{"id":13723,"date":"2026-10-04T07:06:31","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T07:06:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-sante-en-15-dimensions\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T07:06:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T07:06:31","slug":"qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-sante-en-15-dimensions","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-sante-en-15-dimensions","title":{"rendered":"Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 en 15 dimensions"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le questionnaire de <strong>Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 en 15 dimensions<\/strong> (commun\u00e9ment abr\u00e9g\u00e9 <em>15D<\/em>) est un instrument g\u00e9n\u00e9rique, standardis\u00e9 et auto-administr\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour mesurer la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qualit%C3%A9_de_vie\">qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9<\/a> (QVLS) chez les adultes. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 initialement par le professeur Harri Sintonen en Finlande \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980 et affin\u00e9 au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990, le 15D se distingue par son double statut m\u00e9thodologique : il fonctionne simultan\u00e9ment comme un outil de profil descriptif multidimensionnel et comme un instrument d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 fond\u00e9 sur des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_de_la_d%C3%A9cision\">Multi-Attribute Utility Theory<\/a>, MAUT), permettant le calcul d&rsquo;un score synth\u00e9tique unique variant de 0 (correspondant au d\u00e9c\u00e8s) \u00e0 1 (\u00e9tat de pleine sant\u00e9 sans alt\u00e9ration).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument est compos\u00e9 de 15 dimensions distinctes et mutuellement exclusives : la mobilit\u00e9, la vision, l&rsquo;audition, la respiration, le sommeil, l&rsquo;alimentation, l&rsquo;\u00e9locution, l&rsquo;excr\u00e9tion, les activit\u00e9s habituelles, le fonctionnement mental, l&rsquo;inconfort et les sympt\u00f4mes, la d\u00e9pression, la d\u00e9tresse, la vitalit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 sexuelle. Chaque dimension est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par un item unique comportant cinq niveaux de r\u00e9ponse ordinaux hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9s, allant de l&rsquo;absence totale d&rsquo;alt\u00e9ration (niveau 1) \u00e0 une d\u00e9ficience ou une incapacit\u00e9 extr\u00eame (niveau 5). Cette structure conf\u00e8re au 15D une granularit\u00e9 descriptive sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle d&rsquo;instruments comparables tels que l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EuroQol\">EQ-5D<\/a> ou le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SF-6D\">SF-6D<\/a>, minimisant ainsi de mani\u00e8re significative l&rsquo;effet plafond fr\u00e9quemment observ\u00e9 dans les populations relativement saines ou mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment malades.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, le 15D d\u00e9montre des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 et de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 exceptionnelles document\u00e9es dans des centaines de cohortes cliniques et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques internationales. La coh\u00e9rence interne globale du syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation se situe de fa\u00e7on reproductible entre un coefficient alpha de Cronbach de 0,80 et 0,90. La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest pr\u00e9sente des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (ICC) compris entre 0,85 et 0,93. La sensibilit\u00e9 au changement (r\u00e9activit\u00e9 clinique) est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de plusieurs alternatives g\u00e9n\u00e9riques gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;incorporation de dimensions sensorielles, cognitives et autonomiques sp\u00e9cifiques, avec une diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID) \u00e9tablie \u00e0 0,015 point sur le score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 global.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, 15D, psychom\u00e9trie, \u00e9conomie de la sant\u00e9, utilit\u00e9 multi-attributs, QALY, \u00e9valuation des technologies de sant\u00e9, validit\u00e9 de construit, r\u00e9activit\u00e9 clinique, Sintonen.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument 15D a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u et valid\u00e9 sous la direction du Professeur <strong>Harri Sintonen<\/strong>, \u00e9conomiste de la sant\u00e9 de renomm\u00e9e internationale rattach\u00e9 au D\u00e9partement de sant\u00e9 publique de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Helsinki (Finlande). Ses travaux initiaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s en collaboration avec <strong>Martti Pekurinen<\/strong>, chercheur principal et \u00e9conomiste de la sant\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s du Centre national de recherche et de d\u00e9veloppement pour le bien-\u00eatre et la sant\u00e9 (STAKES, devenu par la suite l&rsquo;Institut finlandais pour la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre, THL).<\/p>\n<p>Les coordonn\u00e9es institutionnelles historiques et acad\u00e9miques associ\u00e9es aux travaux fondateurs du 15D incluent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Harri Sintonen, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie de la sant\u00e9, D\u00e9partement de sant\u00e9 publique, Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Helsinki, Helsinki, Finlande. Coordonnateur du r\u00e9seau de recherche 15D (courriel institutionnel : <code>harri.sintonen@helsinki.fi<\/code>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Martti Pekurinen, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Institut national pour la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre (THL), Helsinki, Finlande.