn\u00e9e d\u00e9pend de l&rsquo;attente que ce comportement m\u00e8nera \u00e0 un renforcement particulier, ainsi que de la valeur subjective accord\u00e9e \u00e0 ce renforcement. Le lieu de contr\u00f4le est d\u00e9fini comme une attente g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e quant \u00e0 la nature du lien entre le comportement de l&rsquo;individu et les cons\u00e9quences de ce comportement. Dans une relation intime, si un partenaire acquiert la croyance que ses comportements prosociaux ou conciliateurs n&rsquo;exercent aucune influence sur les r\u00e9actions du conjoint, l&rsquo;attente d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 s&rsquo;effondre, favorisant la passivit\u00e9, l&rsquo;inhibition de l&rsquo;action r\u00e9paratrice et l&rsquo;apparition de sentiments de d\u00e9tresse.<\/p>\n<h3>Le mod\u00e8le causal tridimensionnel de Weiner<\/h3>\n<p>Herbert Lefcourt a enrichi l&rsquo;approche de Rotter en int\u00e9grant la d\u00e9composition de Bernard Weiner, qui articule les attributions selon trois axes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le lieu (Locus)<\/strong> : interne versus externe ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>La stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Stability)<\/strong> : stable (ex. habilet\u00e9, caract\u00e9ristiques durables) versus instable (ex. effort momentan\u00e9, chance) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>La contr\u00f4labilit\u00e9 (Controllability)<\/strong> : facteurs modifiables par la volont\u00e9 de l&rsquo;agent versus facteurs \u00e9chappant au pouvoir d&rsquo;action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me marital, cette distinction s&rsquo;av\u00e8re d\u00e9cisive. Attribuer une dispute \u00e0 un manque d&rsquo;effort ponctuel (interne, instable, contr\u00f4lable) incite \u00e0 la rem\u00e9diation et favorise le pardon, tandis qu&rsquo;attribuer le conflit au caract\u00e8re immuable du conjoint ou \u00e0 la malchance (externe, incontr\u00f4lable) d\u00e9clenche des conduites de d\u00e9sengagement ou de r\u00e9signation hostile.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 de la MMLOC ont fait l&rsquo;objet de multiples investigations empiriques par Miller, Lefcourt et leurs collaborateurs (1983, 1986) ainsi que par des \u00e9quipes de recherche ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et corr\u00e9lats relationnels<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par des corr\u00e9lations significatives avec les instruments \u00e9talons de l&rsquo;ajustement dyadique, notamment le <em>Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test<\/em> (MAT) et la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dyadic_Adjustment_Scale\">Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)<\/a> de Spanier. Les donn\u00e9es indiquent une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative robuste entre l&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 \u00e0 la MMLOC et la satisfaction conjugale (r = -0,40 \u00e0 -0,58, p &lt; 0,001), signifiant que les individus internalistes rapportent un niveau d&rsquo;harmonie et d&rsquo;\u00e9panouissement conjugal consid\u00e9rablement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les individus externalistes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La MMLOC pr\u00e9sente une corr\u00e9lation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de contr\u00f4le de Rotter (I-E Scale, r &asymp; 0,25 \u00e0 0,35), d\u00e9montrant que si elle partage un ancrage th\u00e9orique commun, elle capture une variance sp\u00e9cifique et distincte propre au contexte conjugal. De plus, les corr\u00e9lations avec les \u00e9chelles de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (telle que l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Marlowe-Crowne) sont faibles et non significatives (r oscillant entre -0,08 et 0,12), confirmant que les scores ne sont pas contamin\u00e9s par un biais d&rsquo;autovalorisation syst\u00e9matique.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique et pr\u00e9dictive en laboratoire<\/h3>\n<p>Dans une \u00e9tude phare men\u00e9e par Miller, Lefcourt, Holmes, Ware et Saleh (1986), des couples ont \u00e9t\u00e9 film\u00e9s lors de s\u00e9quences standardis\u00e9es de r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes r\u00e9els. Les conjoints pr\u00e9sentant un locus de contr\u00f4le interne ont manifest\u00e9 des patrons comportementaux objectifs significativement plus constructifs : \u00e9coute active, recherche de compromis, \u00e9vitement du m\u00e9pris et verbalisations orient\u00e9es vers des solutions mutuelles. \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, les conjoints externalistes ont manifest\u00e9 une propension accrue aux critiques globalisantes, aux interruptions agressives et \u00e0 des r\u00e9actions de retrait d\u00e9fensif (<em>stonewalling<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques initiales et les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures confirment la haute fiabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9trique de la MMLOC :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne (Coh\u00e9rence des items) :<\/strong> Le coefficient &alpha; de Cronbach pour le score global de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle varie entre <strong>0,77 et 0,86<\/strong> \u00e0 travers diff\u00e9rents sous-groupes (hommes, femmes, couples cliniques et non-cliniques). L&rsquo;analyse s\u00e9par\u00e9e des p\u00f4les confirme une consistance interne satisfaisante pour le sous-score d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 (&alpha; &asymp; 0,78) et pour le sous-score d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 (&alpha; &asymp; 0,81).