{"id":14397,"date":"2026-10-07T14:32:44","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T14:32:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-causalite-multidimensionnelle-multiattributionnelle-mmcs\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T14:32:44","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T14:32:44","slug":"echelle-causalite-multidimensionnelle-multiattributionnelle-mmcs","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-causalite-multidimensionnelle-multiattributionnelle-mmcs","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de causalit\u00e9 multidimensionnelle et multiattributionnelle"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de causalit\u00e9 multidimensionnelle et multiattributionnelle<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale<\/em> ou <strong>MMCS<\/strong>), \u00e9labor\u00e9e initialement par Herbert M. Lefcourt et ses collaborateurs en 1979, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique fondamental con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer le lieu de contr\u00f4le (<em>locus of control<\/em>) de mani\u00e8re diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e et contextuelle. Contrairement aux approches unidimensionnelles globales h\u00e9rit\u00e9es du mod\u00e8le classique de Julian Rotter, la MMCS op\u00e9rationnalise les attributions causales selon une double taxonomie croisant deux domaines de vie distincts (la r\u00e9ussite acad\u00e9mique et l&rsquo;affiliation sociale) et quatre causes fondamentales issues du mod\u00e8le de Bernard Weiner : l&rsquo;aptitude, l&rsquo;effort, la difficult\u00e9 de la t\u00e2che (ou les caract\u00e9ristiques d&rsquo;autrui) et la chance.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;outil comprend un ensemble de 48 items auto-rapport\u00e9s r\u00e9partis de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e entre deux \u00e9chelles principales de 24 items chacune (Accomplissement acad\u00e9mique et Affiliation sociale), elles-m\u00eames subdivis\u00e9es en sous-\u00e9chelles \u00e9valuant les attributions internes (aptitude, effort) et externes (contexte\/difficult\u00e9, hasard\/chance), tant pour les situations de succ\u00e8s que d&rsquo;\u00e9chec. Les r\u00e9ponses sont recueillies sur une \u00e9chelle de type Likert en 5 points allant du d\u00e9saccord total \u00e0 l&rsquo;accord total. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques \u00e9tablies dans la litt\u00e9rature mettent en \u00e9vidence une consistance interne satisfaisante, une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle ad\u00e9quate \u00e0 travers des \u00e9valuations test-retest, ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de construit robuste d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires et des corr\u00e9lations pr\u00e9dictives significatives avec les performances d&rsquo;apprentissage, la gestion du stress et l&rsquo;engagement relationnel.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Lieu de contr\u00f4le, attribution causale, psychom\u00e9trie, r\u00e9ussite acad\u00e9mique, affiliation sociale, th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;attribution, Bernard Weiner, Herbert Lefcourt, sentiment d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9, \u00e9valuation psychologique.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et formalis\u00e9e sous la direction du professeur <strong>Herbert M. Lefcourt<\/strong>, figure majeure de la psychologie clinique et sociale, rattach\u00e9 au D\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Waterloo\">Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo<\/a> (Ontario, Canada). Il a con\u00e7u cet instrument en collaboration \u00e9troite avec des chercheurs universitaires sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des processus d&rsquo;attribution et de r\u00e9gulation cognitive du comportement, notamment :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Herbert M. Lefcourt, Ph.D.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo) \u2014 Recherche sur le lieu de contr\u00f4le, l&rsquo;humour comme strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;adaptation et la personnalit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lillian von Baeyer, M.A.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo) \u2014 Psychologie cognitive et clinique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>E. E. Ware, Ph.D.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo) \u2014 Mod\u00e9lisation statistique et m\u00e9thodologie psychom\u00e9trique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>David J. Cox, Ph.D.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de Waterloo) \u2014 Psychologie exp\u00e9rimentale et comportementale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif premier de la MMCS est de surmonter les limitations intrins\u00e8ques des mesures g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es du lieu de contr\u00f4le. Dans les premi\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies suivant la publication de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle I-E (<em>Internal-External Locus of Control Scale<\/em>) de Rotter (1966), la communaut\u00e9 scientifique a constat\u00e9 que mesurer les attentes de contr\u00f4le comme un trait global ne permettait pas de pr\u00e9dire fid\u00e8lement les conduites humaines dans des contextes sp\u00e9cifiques. La MMCS a \u00e9t\u00e9 explicitement forg\u00e9e pour mesurer <em>comment<\/em> et <em>pourquoi<\/em> un individu assigne la responsabilit\u00e9 de ses r\u00e9ussites et de ses \u00e9checs dans des domaines \u00e9cologiquement cruciaux de l&rsquo;existence adulte et universitaire : le travail intellectuel et les interactions sociales.