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>La mesure rigoureuse des \u00e9tats de sant\u00e9 per\u00e7us par les individus repr\u00e9sente un imp\u00e9ratif \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e de la recherche clinique, de la pratique m\u00e9dicale et de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89conomie_de_la_sant%C3%A9\">\u00e9valuation m\u00e9dico-\u00e9conomique<\/a>. L&rsquo;objectif premier lors du d\u00e9veloppement du 15D \u00e9tait de pallier les limitations structurelles des outils d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation g\u00e9n\u00e9riques existants des ann\u00e9es 1980 et 1990 (tels que la Nottingham Health Profile ou les premi\u00e8res versions abr\u00e9g\u00e9es issues du Medical Outcomes Study), qui p\u00e9chaient soit par un manque de couverture descriptive des fonctions physiques et sensorielles, soit par l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;une base th\u00e9orique axiomatique permettant d&rsquo;agr\u00e9ger les domaines en un score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 unique.<\/p>\n<p>Le 15D a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour r\u00e9pondre simultan\u00e9ment \u00e0 trois finalit\u00e9s scientifiques distinctes mais compl\u00e9mentaires :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation clinique descriptive :<\/strong> Fournir aux cliniciens et aux \u00e9pid\u00e9miologistes un profil exhaustif de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 du patient \u00e0 travers 15 composantes de la vie quotidienne. Contrairement \u00e0 des \u00e9chelles limit\u00e9es \u00e0 trois ou cinq domaines, le 15D int\u00e8gre explicitement des fonctions vitales telles que la vue, l&rsquo;ou\u00efe, la respiration, la prise alimentaire, l&rsquo;excr\u00e9tion et la fonction sexuelle, permettant d&rsquo;identifier des d\u00e9ficits d&rsquo;organes sp\u00e9cifiques qui influencent profond\u00e9ment le v\u00e9cu du patient sans toujours affecter sa mobilit\u00e9 globale ou son humeur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des technologies de sant\u00e9 (HTA) et l&rsquo;analyse co\u00fbt-utilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> Servir de mesure d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 fond\u00e9e sur les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences populationnelles pour calculer les ann\u00e9es de vie ajust\u00e9es par la qualit\u00e9 (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quality-adjusted_life_year\">QALY<\/a> \/ AVQ). Dans les essais cliniques randomis\u00e9s et les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 en conditions r\u00e9elles, le 15D permet de pond\u00e9rer la survie par la qualit\u00e9 de vie per\u00e7ue, fournissant ainsi le d\u00e9nominateur standardis\u00e9 requis pour les ratios diff\u00e9rentiels co\u00fbt-r\u00e9sultat (RDCR).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le suivi longitudinal et l&rsquo;audit de sant\u00e9 publique :<\/strong> Mesurer l&rsquo;impact global des politiques sanitaires, des interventions de r\u00e9adaptation, des chirurgies lourdes ou de la prise en charge des maladies chroniques \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle des populations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sur le plan de la justification th\u00e9orique, l&rsquo;inclusion de quinze dimensions au lieu des cinq dimensions habituelles des \u00e9chelles concurrentes d\u00e9coule d&rsquo;un arbitrage d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 en faveur de la sensibilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9tection. Dans de nombreuses pathologies chroniques ou neuro-d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives pr\u00e9coces (scl\u00e9rose en plaques, maladie de Parkinson, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence maculaire, neuropathies p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques), les patients pr\u00e9sentent des alt\u00e9rations sp\u00e9cifiques qui demeurent invisibles pour les questionnaires g\u00e9n\u00e9riques simplistes mais sont imm\u00e9diatement capt\u00e9es par le 15D. Cette finesse pr\u00e9serve l&rsquo;outil de l&rsquo;effet plafond (\u00ab ceiling effect \u00bb), assurant que les am\u00e9liorations subtiles ou les d\u00e9t\u00e9riorations progressives soient enregistr\u00e9es avec pr\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique et physiologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par le 15D est la <em>Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9<\/em> (QVLS), d\u00e9finie comme l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation subjective par l&rsquo;individu de son niveau de fonctionnement physique, psychologique, cognitif et social, ainsi que de sa symptomatologie corporelle, dans la mesure o\u00f9 ces aspects sont influenc\u00e9s par son \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 ou par des interventions m\u00e9dicales. Le mod\u00e8le sous-jacent du 15D s&rsquo;articule autour d&rsquo;une couverture globale de la personne humaine, organis\u00e9e conceptuellement en plusieurs sous-syst\u00e8mes fonctionnels :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Fonctions locomotrices et autonomie basale<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mobilit\u00e9 (Mobility) :<\/strong> \u00c9value l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de d\u00e9placement, allant d&rsquo;une d\u00e9ambulation sans entrave \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur, \u00e0 l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur et dans les escaliers, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de grabatisation compl\u00e8te o\u00f9 le patient est confin\u00e9 au lit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activit\u00e9s habituelles (Usual activities) :<\/strong> Mesure la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 mener \u00e0 bien les r\u00f4les sociaux, professionnels, acad\u00e9miques et domestiques essentiels, refl\u00e9tant l&rsquo;impact de la maladie sur la participation sociale et le fonctionnement occupationnel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alimentation (Eating) :<\/strong> Capture la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 se nourrir de mani\u00e8re autonome, depuis l&rsquo;alimentation spontan\u00e9e sans aide jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance absolue n\u00e9cessitant une alimentation ent\u00e9rale ou parent\u00e9rale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excr\u00e9tion (Elimination \/ Excretion) :<\/strong> Mesure le contr\u00f4le des fonctions v\u00e9sicales et intestinales, discriminant la continence parfaite des troubles mod\u00e9r\u00e9s (constipation, diarrh\u00e9e) et de l&rsquo;incontinence totale ou de la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des dispositifs invasifs (sondes, stomies).