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest (Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle) :<\/strong> \u00c9valu\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon de couples \u00e0 intervalle de six semaines, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest a mis en \u00e9vidence un coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson de <strong>r = 0,74<\/strong> (p &lt; 0,001). Cette stabilit\u00e9 t\u00e9moigne du fait que la MMLOC \u00e9value bien des croyances attitudinales structur\u00e9es plut\u00f4t que des fluctuations \u00e9motionnelles passag\u00e8res, tout en pr\u00e9servant une sensibilit\u00e9 aux changements th\u00e9rapeutiques induits lors d&rsquo;interventions cibl\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Erreur standard de mesure (SEM) :<\/strong> La pr\u00e9cision m\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle affiche une faible variance r\u00e9siduelle, garantissant un pouvoir diagnostique ad\u00e9quat pour la comparaison interindividuelle et le suivi longitudinal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture factorielle de la MMLOC a \u00e9t\u00e9 valid\u00e9e au moyen d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) fond\u00e9es sur la m\u00e9thode des axes principaux avec rotation varimax et oblique, puis confirm\u00e9e par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC).<\/p>\n<h3>Structure bipolaire primaire<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle initiale fait \u00e9merger deux facteurs dominants qui rendent compte de la plus grande part de variance commune :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 (Internalit\u00e9 conjugale) :<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe les saturations positives \u00e9lev\u00e9es des items d\u00e9crivant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 personnelle, la comp\u00e9tence communicative et l&rsquo;effort interactif (saturations factorielles allant de 0,38 \u00e0 0,69).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 (Externalit\u00e9 \/ Impuissance circonstancielle) :<\/strong> Ce facteur agr\u00e8ge les items refl\u00e9tant le sentiment de myst\u00e8re, l&rsquo;influence des humeurs du conjoint et l&rsquo;intervention de la chance (saturations factorielles oscillant entre 0,35 et 0,72).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Sous-structures attributionnelles<\/h3>\n<p>Conform\u00e9ment au cadre th\u00e9orique quadripartite de Weiner, une d\u00e9composition factorielle plus fine isole les quatre composantes a priori :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Effort :<\/strong> Items 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 18, 23, 29, 31, 40.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Habilet\u00e9 \/ Comp\u00e9tence (Ability) :<\/strong> Items 8, 11, 16, 19, 20, 25, 26, 33, 34, 36, 38, 43.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Contexte \/ Circonstances :<\/strong> Items 1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 13, 17, 24, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Chance (Luck) :<\/strong> Items 4, 15, 21, 22, 30, 32, 44.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation en mod\u00e9lisation structurelle (CFI &gt; 0,90 ; RMSEA &le; 0,06) soutiennent la pertinence de cette organisation hi\u00e9rarchique o\u00f9 un facteur de second ordre (locus global) coiffe les dimensions attributionnelles sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;outil :<\/strong> Miller Marital Locus of Control Scale (MMLOC).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9 papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 44 items au total (22 items \u00e0 polarit\u00e9 externe et 22 items \u00e0 polarit\u00e9 interne).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert bipolaire en 5 points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>+2<\/strong> = I agree very much (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>+1<\/strong> = I agree a little (Plut\u00f4t d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>0<\/strong> = Neither agree nor disagree (Ni d&rsquo;accord ni en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>-1<\/strong> = I disagree a little (Plut\u00f4t en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>-2<\/strong> = I disagree very much (Tout \u00e0 fait en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de calcul et cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculer la somme brute des 22 items externes : <code>Score Externe = &Sigma;(Items 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44)<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Calculer la somme brute des 22 items internes : <code>Score Interne = &Sigma;(Items 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 43)<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score Total MMLOC<\/strong> : <code>Score = 132 + Score Externe - Score Interne<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><em>Interpr\u00e9tation :<\/em> Le score total s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonne th\u00e9oriquement de 44 \u00e0 220, avec une valeur m\u00e9diane centr\u00e9e autour de 132. Des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s (sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 132) traduisent une externalit\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e (croyance en l&rsquo;impuissance personnelle, fatalisme conjugal). Des scores bas (inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 132) indiquent une internalit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dominante (croyance en la ma\u00eetrise personnelle, proactivit\u00e9 relationnelle).