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche, la MMCS permet d&rsquo;analyser la dynamique attributionnelle en tant que variable m\u00e9diatrice ou mod\u00e9ratrice entre les stresseurs environnementaux et la sant\u00e9 psychologique (d\u00e9pression, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, sentiment d&rsquo;impuissance acquise). En contexte \u00e9ducatif et universitaire, elle fournit une cartographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du profil d&rsquo;apprentissage de l&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant, distinguant les attributions fonctionnelles (imputer un \u00e9chec \u00e0 un manque d&rsquo;effort temporaire, ce qui favorise la pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance) des attributions dysfonctionnelles (attribuer l&rsquo;\u00e9chec \u00e0 un d\u00e9ficit d&rsquo;aptitude stable et incontr\u00f4lable, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant de la r\u00e9signation).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan clinique et du conseil psychosocial, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sert de levier diagnostic et th\u00e9rapeutique. Les th\u00e9rapeutes d&rsquo;orientation cognitive et comportementale (TCC) exploitent ses dimensions pour identifier les distorsions cognitives et les sch\u00e9mas d&rsquo;attribution rigides r\u00e9gissant les troubles relationnels ou la phobie sociale, permettant ainsi de structurer des protocoles de r\u00e9attribution causale cibl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par la MMCS repose sur une organisation matricielle croisant deux domaines motivationnels majeurs avec les dimensions fondamentales de la causalit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle isole deux domaines contextuels :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le domaine acad\u00e9mique (Accomplissement) :<\/strong> Il explore la perception des causes r\u00e9gissant l&rsquo;obtention de bonnes ou de mauvaises notes, la ma\u00eetrise des mati\u00e8res scolaires et la progression intellectuelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le domaine de l&rsquo;affiliation (Interpersonnel) :<\/strong> Il se concentre sur les dynamiques de sociabilit\u00e9, l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement et le maintien de relations d&rsquo;amiti\u00e9, les ruptures affectives et l&rsquo;acceptation sociale par les pairs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Au sein de chacun de ces deux domaines, la MMCS segmente les attributions selon les quatre facteurs prototypiques identifi\u00e9s par Weiner :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aptitude (Interne, Stable, Incontr\u00f4lable) :<\/strong> La croyance que le r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9coule directement d&rsquo;un talent intellectuel inn\u00e9, de capacit\u00e9s cognitives fondamentales ou, sur le plan social, d&rsquo;un charme ou d&rsquo;une aisance relationnelle intrins\u00e8que.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Effort (Interne, Instable, Contr\u00f4lable) :<\/strong> La croyance selon laquelle l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 du travail fourni, la pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance, le temps consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude ou les compromis consentis pour nourrir une relation d\u00e9terminent l&rsquo;issue observ\u00e9e. Cette sous-\u00e9chelle incarne la forme de contr\u00f4le interne la plus adaptative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difficult\u00e9 de la t\u00e2che \/ Facteurs contextuels (Externe, Stable\/Variable, Incontr\u00f4lable) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;attribution des r\u00e9sultats aux exigences objectives d&rsquo;un examen, aux caract\u00e9ristiques arbitraires d&rsquo;un correcteur ou, en contexte relationnel, \u00e0 la personnalit\u00e9 difficile ou peu r\u00e9ceptive d&rsquo;autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chance \/ Hasard (Externe, Instable, Incontr\u00f4lable) :<\/strong> La conviction que les \u00e9v\u00e9nements r\u00e9sultent de concours de circonstances fortuits, de co\u00efncidences temporelles, de questions d&rsquo;examen opportunes ou de rencontres fortuites dans la vie quotidienne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de la MMCS r\u00e9alise une synth\u00e8se conceptuelle majeure entre la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_learning_theory\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/a> de Julian Rotter (1954, 1966) et la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attribution_theory\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;attribution causale<\/a> de Bernard Weiner (1974, 1979). Rotter a introduit la notion de lieu de contr\u00f4le (<em>locus of control<\/em>), postulant que les individus diff\u00e8rent selon qu&rsquo;ils per\u00e7oivent les renforcements comme contingents \u00e0 leurs propres actions (contr\u00f4le interne) ou subordonn\u00e9s \u00e0 des forces externes telles que le destin, la chance ou des autrui puissants (contr\u00f4le externe).