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Fonctions sensorielles et de communication<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vision (Vision) :<\/strong> \u00c9value l&rsquo;acuit\u00e9 visuelle fonctionnelle utile (lecture du journal, des sous-titres t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s) corrig\u00e9e ou non par des verres, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la c\u00e9cit\u00e9 fonctionnelle ou compl\u00e8te.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Audition (Hearing) :<\/strong> Mesure la perception de la parole conversationnelle ordinaire, avec ou sans appareil auditif, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la surdit\u00e9 profonde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9locution \/ Parole (Speech) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la clart\u00e9, l&rsquo;intelligibilit\u00e9 et la fluidit\u00e9 de la production verbale, allant d&rsquo;un discours fluide \u00e0 l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression orale imposant le recours exclusif aux gestes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. Fonctions physiologiques organiques et somatiques<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Respiration (Breathing) :<\/strong> \u00c9value le degr\u00e9 de dyspn\u00e9e selon le niveau d&rsquo;effort physique, depuis une respiration ais\u00e9e en toutes circonstances jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la dyspn\u00e9e permanente de repos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sommeil (Sleeping) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la qualit\u00e9 r\u00e9paratrice, l&rsquo;endormissement, la continuit\u00e9 nocturne et le recours aux hypnotiques, allant d&rsquo;un sommeil naturel sans encombre \u00e0 l&rsquo;insomnie s\u00e9v\u00e8re r\u00e9fractaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inconfort et sympt\u00f4mes (Discomfort and symptoms) :<\/strong> Int\u00e8gre les sensations physiques aversives telles que la douleur, les courbatures, les naus\u00e9es ou le prurit, mesur\u00e9es sur un continuum d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 allant de l&rsquo;absence compl\u00e8te de g\u00eane \u00e0 la souffrance intol\u00e9rable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vitalit\u00e9 (Vitality) :<\/strong> Mesure le niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie physique et psychologique, discriminant le dynamisme robuste de l&rsquo;asth\u00e9nie mod\u00e9r\u00e9e, de la fatigue chronique et de l&rsquo;\u00e9puisement total (\u00ab exhaustion \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activit\u00e9 sexuelle (Sexual activity) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la r\u00e9percussion de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 physique et \u00e9motionnel sur la vie sexuelle, allant de l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;impact d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8re \u00e0 l&rsquo;impossibilit\u00e9 totale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. Fonctions cognitives et affectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fonction mentale (Mental function) :<\/strong> \u00c9value les capacit\u00e9s de raisonnement logique, la clart\u00e9 de la pens\u00e9e, la m\u00e9moire et l&rsquo;orientation spatio-temporelle, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la d\u00e9sorientation et la confusion permanentes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pression (Depression) :<\/strong> Mesure la composante thymique n\u00e9gative (tristesse, m\u00e9lancolie, d\u00e9sespoir) sur un gradient d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tresse (Distress) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la composante d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, de tension nerveuse, de stress et d&rsquo;appr\u00e9hension psychologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique du 15D repose sur une synth\u00e8se rigoureuse entre le <strong>mod\u00e8le biopsychosocial de la sant\u00e9<\/strong>, la m\u00e9trologie psychom\u00e9trique classique et la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multi-attribute_utility_theory\">Th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 multi-attributs<\/a> (MAUT) conceptualis\u00e9e par Ralph Keeney et Howard Raiffa (1976). Historiquement, la mesure de la sant\u00e9 en sciences sociales a \u00e9t\u00e9 polaris\u00e9e entre deux approches : l&rsquo;approche psychom\u00e9trique (ax\u00e9e sur la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des \u00e9chelles, l&rsquo;analyse factorielle et la mesure de traits latents) et l&rsquo;approche \u00e9conomique (ax\u00e9e sur les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences individuelles, l&rsquo;aversion au risque et la prise de d\u00e9cision sous incertitude).<\/p>\n<p>Le professeur Harri Sintonen a con\u00e7u le 15D pour concilier ces deux paradigmes. Sur le plan descriptif, le mod\u00e8le postule que la sant\u00e9 humaine globale ne peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duite \u00e0 une dimension unique non d\u00e9composable : elle constitue un profil multi-attributs o\u00f9 chaque domaine poss\u00e8de sa propre pertinence clinique. Toutefois, pour les besoins de l&rsquo;arbitrage en sant\u00e9 publique, ces multiples attributs doivent pouvoir \u00eatre agr\u00e9g\u00e9s selon un mod\u00e8le formel d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9rivation du score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 global du 15D repose sur un mod\u00e8le additif fond\u00e9 sur des axiomes de s\u00e9parabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentielle :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><em>U = &sum;<sub>i=1<\/sub><sup>15<\/sup> w<sub>i<\/sub> &times; x<sub>i<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans cette formalisation math\u00e9matique, <em>w<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> repr\u00e9sente le poids relatif de l&rsquo;attribut (la dimension <em>i<\/em>), sous la contrainte que la somme des poids soit \u00e9gale \u00e0 1 (&sum; <em>w<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> = 1), et <em>x<sub>i<\/sub><\/em> repr\u00e9sente la valeur d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 du niveau s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 au sein de la dimension <em>i<\/em> (transform\u00e9e sur une \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;intervalle o\u00f9 le niveau 1 vaut 1 et le pire niveau possible vaut 0). Les valeurs des niveaux et les poids d&rsquo;importance relative des dimensions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 empiriquement d\u00e9termin\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s de vastes \u00e9chantillons repr\u00e9sentatifs de la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de m\u00e9thodes standardis\u00e9es de r\u00e9v\u00e9lation des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences, principalement l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation sur \u00e9chelle visuelle analogique (EVA) et le pari standard (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_gamble\">Standard Gamble<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique int\u00e8gre \u00e9galement le mod\u00e8le conceptuel de Wilson et Cleary (1995) reliant les variables physiologiques, l&rsquo;\u00e9tat des sympt\u00f4mes, le statut fonctionnel, la perception g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la sant\u00e9 et la qualit\u00e9 de vie globale. Le 15D capture simultan\u00e9ment les manifestations directes de la maladie (sympt\u00f4mes, dyspn\u00e9e, d\u00e9tresse \u00e9motionnelle) et leurs retentissements sur les fonctions de haut niveau (activit\u00e9s habituelles, r\u00f4les sociaux, sexualit\u00e9), offrant une repr\u00e9sentation int\u00e9gr\u00e9e du fardeau global de la maladie.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du 15D a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 travers un vaste corpus de recherches m\u00e9thodologiques et appliqu\u00e9es incluant des dizaines de milliers de participants dans divers pays et contextes cliniques.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et de face<\/h3>\n<p>La s\u00e9lection des 15 dimensions a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un processus rigoureux de consultation d&rsquo;experts m\u00e9dicaux, d&rsquo;usagers du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 et de panels repr\u00e9sentatifs de citoyens ordinaires. Ce processus a confirm\u00e9 que les 15 attributs retenus couvraient l&rsquo;ensemble des aspects jug\u00e9s essentiels \u00e0 une vie digne et satisfaisante, \u00e9vitant ainsi le reproche fr\u00e9quent de r\u00e9ductivisme adress\u00e9 aux instruments comportant moins de domaines.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente du 15D a \u00e9t\u00e9 abondamment valid\u00e9e par comparaison avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles g\u00e9n\u00e9riques \u00e9tablies :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les corr\u00e9lations entre le score global du 15D et le score r\u00e9capitulatif physique (PCS) du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SF-36\">SF-36<\/a> oscillent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,65 et 0,82, tandis que les corr\u00e9lations avec le score r\u00e9capitulatif mental (MCS) se situent entre 0,55 et 0,74.<\/li>\n<li>Compar\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;EQ-5D-3L et \u00e0 l&rsquo;EQ-5D-5L, le score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 du 15D pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations de rang de Spearman particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9es, souvent sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,75-0,85. Les dimensions sp\u00e9cifiques du 15D (mobilit\u00e9, inconfort\/douleur, d\u00e9pression) corr\u00e8lent tr\u00e8s fortement (<em>r<\/em> &gt; 0,70) avec les dimensions homologues de l&rsquo;EQ-5D.<\/li>\n<li>La validit\u00e9 discriminante est confirm\u00e9e par le fait que les dimensions sensorielles (vision, audition) ou physiologiques cibl\u00e9es (alimentation, excr\u00e9tion) pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations faibles \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es (<em>r<\/em> &lt; 0,35) avec les dimensions purement \u00e9motionnelles, attestant que chaque item capture une variance sp\u00e9cifique non redondante.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 des groupes connus (Known-Groups Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>Le 15D d\u00e9montre une capacit\u00e9 exceptionnelle \u00e0 discriminer les groupes d&rsquo;individus stratifi\u00e9s selon la gravit\u00e9 de leur pathologie, leur \u00e2ge, leur statut socio-\u00e9conomique ou la pr\u00e9sence de comorbidit\u00e9s. Des \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es en oncologie, en cardiologie (insuffisance cardiaque selon la classification NYHA), en rhumatologie (polyarthrite rhumato\u00efde selon le score DAS28) et en neurologie d\u00e9montrent que le score 15D diminue de mani\u00e8re statistiquement significative (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001) et monotone \u00e0 mesure que la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 clinique objective progresse.<\/p>\n<h3>Sensibilit\u00e9 au changement et r\u00e9activit\u00e9 clinique<\/h3>\n<p>La r\u00e9activit\u00e9 du 15D aux interventions th\u00e9rapeutiques (chirurgies majeures, transplantations d&rsquo;organes, pharmacoth\u00e9rapies innovantes, programmes de r\u00e9adaptation) s&rsquo;est syst\u00e9matiquement r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e \u00e9quivalente ou sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des \u00e9chelles g\u00e9n\u00e9riques plus courtes. Les tailles d&rsquo;effet standardis\u00e9es (ES) et les ratios de r\u00e9ponse moyenne standardis\u00e9e (SRM) d\u00e9passent fr\u00e9quemment 0,80 chez les patients r\u00e9pondant favorablement au traitement. La diff\u00e9rence minimale importante (MID \/ MCID) \u00e9tablie par Sintonen est de <strong>0,015<\/strong> point sur le score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 : une variation &ge; 0,015 est cliniquement perceptible et significative pour le patient et le clinicien.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 m\u00e9trologique du 15D a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e selon la th\u00e9orie classique des tests \u00e0 travers la coh\u00e9rence interne et la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest).<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que le 15D soit constitu\u00e9 de dimensions repr\u00e9sentant des syst\u00e8mes physiologiques et psychologiques h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes plut\u00f4t que des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions d&rsquo;un m\u00eame construit \u00e9troit, la coh\u00e9rence interne globale du syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation s&rsquo;av\u00e8re remarquable. Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach calcul\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;ensemble des 15 dimensions dans la population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale adulte se situe r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement entre <strong>0,80<\/strong> et <strong>0,87<\/strong>. Dans les populations cliniques souffrant de polypathologies, ce coefficient s&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve souvent \u00e0 des valeurs comprises entre <strong>0,85<\/strong> et <strong>0,90<\/strong>, t\u00e9moignant d&rsquo;une forte coh\u00e9sion du concept global de d\u00e9gradation de l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 sans introduire de redondance inutile entre les items.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La reproductibilit\u00e9 temporelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9e chez des sujets stables sur des intervalles variant de deux semaines \u00e0 plusieurs mois :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (ICC) pour le score global d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 se situe syst\u00e9matiquement entre <strong>0,85<\/strong> et <strong>0,93<\/strong>, ce qui d\u00e9montre une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle excellente en l&rsquo;absence de changement m\u00e9dical objectif.<\/li>\n<li>Au niveau des dimensions individuelles prises isol\u00e9ment, les coefficients kappa pond\u00e9r\u00e9s (&kappa;<sub>w<\/sub>) oscillent entre <strong>0,65<\/strong> et <strong>0,89<\/strong>, les scores les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e9tant observ\u00e9s pour les dimensions fonctionnelles objectives (mobilit\u00e9, vision, excr\u00e9tion) et les plus mod\u00e9r\u00e9s pour les \u00e9tats fluctuants (sommeil, d\u00e9tresse \u00e9motionnelle).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;erreur standard de mesure (SEM) du score global demeure extr\u00eamement basse, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement comprise entre 0,010 et 0,022, confirmant la pr\u00e9cision de la mesure pour le suivi individuel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;exploration de la structure factorielle du 15D fournit des indications fondamentales sur la mani\u00e8re dont les quinze indicateurs s&rsquo;organisent au sein de l&rsquo;espace latent de la sant\u00e9 humaine. Plusieurs analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conduites sur de tr\u00e8s vastes \u00e9chantillons en population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et hospitali\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax ou Oblimin) extrait de mani\u00e8re constante une structure sous-jacente en trois ou quatre facteurs principaux expliquant entre 55 % et 68 % de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Fonctionnement physique et autonomie basale.<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe la mobilit\u00e9, les activit\u00e9s habituelles, l&rsquo;excr\u00e9tion et l&rsquo;alimentation, avec des saturations factorielles tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es (allant de 0,62 \u00e0 0,84).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Sant\u00e9 mentale et bien-\u00eatre psychologique.<\/strong> Ce facteur est principalement d\u00e9fini par la d\u00e9pression, la d\u00e9tresse, la vitalit\u00e9 et, dans une moindre mesure, la fonction mentale (saturations comprises entre 0,68 et 0,86).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Sympt\u00f4mes somatiques et vitalit\u00e9 physiologique.<\/strong> Il rassemble l&rsquo;inconfort et les sympt\u00f4mes physiques, le sommeil et la respiration (saturations entre 0,55 et 0,78).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Fonctions sensorielles et communicationnelles.<\/strong> La vision, l&rsquo;audition et l&rsquo;\u00e9locution se regroupent fr\u00e9quemment sur un facteur distinct ou forment des axes autonomes dans les mod\u00e8les \u00e0 dimensions multiples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations en \u00e9quations structurelles ont test\u00e9 des structures hi\u00e9rarchiques \u00e0 facteurs de second ordre. Un mod\u00e8le compos\u00e9 d&rsquo;un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de sant\u00e9 de second ordre (\u00ab Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 globale \u00bb) sous-tendant les sous-domaines physiques, mentaux et sensoriels affiche des indices d&rsquo;ajustement tr\u00e8s satisfaisants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;indice de comparaison de Bentler (CFI) d\u00e9passe r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement <strong>0,94<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;indice de Tucker-Lewis (TLI) se maintient au-dessus de <strong>0,92<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>La racine de l&rsquo;erreur quadratique moyenne d&rsquo;approximation (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root_mean_square_error_of_approximation\">RMSEA<\/a>) se situe de fa\u00e7on robuste sous le seuil de <strong>0,06<\/strong> (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,042 et 0,058).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces donn\u00e9es confirment la validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un score composite agr\u00e9g\u00e9 unique (le score 15D global), tout en justifiant l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation clinique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des quinze scores de dimension distincts sous forme de profil.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> 15-Dimensional Health-Related Quality of Life instrument (15D).