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication originale :<\/strong> 1983.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle originale d\u00e9tenue par les auteurs et la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 canadienne de psychologie (revue <em>Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acc\u00e8s et tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 rendue accessible dans le domaine de la recherche acad\u00e9mique et figure dans les recueils cliniques d&rsquo;instruments de mesure de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (ex. Corcoran &amp; Fischer, 2000). Son utilisation est <strong>gratuite \u00e0 des fins de recherche non commerciale, d&rsquo;enseignement universitaire et de diagnostic clinique<\/strong> individuel, sous r\u00e9serve de citer scrupuleusement la publication de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence originale. Toute commercialisation ou int\u00e9gration dans des logiciels propri\u00e9taires payants n\u00e9cessite l&rsquo;accord formel des ayants droit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les sources bibliographiques majeures r\u00e9gissant la conception, la validation et l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument sont r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es ci-dessous au format APA 7e \u00e9dition :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corcoran, K., &amp; Fischer, J. (2000). <em>Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook<\/em> (3e \u00e9d., Vol. 1: Couples, families, and children). Free Press.<\/li>\n<li>Heider, F. (1958). <em>The psychology of interpersonal relations<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10628-000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10628-000<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). <em>Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research<\/em> (2e \u00e9d.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<\/li>\n<li>Miller, P. C., Lefcourt, H. M., &amp; Ware, E. E. (1983). The construction and development of the Miller Marital Locus of Control scale. <em>Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement<\/em>, 15(3), 266\u2013279. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0080741\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0080741<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Miller, P. C., Lefcourt, H. M., Holmes, J. G., Ware, E. E., &amp; Saleh, W. E. (1986). Marital locus of control and marital problem solving. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 51(1), 161\u2013169. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.51.1.161\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.51.1.161<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., &amp; Wrightsman, L. S. (Eds.). (1991). <em>Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes<\/em>. Academic Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2009-0-02396-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2009-0-02396-8<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. <em>Psychological Monographs: General and Applied<\/em>, 80(1), 1\u201328. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>, 71(1), 3\u201325. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.71.1.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.71.1.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. <em>Psychological Review<\/em>, 92(4), 548\u2013573. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.92.4.548\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.92.4.548<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am often at a loss as to what to say or do when\u00a0I\u2019m in disagreement with my spouse.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sexual compatibility is something of a mystery to\u00a0me; it is something that just happens.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Putting effort into the relationship will\u00a0practically guarantee a successful marriage.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Difficulties with my spouse start with chance\u00a0remarks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my marriage were to end in divorce\u201a I would\u00a0suspect that I had not tried hard enough to make it work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The unhappy times in our marriage just seem to happen regardless of what I am doing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Circumstances play a very limited role in causing marital satisfaction it is largely effort and concern that matter.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When things begin to go rough in my marriage I can see that I had a part in it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Raising children effectively is really just a matter of trying one&#039;s best; chance has absolutely nothing to do with it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find that external circumstances like day to day events can have considerable influence on how my spouse and I get along.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can always bring about reconciliation when my spouse and I have an argument.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I want my spouse to do something he\/she hadn&#039;t planned on\u201a it&#039;s often difficult to bring him\/her around to my way of thinking.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Misunderstandings between my spouse and I are generally purely circumstantial.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some effort on my part is all that is required in order to bring about pleasant experiences in our marriage.