<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, Weiner a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la dimension d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9-externalit\u00e9 ne suffisait pas \u00e0 capturer l&rsquo;ensemble des dynamiques motivationnelles. Il a enrichi le mod\u00e8le en introduisant la dimension de <em>stabilit\u00e9<\/em> (la cause varie-t-elle dans le temps ?) et plus tard celle de <em>contr\u00f4labilit\u00e9<\/em> (la cause peut-elle \u00eatre modul\u00e9e par la volont\u00e9 ?). Ainsi, l&rsquo;aptitude et l&rsquo;effort sont tous deux des causes internes, mais diff\u00e8rent radicalement quant \u00e0 leur stabilit\u00e9 et leur potentiel de modulation active. Lefcourt et ses collaborateurs ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 ces apports en stipulant qu&rsquo;une mesure valide du lieu de contr\u00f4le devait imp\u00e9rativement distinguer ces param\u00e8tres au sein de contextes de vie hautement diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes empiriques initiales et subs\u00e9quentes confirment la solidit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de la MMCS \u00e0 travers plusieurs angles d&rsquo;analyse :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et de construit :<\/strong> Le croisement syst\u00e9matique des domaines (acad\u00e9mique vs relationnel), des issues (succ\u00e8s vs \u00e9chec) et des quatre dimensions causales offre une repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 exhaustive de la taxonomie th\u00e9orique de Weiner et Lefcourt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 convergente :<\/strong> Des corr\u00e9lations significatives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es entre les sous-\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 de la MMCS et l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale de Rotter (coefficients variant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre <em>r<\/em> = 0,30 et 0,55), d\u00e9montrant que la MMCS capte le noyau commun du contr\u00f4le per\u00e7u tout en apportant une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 contextuelle non appr\u00e9hend\u00e9e par les mesures unidimensionnelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 discriminante :<\/strong> Les scores de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle acad\u00e9mique et ceux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;affiliation pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations faibles \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es (<em>r<\/em> variant de 0,15 \u00e0 0,35), d\u00e9montrant que les individus peuvent se percevoir comme ma\u00eetres de leur destin acad\u00e9mique tout en maintenant une posture externaliste quant \u00e0 leurs relations interpersonnelles, ou inversement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive :<\/strong> Les attributions d&rsquo;effort mesur\u00e9es par la MMCS pr\u00e9disent significativement les comportements effectifs de pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance acad\u00e9mique, les habitudes d&rsquo;\u00e9tude, la r\u00e9silience face \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chec et la recherche active d&rsquo;aide p\u00e9dagogique ou sociale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e \u00e0 travers des indices d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne et des mesures de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Les coefficients alpha de Cronbach pour les \u00e9chelles globales de contr\u00f4le interne et externe s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre <strong>0,70 et 0,85<\/strong>. Pour les sous-\u00e9chelles sp\u00e9cifiques de 6 items (ex. Aptitude acad\u00e9mique, Effort acad\u00e9mique), les coefficients oscillent usuellement entre <strong>0,58 et 0,78<\/strong>, des valeurs jug\u00e9es tout \u00e0 fait satisfaisantes compte tenu de la bri\u00e8vet\u00e9 des sous-dimensions et de la diversit\u00e9 des sc\u00e9narios \u00e9valu\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Dans les protocoles initiaux men\u00e9s par Lefcourt et al. (1979) sur des intervalles de plusieurs semaines (notamment une p\u00e9riode de 4 semaines), les coefficients de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest se situaient entre <strong>0,50 et 0,70<\/strong> pour les sous-\u00e9chelles sp\u00e9cifiques, et atteignaient <strong>0,70 \u00e0 0,80<\/strong> pour les scores composites internes et externes, attestant d&rsquo;une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle caract\u00e9ristique des traits cognitifs d&rsquo;adaptation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Les investigations psychom\u00e9triques fond\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploratory_factor_analysis\">analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE)<\/a> et confirmatoire (AFC) apportent un appui substantiel \u00e0 l&rsquo;architecture th\u00e9orique octogonale de la MMCS :<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;application d&rsquo;analyses en composantes principales avec rotation oblique ou varimax fait \u00e9merger de mani\u00e8re coh\u00e9rente deux macro-facteurs distincts correspondant aux domaines d&rsquo;application (Acad\u00e9mique vs Affiliation). Au sein de chaque domaine, les items s&rsquo;organisent selon la s\u00e9paration interne-externe et selon les sources causales \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires. Les saturations factorielles des items sur leurs facteurs respectifs sont typiquement sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 <strong>0,40<\/strong>, avec de faibles saturations crois\u00e9es sur les dimensions orthogonales.