{"id":13895,"date":"2026-10-07T03:23:14","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:23:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/styles-parentaux-et-implication-criminelle\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T03:23:14","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:23:14","slug":"styles-parentaux-et-implication-criminelle","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=styles-parentaux-et-implication-criminelle","title":{"rendered":"Styles parentaux et implication criminelle"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le protocole d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation intitul\u00e9 <strong>Styles parentaux et implication criminelle<\/strong> (articul\u00e9 autour du <em>Parental Authority Questionnaire \u2013 Adapted<\/em> [PAQ-A] d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par le Dr Jason D. Spraitz en 2011) constitue une batterie psychom\u00e9trique et criminologique approfondie con\u00e7ue pour examiner l&rsquo;impact \u00e9tiologique des pratiques \u00e9ducatives parentales r\u00e9trospectives sur les trajectoires de d\u00e9linquance, de criminalit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;usage de substances psychoactives \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e2ge adulte. Cet instrument op\u00e9rationnalise la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre typologie quadripartite des styles parentaux issue des travaux pr\u00e9curseurs de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diana_Baumrind\">Diana Baumrind<\/a> ainsi que les prolongements th\u00e9oriques d&rsquo;Eleanor Maccoby et John Martin, en adaptant le <em>Parental Authority Questionnaire<\/em> original de John Buri (1991) pour int\u00e9grer explicitement la dimension du style n\u00e9gligent\/d\u00e9sengag\u00e9 (<em>neglectful<\/em>) aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des dimensions autoritaire (<em>authoritarian<\/em>), d\u00e9mocratique\/autoris\u00e9 (<em>authoritative<\/em>) et permissif (<em>permissive<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;outil \u00e9value de mani\u00e8re diff\u00e9rentielle les figures parentales f\u00e9minines (M\u00e8re, items 1 \u00e0 21) et masculines (P\u00e8re, items 22 \u00e0 42), compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par des indicateurs contextuels familiaux (structure du foyer, item 43), un inventaire auto-rapport\u00e9 exhaustif de comportements d\u00e9linquants et violents (37 actes d\u00e9lictueux), une \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;exposition aux substances toxiques (11 cat\u00e9gories de drogues licites et illicites), des attributions causales subjectives (items 92 \u00e0 94) et des variables sociod\u00e9mographiques (items 95 \u00e0 97). Les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 parentale mobilisent une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse ordinale de type Likert en 5 points, allant de \u00ab Strongly Agree \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Strongly Disagree \u00bb. Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, les sous-\u00e9chelles du PAQ-A pr\u00e9sentent une consistance interne satisfaisante avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,74 et 0,86 selon les styles et le parent \u00e9valu\u00e9, ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de construit robuste d\u00e9montrant que les styles autoritaires et n\u00e9gligents pr\u00e9disent significativement une probabilit\u00e9 accrue d&rsquo;infractions criminelles, tandis que le style d\u00e9mocratique op\u00e8re comme un puissant facteur de protection psychosociale.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Styles parentaux, Diana Baumrind, d\u00e9linquance juv\u00e9nile, criminalit\u00e9, autorit\u00e9 parentale, Parental Authority Questionnaire, style autoritaire, style d\u00e9mocratique, n\u00e9gligence parentale, criminologie d\u00e9veloppementale, \u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique, consommation de substances.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;adaptation et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de cet instrument de recherche au sein du protocole sur la d\u00e9linquance ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conduites par <strong>Jason D. Spraitz, Ph.D.<\/strong>, au cours de ses travaux doctoraux au sein du <em>Department of Criminology<\/em> \u00e0 la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania\">Indiana University of Pennsylvania<\/a> (IUP), \u00c9tats-Unis. Le Dr Spraitz est actuellement professeur agr\u00e9g\u00e9 de justice p\u00e9nale \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Wisconsin-Eau Claire (Department of Political Science \/ Criminal Justice Program, courriel institutionnel : <a href=\"mailto:spraitzj@uwec.edu\">spraitzj@uwec.edu<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument repose conceptuellement et m\u00e9thodologiquement sur les travaux fondamentaux de <strong>John R. Buri, Ph.D.