{"id":13681,"date":"2026-10-04T05:58:17","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T05:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/enquete-sur-les-attitudes-croyances-et-comportements\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T05:58:17","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T05:58:17","slug":"enquete-sur-les-attitudes-croyances-et-comportements","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=enquete-sur-les-attitudes-croyances-et-comportements","title":{"rendered":"Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements<\/strong> (couramment d\u00e9sign\u00e9e sous l&rsquo;appellation d&rsquo;<em>Attitudes toward Deviance Scale<\/em> ou ATDS dans la litt\u00e9rature sociologique et criminologique) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique et sociologique multidimensionnel \u00e9labor\u00e9 en 2009 par Virginia L. Rothwell au sein du <em>Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University<\/em>. Con\u00e7u selon les pr\u00e9ceptes m\u00e9thodologiques rigoureux de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tailored_Design_Method\">Tailored Design Method<\/a> de Don A. Dillman, cet outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation quantitative a pour objectif central d&rsquo;analyser les m\u00e9canismes complexes par lesquels les attitudes normatives, les perceptions individuelles et les croyances socioculturelles interagissent pour inhiber ou au contraire favoriser l&rsquo;engagement effectif dans des comportements d\u00e9viants et d\u00e9linquants.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire est structur\u00e9 en 59 items r\u00e9partis m\u00e9thodiquement \u00e0 travers neuf sections op\u00e9rationnelles : le consentement \u00e9clair\u00e9 et la v\u00e9rification de l&rsquo;\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale, l&rsquo;individualisme et la propension \u00e0 la prise de risque, l&rsquo;aspiration et l&rsquo;expectation face aux objectifs scolaires et professionnels, la d\u00e9viance per\u00e7ue chez les pairs proches, les attitudes morales envers divers actes d\u00e9viants, l&rsquo;auto-d\u00e9claration de comportements d\u00e9viants r\u00e9cents, l&rsquo;engagement et l&rsquo;investissement dans des activit\u00e9s conventionnelles, l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux institutions sociales et les croyances envers la science et l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9, et enfin les caract\u00e9ristiques sociod\u00e9mographiques. Les formats de r\u00e9ponse combinent des \u00e9chelles ordinales de type Likert \u00e0 4 points (allant de \u00ab Jamais \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Toujours \u00bb, ou de \u00ab Pas r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible du tout \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible \u00bb), des \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;accord (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb), ainsi que des \u00e9chelles de fr\u00e9quence comportementale et temporelle \u00e0 choix multiples.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, l&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9montre une excellente coh\u00e9rence interne au sein de ses \u00e9chelles ma\u00eetresses, avec des coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,78 et 0,91 pour les dimensions de l&rsquo;attitude envers la d\u00e9viance, de la d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e et du lien social. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires et exploratoires corroborent une structure factorielle congruente avec les mod\u00e8les de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social et de la th\u00e9orie du contr\u00f4le social, fournissant un cadre diagnostique et pr\u00e9dictif solide pour la criminologie comportementale, la sociologie de la d\u00e9viance et la psychologie des adolescents et jeunes adultes.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance, comportement d\u00e9linquant, th\u00e9orie du contr\u00f4le social, apprentissage social, d\u00e9viance des pairs, individualisme, prise de risque, criminologie empirique, psychom\u00e9trie, d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e, croyances normatives, toxicomanie \u00e9tudiante, lien social.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u et op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par le Dr. <strong>Virginia L. Rothwell<\/strong> dans le cadre de sa th\u00e8se de doctorat en sociologie soutenue en 2009 au <em>Department of Sociology<\/em> du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia_Tech\">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University<\/a> (Virginia Tech), \u00e0 Blacksburg, Virginie, \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p>Le comit\u00e9 doctoral ayant supervis\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;outil et sa validation m\u00e9thodologique comprenait :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dr. James E. Hawdon<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Co-directeur de th\u00e8se, Professeur de sociologie et directeur du <em>Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention<\/em> au Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Sp\u00e9cialiste de la criminologie, du capital social et de la victimisation en ligne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dr. Donald J. Shoemaker<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Co-directeur de th\u00e8se, Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de sociologie \u00e0 Virginia Tech. Sommit\u00e9 