<\/p>\n<p>Les mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles et d&rsquo;AFC men\u00e9s dans des contextes interculturels ont valid\u00e9 la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de solutions factorielles multidimensionnelles hi\u00e9rarchiques par rapport \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel unique, d\u00e9montrant la pertinence clinique et empirique de maintenir s\u00e9par\u00e9s les p\u00f4les d&rsquo;aptitude, d&rsquo;effort, de difficult\u00e9 et de chance.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9 d&rsquo;attributions causales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 48 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure des sous-\u00e9chelles :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Domaine acad\u00e9mique (24 items) :<\/em> Aptitude (6 items), Effort (6 items), Caract\u00e9ristiques du cours\/enseignant (6 items), Chance (6 items).<\/li>\n<li><em>Domaine de l&rsquo;affiliation (24 items) :<\/em> Comp\u00e9tence sociale\/aptitude (6 items), Effort social (6 items), Caract\u00e9ristiques d&rsquo;autrui (6 items), Chance\/hasard (6 items).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de type Likert en 5 points, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cot\u00e9e de 0 (D\u00e9saccord total \/ Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord) \u00e0 4 (Accord total \/ Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord), ou de 1 \u00e0 5 selon les protocoles de recherche.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Calcul des scores par sous-\u00e9chelle (somme brute des items correspondants).<\/li>\n<li>Calcul des indices composites d&rsquo;internalit\u00e9 (somme Effort + Aptitude) et d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 (somme Contexte + Chance) pour chacun des deux domaines.<\/li>\n<li>Calcul d&rsquo;un score diff\u00e9rentiel d&rsquo;attribution interne (Internalit\u00e9 moins Externalit\u00e9), refl\u00e9tant le degr\u00e9 net d&rsquo;agentivit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1979.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et permissions :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 au sein de revues scientifiques et d&rsquo;ouvrages acad\u00e9miques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Conform\u00e9ment aux usages en psychom\u00e9trie acad\u00e9mique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accessible \u00e0 des fins de recherche non commerciale et d&rsquo;enseignement sous r\u00e9serve d&rsquo;une citation bibliographique ad\u00e9quate des auteurs originaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> Aucun co\u00fbt d&rsquo;achat commercial pour les chercheurs ind\u00e9pendants et les \u00e9tudiants universitaires dans le cadre d&rsquo;utilisations acad\u00e9miques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Lefcourt, H. M., Von Baeyer, C. L., Ware, E. E., &amp; Cox, D. J. (1979). The Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale: The development of a goal specific locus of control measure. <em>Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science \/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement<\/em>, 11(4), 286\u2013304. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0081598\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0081598<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lefcourt, H. M. (1981). <em>Research with the Locus of Control Construct (Vol. 1): Assessment Methods<\/em>. Academic Press.<\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. <em>Psychological Monographs: General and Applied<\/em>, 80(1), 1\u201328. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Weiner, B. (1974). <em>Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory<\/em>. General Learning Press.<\/li>\n<li>Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. <em>Journal of Educational Psychology<\/em>, 71(1), 3\u201325. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.71.1.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.71.1.3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I receive a poor grade\u201a I usually feel that the main reason is that I haven&#039;t studied enough for that course.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My enjoyment of a social occasion is almost entirely dependent on the personalities of the other people who are there.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I were to receive low marks it would cause me to question my academic ability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Making friends is a funny business; sometime I have to chalk up my successes to luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I did not get along with others\u201a it would tell me that I hadn&#039;t put much effort into the pursuit of social goals.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of the times that I have gotten a good grade in a course\u201a it was due to the teacher&#039;s easy grading scheme.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It seems to me that failure to have people like me would show my ignorance in interpersonal relationships.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes my success on exams depends on some luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my case\u201a the good grades I receive are always the direct result of my efforts.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">No matter what I do\u201a some people just don&#039;t like me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most important ingredient in getting good grades is my academic ability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Often chance events can play a large part in causing rifts between friends.