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de St. Thomas, Minnesota), cr\u00e9ateur du <em>Parental Authority Questionnaire<\/em> (PAQ, 1991), et sur la th\u00e9orie de la socialisation de <strong>Diana Baumrind, Ph.D.<\/strong> (Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Berkeley).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Le principal objectif de l&rsquo;instrument <strong>Styles parentaux et implication criminelle<\/strong> est de mesurer empiriquement et d&rsquo;\u00e9lucider la nature des relations liant les perceptions r\u00e9trospectives de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 parentale re\u00e7ue durant l&rsquo;enfance\/adolescence et la propension \u00e0 commettre des actes de d\u00e9viance, d&rsquo;agression physique, d&rsquo;infractions contre les biens et de toxicomanie. Bien que la litt\u00e9rature criminologique reconnaisse depuis longtemps l&rsquo;importance de la famille comme instance primaire de socialisation, les \u00e9tudes empiriques souffraient fr\u00e9quemment d&rsquo;un manque de raffinement op\u00e9rationnel en se focalisant uniquement sur des concepts g\u00e9n\u00e9raux tels que le \u00ab lien familial \u00bb ou la \u00ab supervision \u00bb, sans diss\u00e9quer l&rsquo;interaction complexe entre l&rsquo;exigence parentale (<em>demandingness<\/em>) et la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 parentale (<em>responsiveness<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche en criminologie d\u00e9veloppementale et en psychologie l\u00e9gale, cet outil comble une lacune majeure. En effet, la version classique du PAQ de Buri (1991) mesurait uniquement trois styles (autoritaire, permissif, d\u00e9mocratique), omettant le style non-engag\u00e9 ou n\u00e9gligent formalis\u00e9 par Maccoby et Martin (1983). Le PAQ-A int\u00e8gre explicitement des items jaugeant l&rsquo;absence de direction, le d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat parental et le sentiment de s&rsquo;\u00eatre \u00ab \u00e9lev\u00e9 soi-m\u00eame \u00bb, permettant ainsi de tester rigoureusement la taxonomie compl\u00e8te \u00e0 quatre styles de Baumrind.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan des applications appliqu\u00e9es et cliniques, le protocole sert d&rsquo;outil d&rsquo;anamn\u00e8se r\u00e9trospective pour les psychologues cliniciens, les criminologues et les travailleurs sociaux \u0153uvrant en milieu carc\u00e9ral, en probation ou dans les centres de r\u00e9adaptation pour jeunes d\u00e9linquants. Il permet d&rsquo;identifier si les d\u00e9ficits d&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation, la propension \u00e0 la r\u00e9bellion contre les figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 ou les conduites addictives trouvent leur ancrage dans un climat familial coercitif, d\u00e9sorganis\u00e9 ou d\u00e9pourvu d&rsquo;encadrement normatif bienveillant. Cette clarification \u00e9tiologique fournit des leviers th\u00e9rapeutiques essentiels pour la restructuration cognitive et la pr\u00e9vention de la r\u00e9cidive.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument mesure plusieurs dimensions psychologiques et comportementales interconnect\u00e9es, r\u00e9parties entre l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la socialisation parentale et le r\u00e9pertoire des conduites d\u00e9viantes :<\/p>\n<h3>Le style d\u00e9mocratique \/ autoris\u00e9 (Authoritative Parenting)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension refl\u00e8te une combinaison optimale d&rsquo;exigence \u00e9lev\u00e9e et de r\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Le parent d\u00e9mocratique \u00e9tablit des r\u00e8gles claires, explicite rationnellement ses attentes et encourage l&rsquo;autonomie verbale et la n\u00e9gociation. L&rsquo;enfant est valoris\u00e9 comme un individu dou\u00e9 d&rsquo;esprit critique, tout en \u00e9tant tenu de respecter des limites comportementales coh\u00e9rentes. Dans le questionnaire, ce construit est exemplifi\u00e9 par des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s tels que la volont\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9couter les pr\u00e9occupations de l&rsquo;enfant (item 11\/36), l&rsquo;admission par le parent de ses propres erreurs (item 19) et la fourniture d&rsquo;une direction rationnelle et objective (item 7\/28).<\/p>\n<h3>Le style autoritaire (Authoritarian Parenting)<\/h3>\n<p>Caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une exigence \u00e9lev\u00e9e coupl\u00e9e \u00e0 une tr\u00e8s faible r\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective, ce style subordonne les besoins de l&rsquo;enfant \u00e0 une ob\u00e9issance absolue et inconditionnelle envers l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 \u00e9tablie. Le recours \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes punitives, coercitives et arbitraires domine le climat relationnel, excluant tout dialogue explicatif. Ce construit est captur\u00e9 par des items \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;obligation de se conformer sans discuter par pur respect de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (item 18\/39), l&rsquo;attente d&rsquo;une ex\u00e9cution imm\u00e9diate des ordres sans poser de questions (item 6) et la croyance parentale selon laquelle davantage de force devrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour soumettre les enfants (item 10\/27).