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Questionnaire auto-administr\u00e9 (sur papier ou sous format \u00e9lectronique\/num\u00e9rique s\u00e9curis\u00e9) ; administration assist\u00e9e par un enqu\u00eateur ou par un clinicien possible pour les patients pr\u00e9sentant des d\u00e9ficits cognitifs ou moteurs majeurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adultes et adolescents \u00e2g\u00e9s de 16 ans et plus (des versions adapt\u00e9es telles que le 16D ou le 17D ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ues pour les adolescents et les enfants).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 5 \u00e0 10 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 15 items au total.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (MANDATORY FORMAT) :<\/strong> 5 ordinal levels per dimension (Level 1 represents no problems\/normal function to Level 5 represents extreme problems\/inability).<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e8gles de cotation et de calcul du score :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Scores de dimension :<\/em> Chaque dimension g\u00e9n\u00e8re un score ordinal de 1 \u00e0 5. Ces scores bruts peuvent \u00eatre convertis en un niveau de valeur sur une \u00e9chelle de 0 \u00e0 1 (1 = niveau normal sans probl\u00e8me ; 0 = niveau le plus d\u00e9favorable) \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de l&rsquo;algorithme officiel de pond\u00e9ration.<\/li>\n<li><em>Score d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 global (15D score) :<\/em> Le score synth\u00e9tique unique est calcul\u00e9 selon la formule de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 multi-attributs (MAUT) sur une \u00e9chelle continue de 0 \u00e0 1, o\u00f9 1 repr\u00e9sente une pleine sant\u00e9 (aucun probl\u00e8me sur aucune dimension) et 0 repr\u00e9sente un \u00e9tat \u00e9quivalent au d\u00e9c\u00e8s. Des valeurs d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 n\u00e9gatives peuvent th\u00e9oriquement survenir pour des combinaisons d&rsquo;\u00e9tats jug\u00e9s pires que la mort par les algorithmes de valorisation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement initial :<\/strong> 1989 (premi\u00e8re publication par Sintonen &#038; Pekurinen) ; version r\u00e9vis\u00e9e et stabilis\u00e9e en 1994-1995 ; publication de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence compl\u00e8te en 2001.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tenteur des droits et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> Les droits d&rsquo;auteur moraux et patrimoniaux sont d\u00e9tenus par le <strong>Professeur Harri Sintonen<\/strong>. L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s officiel et les accords de licence sont g\u00e9r\u00e9s via le site d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;instrument (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/www.15d-instrument.net\">www.15d-instrument.net<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Recherche acad\u00e9mique, publique et \u00e9tudiante non financ\u00e9e par l&rsquo;industrie :<\/em> L&rsquo;utilisation du 15D est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement gratuite, sous r\u00e9serve d&rsquo;une inscription obligatoire sur le site officiel, de la signature d&rsquo;un accord d&rsquo;utilisation et de l&rsquo;engagement \u00e0 citer les publications de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans les travaux scientifiques qui en d\u00e9coulent.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00c9tudes commerciales et essais cliniques sponsoris\u00e9s par l&rsquo;industrie pharmaceutique ou des dispositifs m\u00e9dicaux :<\/em> L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument est soumise au paiement de frais de licence (\u00ab user fee \u00bb) par protocole ou par patient, incluant la fourniture des algorithmes officiels de calcul d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 et le support m\u00e9thodologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Traductions disponibles :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 traduit et valid\u00e9 transculturellement dans plus de 30 langues (notamment fran\u00e7ais, anglais, espagnol, su\u00e9dois, allemand, italien, n\u00e9erlandais, etc.) selon les directives standardis\u00e9es de double traduction et r\u00e9tro-traduction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Sintonen, H., &amp; Pekurinen, M. (1989). A generic 15 dimensional measure of health-related quality of life (15D). <em>Journal of Social Medicine<\/em>, 26(2), 85\u201396.<\/li>\n<li>Sintonen, H., &amp; Pekurinen, M. (1993). A fifteen dimensional measure of health-related quality of life (15D) and its applications. In S. R. Walker &amp; R. M. Rosser (Eds.), <em>Quality of life assessment: Key issues in the 1990s<\/em> (pp. 185\u2013195). Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-011-2988-6_11\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-011-2988-6_11<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Sintonen, H. (1994). The 15D-measure of health-related quality of life. I. Reliability, validity and sensitivity of its health state descriptive system. <em>National Centre for Health Program Evaluation, Working Paper 41<\/em>, Melbourne.<\/li>\n<li>Sintonen, H. (1995). The 15D-measure of health-related quality-of-life. II. Feasibility, reliability, and validity of its valuation system. <em>National Centre for Health Program Evaluation, Working Paper 42<\/em>, Melbourne.<\/li>\n<li>Sintonen, H. (2001). The 15D instrument of health-related quality of life: Properties and applications. <em>Annals of Medicine<\/em>, 33(5), 328\u2013336. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07853890109002086\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07853890109002086<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Keeney, R. L., &amp; Raiffa, H. (1976). <em>Decisions with multiple objectives: Preferences and value trade-offs<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n<li>Wilson, I. B., &amp; Cleary, P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life: A conceptual model of patient outcomes. <em>JAMA<\/em>, 273(1), 59\u201365. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520250075037\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520250075037<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Stavem, K. (1999). Reliability, validity and responsiveness of two multiattribute utility measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The Short Form 6D and 15D. <em>Quality of Life Research<\/em>, 8(1-2), 45\u201354. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026442603889\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026442603889<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Moock, J., &amp; Kohlmann, T. (2008). Comparing preference-based quality-of-life measures: Results from replication study with the EQ-5D, SF-6D, and 15D in a German general population sample. <em>The European Journal of Health Economics<\/em>, 9(3), 233\u2013241. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-007-0065-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-007-0065-x<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Please read through each question and choose the one alternative from each question that best describes your current health status.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 5 ordinal levels per dimension (Level 1 represents no problems\/normal function to Level 5 represents extreme problems\/inability)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> A single index score (15D score) on a 0-1 scale (1 = no problems, 0 = being dead) is calculated using multi-attribute utility theory based on population-based preference weights. Dimension level scores can also be presented on a 0-1 profile.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Mobility:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to walk normally (without difficulty) indoors, outdoors and on stairs.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I am able to walk without difficulty indoors, but outdoors and\/or on stairs I have slight difficulties.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I am able to walk without help indoors (with or without an appliance), but outdoors and\/or on stairs only with considerable difficulty or with help from others.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I am able to walk indoors only with help from others.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am completely bed-ridden and unable to move about.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Vision:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I see normally, that is, I can read newspapers and TV text without difficulty (with or without glasses).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I can read papers and\/or TV text with slight difficulty (with or without glasses).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I can read papers and\/or TV text with considerable difficulty (with or without glasses).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I cannot read papers or TV text either with glasses or without, but I can find my way about without help.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I cannot find my way about without help, that is, I am practically or completely blind.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Hearing:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I can hear normally, that is, normal speech without difficulty (with or without a hearing aid).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I hear normal speech with slight difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I hear normal speech with considerable difficulty; in conversation I need a distinct voice or help from others.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I hear even loud voices only with difficulty; I am almost completely deaf.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am completely deaf.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Breathing:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to breathe normally, that is, with no shortness of breath or other breathing difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have shortness of breath during heavy work or sports, or when walking briskly on flat ground or slightly uphill.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I have shortness of breath when walking on flat ground at the same speed as others my age.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I have shortness of breath even after light activity, e.g. washing or dressing.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I have shortness of breath almost all the time, even when resting.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sleeping:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to sleep normally, that is, I have no problems with sleeping.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have slight problems with sleeping, e.g. difficulty in falling asleep, or sometimes waking up at night.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I have moderate problems with sleeping, e.g. disturbed sleep, or feeling I have not slept enough.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I have great problems with sleeping, e.g. having to use sleeping pills often or routinely, or usually waking at night and\/or too early in the morning.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I suffer from severe sleeplessness, e.g. sleep is almost impossible even with sleeping pills, or staying awake most of the night.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Eating:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to eat normally, that is, with no help from others.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I am able to eat by myself with slight difficulty (e.g. slowly, clumsily, shakily, or with special appliances).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I need some help from another person in eating.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I am unable to eat by myself at all, so I must be fed by another person.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am unable to eat at all, so I am fed artificially (e.g. with a tube or intravenously).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Speech:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to speak normally, that is, clearly, audibly and fluently.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have slight difficulties in speaking, e.g. occasional stammering, slurring, or hoarseness.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I can make myself understood, but my speech is e.g. hesitant, stuttering, or muffled.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I can make myself understood only with great difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am completely unable to make myself understood by speaking.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Excretion:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = My bladder and bowel function normally and without problems.