[quads id=5]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Maintaining friendships requires real effort to make them work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my experience\u201a once a professor gets the idea you&#039;re a poor student\u201a your work is much more likely to receive poor grades than if someone else handed it in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It seems to me that getting along with people is a skill.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of my lower grades have seemed to be partially due to bad breaks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I fail to do as well as expected in school\u201a it is often due to a lack of effort on my part.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some people can make me have a good time even when I don&#039;t feel sociable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I were to fail a course it would probably be because I lacked skill in that area.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my experience\u201a making friends is largely a matter of ha\u200eving the right breaks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I hear of a divorce\u201a I suspect that the couple probably did not try enough to make their marriage work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of my good grades may simply reflect that these were easier courses than most.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that people who are often lonely are lacking in social competence.[quads id=5]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that some of my good grades depend to a considerable extent on chance factors\u201a such as ha\u200eving the right questions show up on an exam.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Whenever I receive good grades\u201a it is always because I have studied hard for that course.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some people just seem predisposed to dislike me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that my good grades reflect directly on my academic ability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find that the absence of friendships is often a matter of not being lucky enough to meet the right people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my case\u201a success at making friends depends on how hard I work at it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Often my poorer grades are obtained in courses that the professor has failed to make interesting.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">ha\u200eving good friends is simply a matter of one&#039;s social skill.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My academic low points sometimes make me think I was just unlucky.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Poor grades inform me that I haven&#039;t worked hard enough.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To enjoy myself at a party I have to be surrounded by others who know how to have a good time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I were to get poor grades I would assume that I lacked ability to succeed in those courses.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my marriage were a long\u201a happy one\u201a I&#039;d say that I must just be very lucky.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my experience\u201a loneliness comes from not trying to be friendly.[quads id=5]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes I get good grades only because the course material was easy to learn.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In my experience\u201a there is a direct connection between the absence of friendship and being socially inept<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes I feel that I have to consider myself lucky for the good grades I get.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can overcome all obstacles in the path of academic success if I work hard enough.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is almost impossible to figure out how I have displeased some people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I get good grades\u201a it is because of my academic competence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Difficulties with my friends often start with chance remarks<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my marriage were to succeed\u201a it would have to be because I worked at it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some low grades I&#039;ve received seem to me to reflect the fact that some teachers are just stingy with marks.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is impossible for me to maintain close relations with people without my tact and patience.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of my bad grades may have been a function of bad luck\u201a being in the wrong course at the wrong time.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de causalit\u00e9 multidimensionnelle et multiattributionnelle (MMCS) de Lefcourt : cadre th\u00e9orique, dimensions acad\u00e9miques et sociales, validit\u00e9 et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de mesure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[165,647,2],"tags":[3490,22324,1093,22323,16,15176],"class_list":["post-14397","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-devaluation","category-psychologie-cognitive","category-psychometrie","tag-attribution-causale","tag-lefcourt","tag-lieu-de-controle","tag-mmcs","tag-psychometrie","tag-weiner"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14397"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/14397\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}