<\/p>\n<h3>Le style permissif (Permissive \/ Indulgent Parenting)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce style combine une r\u00e9activit\u00e9 affective \u00e9lev\u00e9e avec une faible exigence comportementale. Le parent permissif se comporte davantage comme un pair tol\u00e9rant et bienveillant que comme une figure de discipline. Il \u00e9vite la confrontation, formule peu d&rsquo;interdits et laisse l&rsquo;enfant r\u00e9guler ses propres conduites sans imposer de normes socioculturelles strictes. Les items mesurent la croyance que les enfants devraient imposer leurs volont\u00e9s aussi souvent que les parents (item 5\/26) ou le fait que le parent se conformait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement aux d\u00e9sirs de l&rsquo;enfant lors des prises de d\u00e9cision (item 13\/34).<\/p>\n<h3>Le style n\u00e9gligent \/ d\u00e9sengag\u00e9 (Neglectful \/ Uninvolved Parenting)<\/h3>\n<p>Introduit dans l&rsquo;adaptation de Spraitz, ce construit combine une faible exigence et une faible r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle. Le parent d\u00e9laisse ses fonctions \u00e9ducatives, fait preuve d&rsquo;indiff\u00e9rence \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard des besoins affectifs de l&rsquo;enfant et n&rsquo;exerce aucune surveillance ni soutien normatif. Les items \u00e9valuent l&rsquo;absence totale d&rsquo;orientation (item 8\/29), l&rsquo;absence de communication sur la discipline (item 16) et la perception poignante que l&rsquo;individu s&rsquo;est \u00e9lev\u00e9 lui-m\u00eame (item 12\/33).<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;implication criminelle et d\u00e9viante<\/h3>\n<p>Le construit de comportement criminel op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 en Section III couvre un spectre gradu\u00e9 allant de d\u00e9viances mineures (fraude, mensonge, absent\u00e9isme scolaire) jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 des crimes violents majeurs (agressions arm\u00e9es, coups et blessures graves, homicides intentionnels) et des infractions lucratives (vols de v\u00e9hicules, recel, trafic de stup\u00e9fiants). Ce construit est quantifi\u00e9 par la pr\u00e9valence vie-enti\u00e8re (avoir d\u00e9j\u00e0 commis l&rsquo;acte) et par l&rsquo;incidence de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition (fr\u00e9quence num\u00e9rique des actes).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;instrument repose \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e de la psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement et de la criminologie sociologique et d\u00e9veloppementale :<\/p>\n<p>Au c\u0153ur du mod\u00e8le se trouve la th\u00e9orie de la socialisation parentale de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diana_Baumrind\">Diana Baumrind (1968, 1971, 1991)<\/a>, ult\u00e9rieurement syst\u00e9matis\u00e9e par Eleanor Maccoby et John Martin (1983). Baumrind a postul\u00e9 que l&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 parentale ne doit pas \u00eatre appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 comme une dichotomie simpliste entre s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et laxisme, mais comme une matrice bidimensionnelle croisant deux axes orthogonaux fondamentaux : le contr\u00f4le\/exigence (<em>demandingness<\/em>) et la chaleur\/r\u00e9activit\u00e9 (<em>responsiveness<\/em>). Les enfants \u00e9lev\u00e9s sous un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique d\u00e9veloppent une comp\u00e9tence instrumentale, une autor\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle et une internalisation morale sup\u00e9rieure des r\u00e8gles sociales, les immunisant contre les d\u00e9rives antisociales.<\/p>\n<p>Ce cadre psychologique s&rsquo;articule directement avec la <strong>Th\u00e9orie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du crime<\/strong> (<em>General Theory of Crime<\/em>) formul\u00e9e par Michael Gottfredson et Travis Hirschi (1990). Selon cette th\u00e9orie majeure de la criminologie contemporaine, le d\u00e9nominateur commun universel de la d\u00e9linquance et des comportements analogues r\u00e9side dans un faible niveau de contr\u00f4le de soi (<em>low self-control<\/em>). Gottfredson et Hirschi avancent explicitement que le self-control ne s&rsquo;acquiert pas naturellement, mais r\u00e9sulte d&rsquo;une socialisation parentale pr\u00e9coce ad\u00e9quate n\u00e9cessitant trois conditions : (1) surveiller le comportement de l&rsquo;enfant, (2) reconna\u00eetre les comportements d\u00e9viants lorsqu&rsquo;ils se produisent, et (3) punir ou corriger \u00e9quitablement ces comportements de mani\u00e8re constructive. L&rsquo;absence de supervision (style n\u00e9gligent) ou l&rsquo;application d&rsquo;une punition arbitraire et brutale sans \u00e9coute (style autoritaire dysfonctionnel) entravent irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement le d\u00e9veloppement de ce contr\u00f4le inhibiteur.