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">ha\u200eving a satisfactory sexual relationship with one&#039;s spouse is partly a matter of luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When we have unpleasant experiences in our marriage I can always see how I have helped to bring them about.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Circumstances of one sort or another play a major role in determining whether my marriage functions smoothly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My spouse and I can get along happily in spite of the most trying circumstances if we decide to.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If parents discipline their children conscientiously they are sure to be well behaved.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my spouse and I were to experience sexual difficulties\u201a we would certainly be able to overcome them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Successful child-rearing is a result of some good fortune along the way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my marriage were a long\u201a happy one I&#039;d say that I must just be very lucky.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Even with the most loving couples a mutually satisfying emotional relationship doesn&#039;t just happen\u201a it is the result of the couple working at it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">At times\u201a there just doesn&#039;t seem to be any way out of a disagreement with my spouse.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Is seems to me that maintaining a smooth functioning marriage is simply a skill; things like luck don&#039;t come into it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Good communication between spouses is simply a matter of learning and applying the skills; nothing can interfere with good communication.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It&#039;s more often up to my spouse to make an argument end peaceably.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How well your kids grow up depends very much on external factors like what kind of neighborhood you live in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my sexual relationship with my spouse was not entirely satisfactory\u201a I would say that I wasn&#039;t putting enough effort into the relationship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I look over the course of my marriage I can&#039;t help but wonder if it was destined that way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Good clear communication between spouses doesn&#039;t depend on things like compatibility or personality but on constant practice.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Couples who don&#039;t run into any marital conflict at some point in their marriage have simply been very lucky.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A little planning can prevent most of the conflicts that occur between spouses over childrearing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Problems in our marriage never seem to sort themselves out over time? we usually end up ha\u200eving to do something about them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I seem to have relatively little influence over when the intimate moments in our marriage will occur; they seem to happen of their own accord.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My spouse and I get along well because we have the interpersonal skills? not because of things like luck or temperament.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My spouse&#039;s moods are often mysterious to me in that I have little idea as to what may have set them off.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are always things I can do that will help to end an argument with my spouse that leave us feeling better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some kids are unmanageable in spite of their parents&#039; best efforts at discipline.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Couples who have a satisfying emotional relationship are constantly trying to improve their relationship; a good relationship doesn&#039;t just develop spontaneously.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When my spouse and I are communicating effectively we aren&#039;t doing anything in particular to make it happen.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How well I get along with my spouse depends very much on how he\/she is feeling that day.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Happy times in our marriage don&#039;t just happen by chance; planning is usually required.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Something more than a couple&#039;s intentions and abilities are needed to bring about a mutually satisfying emotional relationship; it&#039;s really a kind of special magic that is there or isn&#039;t.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle du lieu de contr\u00f4le conjugal de Miller (MMLOC) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique mesurant le lieu de contr\u00f4le interne et externe sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 la dynamique de couple. D\u00e9couvrez son cadre th\u00e9orique, ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques et ses 44 items.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,16057,2],"tags":[3490,22432,1093,22431,295,2081],"class_list":["post-14452","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-de-couple","category-psychometrie","tag-attribution-causale","tag-herbert-lefcourt","tag-lieu-de-controle","tag-mmloc","tag-satisfaction-conjugale","tag-therapie-de-couple"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14452"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14452\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}