internationale dans le domaine de la d\u00e9linquance juv\u00e9nile et de la criminologie compar\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dr. Carol A. Bailey<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Membre du comit\u00e9, Professeure agr\u00e9g\u00e9e de sociologie \u00e0 Virginia Tech, sp\u00e9cialiste des m\u00e9thodes de recherche qualitative et quantitative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dr. Anastasia S. Vogt Yuan<\/strong>, Ph.D. \u2014 Membre du comit\u00e9, Professeure agr\u00e9g\u00e9e de sociologie \u00e0 Virginia Tech, chercheuse en sociologie m\u00e9dicale, sant\u00e9 mentale et stratification sociale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Contact acad\u00e9mique institutionnel : Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech, 560 McBryde Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un d\u00e9fi empirique r\u00e9current en sociologie d\u00e9viante et en criminologie : clarifier la nature pr\u00e9cise de la relation directionnelle et fonctionnelle entre les dispositions attitudinales d&rsquo;un individu et son passage \u00e0 l&rsquo;acte transgressif. L&rsquo;outil \u00e9value comment des facteurs cognitifs, relationnels et macrosociaux modulent cette corr\u00e9lation fondamentale, sp\u00e9cifiquement chez les jeunes adultes et les populations universitaires en transition vers l&rsquo;\u00e2ge adulte (<em>emerging adulthood<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan fondamental, l&rsquo;instrument ne se contente pas de mesurer si un individu commet des actes r\u00e9prouv\u00e9s ; il explore POURQUOI et COMMENT ces transgressions se produisent en cartographiant simultan\u00e9ment quatre axes \u00e9tiologiques majeurs :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Le r\u00f4le de l&rsquo;individualisme et de l&rsquo;autonomie psychologique :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle \u00e9value dans quelle mesure le besoin d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance, le d\u00e9sir de se d\u00e9marquer d&rsquo;autrui et la propension \u00e0 la recherche de sensations (prise de risque pour le plaisir) affaiblissent l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux normes collectives ou facilitent la rationalisation de comportements marginaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;influence normative et comportementale des pairs :<\/strong> Conform\u00e9ment aux paradigmes de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_learning_theory\">apprentissage social<\/a>, l&rsquo;instrument quantifie l&rsquo;exposition de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 des pairs mod\u00e8les engag\u00e9s dans des comportements tels que la tricherie acad\u00e9mique, la consommation excessive d&rsquo;alcool (<em>binge drinking<\/em>) ou l&rsquo;usage de substances illicites.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La solidit\u00e9 du lien social :<\/strong> En mesurant l&rsquo;attachement aux figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (parents, enseignants, forces de l&rsquo;ordre), l&rsquo;engagement scolaire et professionnel, la participation \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s conventionnelles (b\u00e9n\u00e9volat, sports, \u00e9tude) et les croyances religieuses ou morales, l&rsquo;outil jauge les m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;inhibition sociale d\u00e9crits par Travis Hirschi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;attitude envers le rationalisme et la science :<\/strong> L&rsquo;inclusion novatrice de la perception de la science comme pourvoyeuse de solutions aux probl\u00e8mes soci\u00e9taux globaux vise \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier si une vision scientiste ou s\u00e9cularis\u00e9e du monde influence l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion des imp\u00e9ratifs moraux traditionnels.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dans les contextes d&rsquo;application clinique et psycho-\u00e9ducative, cet inventaire offre une cartographie compl\u00e8te des facteurs de risque et des facteurs de protection chez les \u00e9tudiants. Il permet aux services de sant\u00e9 universitaire et aux conseillers d&rsquo;orientation d&rsquo;identifier les profils vuln\u00e9rables aux polyconsommations de drogues, \u00e0 la fraude acad\u00e9mique ou aux infractions contre les biens. Dans le cadre de la recherche, il constitue un protocole standardis\u00e9 pour tester des mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles complexes reliant attitudes normatives, renforcements diff\u00e9rentiels et trajectoires de passage \u00e0 l&rsquo;acte.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par cet instrument est multidimensionnel, s&rsquo;articulant autour de composantes cognitives, \u00e9valuatives, normatives et comportementales. Il est scind\u00e9 en plusieurs dimensions psychologiques et sous-\u00e9chelles distinctes :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Individualisme et prise de risque (Items Q3 \u00e0 Q7)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure l&rsquo;individualisme expressif et l&rsquo;auto-d\u00e9finition autonome de l&rsquo;individu face au groupe. Elle capture le sentiment d&rsquo;\u00eatre \u00ab son propre ma\u00eetre \u00bb (<em>my own person<\/em>), la valorisation de l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance d&rsquo;action, ainsi que le plaisir retir\u00e9 du statut d&rsquo;\u00eatre unique et diff\u00e9renci\u00e9. Elle int\u00e8gre \u00e9galement une composante conative d&rsquo;impulsivit\u00e9 ou de recherche de sensations (item Q7 : prise de risque d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e pour le plaisir). Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique un fort d\u00e9tachement de la conformit\u00e9 gr\u00e9gaire et une r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 accrue aux comportements non conventionnels.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Aspirations et attentes de r\u00e9ussite conventionnelle (Items Q8 et Q9)<\/h3>\n<p>Inspir\u00e9e de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;anomie et de la tension (<em>strain theory<\/em>) de Robert K. Merton, cette sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9value la valeur accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite socioprofessionnelle (importance accord\u00e9e \u00e0 une bonne carri\u00e8re apr\u00e8s les \u00e9tudes) et l&rsquo;expectation subjective d&rsquo;atteindre cet objectif (chances per\u00e7ues de r\u00e9ussite). Une discordance entre une forte aspiration et de faibles attentes constitue un indicateur classique d&rsquo;\u00e9tat de tension propice \u00e0 la d\u00e9viance innovatrice.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Association diff\u00e9rentielle avec des pairs d\u00e9viants (Items Q10 \u00e0 Q12)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension jauge la proportion d&rsquo;amis proches engag\u00e9s dans des actes ill\u00e9gitimes ou r\u00e9prouv\u00e9s (tricherie, alcoolisation aigu\u00eb, consommation de cannabis). Elle quantifie la pression des pairs, les opportunit\u00e9s d&rsquo;apprentissage par imitation et le renforcement social diff\u00e9rentiel au sein du r\u00e9seau d&rsquo;affinit\u00e9s imm\u00e9diat.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance \/ \u00c9valuation morale normative (Items Q13 \u00e0 Q23)<\/h3>\n<p>Constituant le c\u0153ur du construit (l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ATDS <em>stricto sensu<\/em>), cette sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9value la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 du jugement moral port\u00e9 sur onze comportements d\u00e9viants d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 variable :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>D\u00e9viance acad\u00e9mique :<\/em> Tricher lors des examens.<\/li>\n<li><em>Consommation de substances :<\/em> Binge drinking, usage de marijuana, stimulants (coca\u00efne, m\u00e9thamph\u00e9tamine), drogues de synth\u00e8se (Ecstasy, GHB), et opiac\u00e9s\/narcotiques (h\u00e9ro\u00efne, opium).<\/li>\n<li><em>Atteintes aux biens et criminalit\u00e9 technologique :<\/em> Vandalisme d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9, vol simple, cambriolage de domicile ou commerce, et t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement ill\u00e9gal de musique\/films.<\/li>\n<li><em>Violence interpersonnelle :<\/em> Agression physique directe d&rsquo;autrui.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation repose sur le degr\u00e9 per\u00e7u de gravit\u00e9 morale (\u00ab Pas r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible du tout \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible \u00bb). Plus le score d&rsquo;approbation ou de tol\u00e9rance est \u00e9lev\u00e9, plus l&rsquo;individu dispose de d\u00e9finitions favorables \u00e0 la violation des normes.<\/p>\n<h3>5. D\u00e9linquance et d\u00e9viance auto-rapport\u00e9e (Items Q24 \u00e0 Q34)<\/h3>\n<p>Miroir comportemental parfait de la section pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, cette sous-\u00e9chelle mesure la fr\u00e9quence concr\u00e8te sur les douze derniers mois d&rsquo;engagement personnel dans les onze m\u00eames infractions. Elle permet de confronter directement les jugements moraux (attitudes) aux passages \u00e0 l&rsquo;acte effectifs (comportements).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Implication dans les activit\u00e9s conventionnelles (Items Q35 \u00e0 Q40)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle op\u00e9rationnalise la composante d&rsquo;\u00ab implication \u00bb (<em>involvement<\/em>) du lien social. Elle mesure la fr\u00e9quence temporelle consacr\u00e9e aux pratiques religieuses (services, pri\u00e8re), aux activit\u00e9s sportives r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives ou universitaires, aux clubs \u00e9tudiants et b\u00e9n\u00e9volat, au travail acad\u00e9mique personnel, ainsi qu&rsquo;aux activit\u00e9s de loisirs nocturnes (bars, discoth\u00e8ques).<\/p>\n<h3>7. Attachement et adh\u00e9sion aux normes institutionnelles (Items Q41 \u00e0 Q52)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension explore l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion cognitive aux valeurs prosociales et le respect envers les figures d\u00e9tentrices de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 : respect des enseignants, engagement scolaire, valeur accord\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, respect et perception de l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de la police, attachement familial et respect des avis parentaux (m\u00e8re et p\u00e8re), ob\u00e9issance aux r\u00e8gles \u00e9tablies par les adultes, l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue de la transgression clandestine des r\u00e8gles parentales, religiosit\u00e9 subjective et confiance dans le progr\u00e8s scientifique.