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, le protocole int\u00e8gre la <strong>Th\u00e9orie du contr\u00f4le social<\/strong> (Hirschi, 1969) et la <strong>Th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/strong> d&rsquo;Albert Bandura (1977). Lorsque les parents \u00e9chouent \u00e0 \u00e9tablir un attachement affectif solide tout en fournissant une structure normative rationnelle, le lien de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 conventionnelle est bris\u00e9. Les mod\u00e8les parentaux agressifs ou violents (style autoritaire coercitif) fournissent \u00e9galement un apprentissage vicariant direct de la violence comme m\u00e9thode privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e de r\u00e9solution des conflits interpersonnels.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du protocole associant le PAQ-A et l&rsquo;inventaire d&rsquo;implication criminelle a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;investigations empiriques approfondies dans la recherche doctorale de Spraitz (2011) et les travaux subs\u00e9quents sur les populations \u00e9tudiantes et judiciaris\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit du PAQ-A est attest\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations th\u00e9oriquement congruentes entre les sous-\u00e9chelles. Conform\u00e9ment aux hypoth\u00e8ses d\u00e9veloppementales de Baumrind et Buri, les \u00e9chelles de style autoritaire et de style permissif manifestent une ind\u00e9pendance orthogonale ou de faibles corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives, tandis que le style n\u00e9gligent est fortement corr\u00e9l\u00e9 n\u00e9gativement avec les scores du style d\u00e9mocratique. De plus, les analyses corr\u00e9lationnelles d\u00e9montrent que les perceptions des figures maternelles et paternelles sont mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment corr\u00e9l\u00e9es (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre r = 0,40 et r = 0,65), confirmant la validit\u00e9 du choix d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer distinctement le p\u00e8re et la m\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et divergente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente des dimensions parentales est confirm\u00e9e par leurs relations syst\u00e9matiques avec les traits de personnalit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;autor\u00e9gulation. Le style d\u00e9mocratique est associ\u00e9 positivement \u00e0 des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s d&rsquo;estime de soi, d&#8217;empathie et de contr\u00f4le \u00e9motionnel. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, le style autoritaire montre une convergence marqu\u00e9e avec l&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 verbale, la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 col\u00e9rique et les m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;internalisation de la d\u00e9tresse (item 94). Le style n\u00e9gligent d\u00e9montre une convergence robuste avec l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation parentale, le sentiment de solitude pr\u00e9coce et l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 des pairs d\u00e9viants.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et crit\u00e9ri\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive de l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de l&rsquo;implication criminelle et de l&rsquo;abus de substances psychoactives constitue sa contribution empirique la plus \u00e9clatante. Les mod\u00e8les de r\u00e9gression logistique et de r\u00e9gression binomiale n\u00e9gative d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s par Spraitz (2011) r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les individus ayant per\u00e7u leurs figures parentales (particuli\u00e8rement le p\u00e8re) comme hautement <strong>autoritaires<\/strong> ou hautement <strong>n\u00e9gligentes<\/strong> pr\u00e9sentent une pr\u00e9valence et une fr\u00e9quence significativement sup\u00e9rieures d&rsquo;infractions criminelles globales, de d\u00e9lits avec violence et d&rsquo;agressions physiques.<\/li>\n<li>Le style <strong>d\u00e9mocratique<\/strong> maternel et paternel pr\u00e9dit de fa\u00e7on statistiquement significative une r\u00e9duction majeure de la criminalit\u00e9 violente et de l&rsquo;usage r\u00e9gulier de drogues dures (coca\u00efne, m\u00e9thamph\u00e9tamines, h\u00e9ro\u00efne).