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have slight problems with my bladder and\/or bowel function, e.g. difficulties with urination, or mild constipation or diarrhea.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I have considerable problems with my bladder and\/or bowel function, e.g. frequent urinary incontinence, or severe constipation or diarrhea.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I have occasional bladder and\/or bowel incontinence, or have a catheter or colostomy.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I have complete bladder and\/or bowel incontinence.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Usual activities:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to perform my usual activities (e.g. employment, studying, housework, free-time activities) without difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I am able to perform my usual activities with slight difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I am able to perform my usual activities with considerable difficulty.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I am able to perform my usual activities only with help from others.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am completely unable to perform my usual activities.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Mental function:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I am able to think clearly and logically, and my memory functions well.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have slight difficulties in thinking clearly and logically, or my memory does not function completely well.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I have considerable difficulties in thinking clearly and logically, or I have severe memory lapses.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I have great difficulties in thinking clearly and logically, or I am constantly confused and disoriented as to person, place or time.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I am completely confused and disoriented as to person, place and time.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Discomfort and symptoms:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I have no physical discomfort or symptoms, e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I have mild physical discomfort or symptoms, e.g. mild pain, ache, nausea, itching.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I have marked physical discomfort or symptoms, e.g. marked pain, ache, nausea, itching.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I have severe physical discomfort or symptoms, e.g. severe pain, ache, nausea, itching.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I have unbearable physical discomfort or symptoms, e.g. unbearable pain, ache, nausea, itching.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Depression:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I do not feel at all sad, melancholic or depressed.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I feel slightly sad, melancholic or depressed.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I feel moderately sad, melancholic or depressed.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I feel very sad, melancholic or depressed.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I feel extremely sad, melancholic or depressed.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Distress:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I do not feel at all anxious, stressed or nervous.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I feel slightly anxious, stressed or nervous.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I feel moderately anxious, stressed or nervous.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I feel very anxious, stressed or nervous.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I feel extremely anxious, stressed or nervous.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Vitality:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = I feel healthy and energetic.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = I feel slightly weary, tired or feeble.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = I feel moderately weary, tired or feeble.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = I feel very weary, tired or feeble, or nearly exhausted.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = I feel extremely weary, tired or feeble, completely exhausted.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sexual activity:<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">1 = My state of health has no adverse effect on my sexual activity.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">2 = My state of health has a slight adverse effect on my sexual activity.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">3 = My state of health has a considerable adverse effect on my sexual activity.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">4 = My state of health makes sexual activity almost impossible.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-choice-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:4px; display:inline-block; margin-right:8px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-block; background:#f1f5f9; color:#334155; border:1px solid #cbd5e1; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:6px; font-size:12px; font-weight:500;\">5 = My state of health makes sexual activity completely impossible.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique approfondie du questionnaire 15D (Qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 en 15 dimensions) : cadre th\u00e9orique d&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 multi-attributs (MAUT), validit\u00e9 de construit, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et items originaux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[11461,2,26],"tags":[20930,20931,16,12699,169,20932,20467],"class_list":["post-13723","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-economie-de-la-sante","category-psychometrie","category-qualite-de-vie","tag-15d","tag-economie-de-la-sante","tag-psychometrie","tag-qaly","tag-qualite-de-vie-liee-a-la-sante","tag-sintonen","tag-utilite-multi-attributs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13723"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13723\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}