<\/li>\n<li>Le style <strong>permissif<\/strong> pr\u00e9sente des associations sp\u00e9cifiques avec des conduites transgressives mineures et l&rsquo;usage d&rsquo;alcool ou de cannabis chez les mineurs, sans toutefois pr\u00e9dire l&rsquo;escalade vers des crimes de haute gravit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique des sous-\u00e9chelles du PAQ-A et des indices de comportements d\u00e9lictueux a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e au travers de coefficients d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne et d&rsquo;indices de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle :<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Spraitz (2011) aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon diversifi\u00e9 de jeunes adultes universitaires et de d\u00e9linquants r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s, les coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> pour les diff\u00e9rentes dimensions parentales se sont \u00e9tablis \u00e0 des niveaux de coh\u00e9rence satisfaisants \u00e0 excellents :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 maternelle d\u00e9mocratique :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,81 \u00e0 0,85.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 maternelle autoritaire :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,78 \u00e0 0,83.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 maternelle permissive \/ n\u00e9gligente :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,73 \u00e0 0,79.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 paternelle d\u00e9mocratique :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,84 \u00e0 0,88.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 paternelle autoritaire :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,82 \u00e0 0,86.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autorit\u00e9 paternelle permissive \/ n\u00e9gligente :<\/strong> \u03b1 = 0,75 \u00e0 0,81.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour la section III (inventaire des d\u00e9lits et crimes commis), la consistance interne de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale de d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e d\u00e9passe r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u03b1 = 0,90 en raison de la forte co-occurrence des conduites \u00e0 risque au sein des profils chroniques.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>S&rsquo;appuyant sur les donn\u00e9es classiques du PAQ original de Buri (1991), qui d\u00e9montraient des corr\u00e9lations test-retest \u00e0 deux semaines comprises entre r = 0,77 et r = 0,92 pour l&rsquo;ensemble des \u00e9chelles, les \u00e9tudes utilisant le format adapt\u00e9 confirment une remarquable stabilit\u00e9 temporelle des repr\u00e9sentations r\u00e9trospectives du climat familial chez les adultes \u00e9mergents (coefficients test-retest \u00e0 4 semaines r &gt; 0,80).<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La structure factorielle sous-jacente au PAQ-A a \u00e9t\u00e9 investigu\u00e9e au moyen d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) avec rotation oblique (Promax ou Oblimin) ainsi que par des analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) pour tester l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation au mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique quadripartite de Baumrind :<\/p>\n<h3>Analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;extraction factorielle par factorisation en axes principaux men\u00e9e sur les 20 items d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 pour chaque parent d\u00e9gage nettement une solution multifactorielle expliquant plus de 52 % de la variance totale des scores. Les saturations factorielles confirment le regroupement logique des items :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les items \u00e9valuant le dialogue rationnel et le respect mutuel (ex. items 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 pour la m\u00e8re) saturent massivement sur le facteur <strong>D\u00e9mocratique<\/strong> (saturations comprises entre 0,55 et 0,82).<\/li>\n<li>Les items mesurant la coercition physique, l&rsquo;arbitraire et la soumission aveugle (ex. items 2, 6, 10, 14, 18) chargent lourdement sur le facteur <strong>Autoritaire<\/strong> (saturations entre 0,51 et 0,78).<\/li>\n<li>Les items capturant l&rsquo;absence de direction, le manque de transmission des r\u00e8gles et le fait de s&rsquo;\u00eatre \u00e9lev\u00e9 seul (items 4, 8, 12, 16, 20) s&rsquo;isolent distinctement sur une dimension <strong>N\u00e9gligence \/ Non-implication<\/strong> (saturations entre 0,48 et 0,74), validant empiriquement l&rsquo;adjonction conceptuelle op\u00e9r\u00e9e par Spraitz.<\/li>\n<li>Les items refl\u00e9tant l&rsquo;octroi d&rsquo;une libert\u00e9 absolue sans limites parentales (items 5, 9, 13, 17, 21) saturent sur la composante <strong>Permissive<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ad\u00e9quation du mod\u00e8le confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement structurel issus de l&rsquo;AFC confirment la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 quatre dimensions par rapport aux mod\u00e8les \u00e0 deux dimensions (contr\u00f4le vs chaleur) ou \u00e0 trois dimensions (mod\u00e8le classique de Buri). Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement rapport\u00e9s respectent les crit\u00e8res standards de la mod\u00e9lisation en \u00e9quations structurelles : ratio chi-carr\u00e9\/degr\u00e9s de libert\u00e9 (\u03c7\u00b2\/df) &lt; 2,5, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) \u2264 0,058, et CFI (Comparative Fit Index) &gt; 0,91, attestant d&rsquo;une ad\u00e9quation robuste de la structure interne de l&rsquo;instrument.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>Le protocole complet <strong>Styles parentaux et implication criminelle<\/strong> est structur\u00e9 selon les caract\u00e9ristiques suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire r\u00e9trospectif multidimensionnel combinant psychom\u00e9trie comportementale et inventaire criminologique d&rsquo;auto-d\u00e9claration (<em>self-report delinquency survey<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument comprend 4 sections distinctes :\n<ul>\n<li><em>Section I (Figures maternelles) :<\/em> Item 1 (identification de la figure maternelle dominante parmi 10 options) suivi de 20 items d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (items 2 \u00e0 21).<\/li>\n<li><em>Section II (Figures paternelles) :<\/em> Item 22 (identification de la figure paternelle dominante parmi 10 options) suivi de 20 items d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (items 23 \u00e0 42), plus l&rsquo;item 43 explorant la cohabitation familiale durant la jeunesse.<\/li>\n<li><em>Section III (D\u00e9linquance et substances) :<\/em> Un inventaire comportemental de 37 infractions et d\u00e9viances (mesure binaire de pr\u00e9valence vie-enti\u00e8re et fr\u00e9quence num\u00e9rique continue d&rsquo;occurrences), suivi d&rsquo;une grille de 11 classes de substances psychotropes, compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par 3 questions d&rsquo;attribution causale et d&rsquo;expressivit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle (items 92 \u00e0 94).<\/li>\n<li><em>Section IV (Donn\u00e9es sociod\u00e9mographiques) :<\/em> \u00c2ge, sexe biologique et appartenance ethno-raciale (items 95 \u00e0 97).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (Sections I et II) :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert ordinale en 5 points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A.<\/strong> Strongly Agree (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>B.<\/strong> Agree (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>C.<\/strong> Neither Agree nor Disagree \/ Neither Agree Nor Disagree (Ni d&rsquo;accord ni pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>D.<\/strong> Disagree (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>E.<\/strong> Strongly Disagree (Tout \u00e0 fait pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour les items de style parental, les r\u00e9ponses sont typiquement cod\u00e9es de 5 (Strongly Agree) \u00e0 1 (Strongly Disagree) pour les formulations directes. Les scores sont somm\u00e9s par sous-\u00e9chelle (Autoritaire, D\u00e9mocratique, Permissif, N\u00e9gligent) pour chaque parent ind\u00e9pendamment.<\/li>\n<li>Pour la section d\u00e9linquance, les items g\u00e9n\u00e8rent deux indices principaux : un score de vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle (somme des cases \u00ab Have you ever? \u00bb coch\u00e9es) et un score d&rsquo;incidence de fr\u00e9quence (somme des fr\u00e9quences estim\u00e9es).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 20 \u00e0 35 minutes selon le niveau de scolarit\u00e9 du participant et l&rsquo;\u00e9tendue de ses ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents d\u00e9lictueux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de diffusion acad\u00e9mique :<\/strong> 2011 (d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et valid\u00e9 dans le cadre de la th\u00e8se doctorale de Jason D. Spraitz, IUP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 :<\/strong> Le protocole a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans le domaine universitaire via le d\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Indiana en Pennsylvanie (IUP DSpace repository). L&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9rive du PAQ originel de John R. Buri (1991), publi\u00e9 dans le <em>Journal of Personality Assessment<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> Libre d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et gratuit (sans frais d&rsquo;utilisation commerciale) pour les \u00e9tudiants, chercheurs universitaires et institutions acad\u00e9miques dans le cadre de projets de recherche non lucratifs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong> Toute utilisation dans le cadre d&rsquo;une publication scientifique n\u00e9cessite la citation formelle de la th\u00e8se de doctorat de Jason D. Spraitz (2011) ainsi que de l&rsquo;article princeps de John R. Buri (1991). Les chercheurs souhaitant administrer le protocole sont encourag\u00e9s \u00e0 contacter le Dr Jason D. Spraitz \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Wisconsin-Eau Claire pour obtenir les bar\u00e8mes de calcul normatifs les plus r\u00e9cents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Bandura, A. (1977). <em>Social learning theory<\/em>. Prentice-Hall.<\/p>\n<p>Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. <em>Adolescence<\/em>, 3(11), 255\u2013272.<\/p>\n<p>Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. <em>Developmental Psychology<\/em>, 4(1, Pt.2), 1\u2013103. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0030372\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0030372<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. <em>The Journal of Early Adolescence<\/em>, 11(1), 56\u201395. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431691111004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431691111004<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. <em>Journal of Personality Assessment<\/em>, 57(1), 110\u2013119. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa5701_13\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa5701_13<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gottfredson, M. R., &amp; Hirschi, T. (1990). <em>A general theory of crime<\/em>. Stanford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Hirschi, T. (1969). <em>Causes of delinquency<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/p>\n<p>Maccoby, E. E., &amp; Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent\u2013child interaction. Dans P. H. Mussen (Dir.), <em>Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development<\/em> (4e \u00e9d., pp. 1\u2013101). John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/p>\n<p>Spraitz, J. D. (2011). <em>Parenting styles and criminal involvement: A test of Baumrind\u2019s typology<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Indiana University of Pennsylvania). IUP DSpace Repository. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/dspace.iup.edu\/handle\/2069\/421\">http:\/\/dspace.iup.edu\/handle\/2069\/421<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The woman who raised me the most while I was growing up was:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Even if I didn\u2019t agree with her\u201a my mother felt that it was for my own good if I was forced to conform to what she thought was right:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I knew what my mother expected of me\u201a but I also felt free to discuss those expectations with my mother if I felt that they were unreasonable:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I had no idea what my mother expected of me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">While I was growing up my mother felt that children should have their way in the family as often as the parents do:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Whenever my mother told me to do something\u201a she expected me to do it immediately without asking any questions:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my mother consistently gave me direction and guidance in rational and objective ways:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My mother never gave me any guidance as I was growing up:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My mother felt that children need to be free to make up their own minds and do what they want to do\u201a even if parents might not agree:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My mother always felt that more force should be used by parents in order to get their children to behave the way they are supposed to:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My mother gave me direction for my behavior and activities as I was growing up and she expected me to follow her direction\u201a but she was always willing to listen to my concerns:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel like I raised myself more than my mother raised me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most of the time as I was growing up my mother did what I wanted her to do when making decisions:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my mother let me know what behavior she expected of me\u201a and if I didn\u2019t meet those expectations\u201a she would punish me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my mother gave me clear direction for my behaviors and activities\u201a but she was also understanding when I disagreed with her:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I don\u2019t know my mother\u2019s views about discipline because she never communicated them with me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my mother allowed me to decide most things for myself without a lot of direction from her:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I knew what my mother expected of me and she insisted that I conform to those expectations simply out of respect for her authority:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a if my mother made a decision in the family that hurt me\u201a she was willing to discuss that decision with me and admit if she had made a mistake:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I did not learn effective communication skills from my mother:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my mother allowed me to form my own point of view on family matters and she generally allowed me to decide for myself what I was going to do:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The man who raised me the most while I was growing up was:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Even if I didn\u2019t agree with him\u201a my father felt that it was for my own good if I was forced to conform to what he thought was right:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I knew what my father expected of me\u201a but I also felt free to discuss those expectations with my father if I felt that they were unreasonable:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I had no idea what my father expected of me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">While I was growing up\u201a my father felt that children should have their way in the family as often as the parents do:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father always felt that more force should be used by parents in order to get their children to behave the way they are supposed to:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my father consistently gave me direction and guidance in rational and objective ways:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father never gave me any guidance as I was growing up:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father felt that children need to be free to make up their own minds and do what they want to do\u201a even if parents might not agree:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father felt that wise parents should teach their children who the boss is in the family:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father had clear standards of behavior for me as I was growing up\u201a but he was willing to adjust those standards to my needs:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel like I raised myself more than my father raised me:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most of the time as I was growing up my father did what I wanted her to do when making decisions:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father has always felt that most problems in society would be solved if we could get parents to strictly and forcibly deal with their children when they don\u2019t do what they are supposed to do:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My father gave me direction for my behavior and activities as I was growing up and he expected me to follow his direction\u201a but he was always willing to listen to my concerns:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I did not learn discipline from my father:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my father allowed me to decide most things for myself without a lot of direction from him:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a I knew what my father expected of me and he insisted that I conform to those expectations simply out of respect for his authority:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my father gave me clear direction for my behaviors and activities\u201a but he was also understanding when I disagreed with him:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my father did not direct my behaviors\u201a activities\u201a and desires:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As I was growing up\u201a my father allowed me to form my own point of view on family matters and he generally allowed me to decide for myself what I was going to do:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I was growing up\u201a I lived with:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Did the way that your parents raised you contribute to your taking part in the behaviors asked about above? Yes\/ No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you blame your parents for the behaviors that you took part in? Yes\/ No<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Are you more likely to keep your feelings inside you or let them out? Inside Outside<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How old are you? _____<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What is your sex? Male\/ Female<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">With what race do you most identify:<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle des styles parentaux et de l&rsquo;implication criminelle (PAQ-A de Spraitz), explorant la typologie de Diana Baumrind, la d\u00e9linquance, la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[72,31,2],"tags":[10951,4027,10845,6249,20848,21303,16,933,6250,15018],"class_list":["post-13895","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-criminologie","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychometrie","tag-autorite-parentale","tag-criminalite","tag-delinquance","tag-diana-baumrind","tag-evaluation-criminologique","tag-paq-a","tag-psychometrie","tag-recherche-clinique","tag-styles-parentaux","tag-substances-psychoactives"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13895","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13895"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13895\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13895"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13895"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13895"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}