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements est enracin\u00e9e dans la convergence de trois grands paradigmes th\u00e9oriques de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criminology\">criminologie<\/a> sociologique et de la psychologie sociale moderne :<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie du lien social de Travis Hirschi (1969)<\/h3>\n<p>Le postulat directeur de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_bond_theory\">th\u00e9orie du contr\u00f4le social<\/a> d&rsquo;Hirschi est que la d\u00e9linquance n&rsquo;a pas besoin d&rsquo;\u00eatre motiv\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re complexe ; elle survient naturellement d\u00e8s lors que les liens reliant un individu \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 conventionnelle sont bris\u00e9s ou affaiblis. Hirschi postule quatre \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs du lien social que l&rsquo;outil de Rothwell op\u00e9rationnalise directement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;attachement (Attachment) :<\/strong> \u00c9valu\u00e9 par le lien affectif et le respect envers les parents (Q45, Q46, Q47) et les enseignants (Q41). L&rsquo;insensibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;opinion d&rsquo;autrui lib\u00e8re l&rsquo;individu des contraintes normatives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;engagement (Commitment) :<\/strong> Mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;investissement dans les \u00e9tudes et la volont\u00e9 de faire carri\u00e8re (Q8, Q9, Q42, Q43). L&rsquo;individu calcule rationnellement ce qu&rsquo;il a \u00e0 perdre (son \u00ab capital conventionnel \u00bb) en cas de d\u00e9tection d&rsquo;une d\u00e9viance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;implication (Involvement) :<\/strong> Repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par le temps allou\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, aux sports et au b\u00e9n\u00e9volat (Q37, Q38, Q39). Selon l&rsquo;adage d&rsquo;Hirschi, l&rsquo;oisivet\u00e9 favorise la d\u00e9viance, tandis qu&rsquo;un horaire satur\u00e9 d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s l\u00e9gitimes ne laisse aucune fen\u00eatre temporelle pour la transgression.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La croyance (Belief) :<\/strong> Mesur\u00e9e par le respect envers les r\u00e8gles morales, la police et les institutions (Q44, Q49, Q51).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social de Ronald Akers (1977, 1998)<\/h3>\n<p>Prolongeant la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;association diff\u00e9rentielle d&rsquo;Edwin Sutherland, Akers affirme que les comportements d\u00e9viants s&rsquo;acqui\u00e8rent \u00e0 travers un processus d&rsquo;interaction sociale combinant :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;association diff\u00e9rentielle :<\/strong> L&rsquo;interaction prioritaire avec des pairs d\u00e9viants (Q10, Q11, Q12) expose l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 des normes antisociales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les d\u00e9finitions (Attitudes) :<\/strong> Les rationalisations morales, justifications et orientations normatives qui d\u00e9finissent un acte comme acceptable ou inacceptable (Q13 \u00e0 Q23). Rothwell teste pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;Akers selon lequel les attitudes jouent un r\u00f4le de m\u00e9diateur cognitif direct entre l&rsquo;influence des pairs et le passage \u00e0 l&rsquo;acte.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;imitation et le renforcement diff\u00e9rentiel :<\/strong> L&rsquo;observation des conduites de ses pairs conditionne l&rsquo;anticipation des r\u00e9compenses ou sanctions associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la transgression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;action raisonn\u00e9e et du comportement planifi\u00e9 (Fishbein &#038; Ajzen, 1975, 1991)<\/h3>\n<p>Au plan psycho-cognitif, l&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;aligne sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theory_of_planned_behavior\">th\u00e9orie du comportement planifi\u00e9<\/a> d&rsquo;Icek Ajzen. Selon ce mod\u00e8le, l&rsquo;attitude sp\u00e9cifique envers un comportement (\u00e9valuation de sa conformit\u00e9 ou de son caract\u00e8re r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible) et la norme subjective per\u00e7ue (comportement d&rsquo;autrui signifiant) constituent les pr\u00e9dicteurs les plus imm\u00e9diats de l&rsquo;intention comportementale et du comportement subs\u00e9quent.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e lors des travaux empiriques initiaux de Rothwell (2009) conduits aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon repr\u00e9sentatif de 422 \u00e9tudiants de premier et deuxi\u00e8me cycles universitaires \u00e0 Virginia Tech.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et d&rsquo;apparence<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 selon la <em>Tailored Design Method<\/em> (Dillman, 2000), garantissant une formulation standardis\u00e9e, d\u00e9nu\u00e9e d&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 linguistique et exempte de biais de double n\u00e9gation. La repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 des items couvrant la d\u00e9viance s&rsquo;appuie sur les typologies valid\u00e9es des infractions juv\u00e9niles de Shoemaker (2005) et les enqu\u00eates nationales am\u00e9ricaines sur l&rsquo;usage de drogues (<em>Monitoring the Future<\/em>, NIDA). Les d\u00e9finitions op\u00e9rationnelles pr\u00e9cises ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9es directement dans les libell\u00e9s (notamment le seuil strict de 5 verres pour les hommes et 4 verres pour les femmes sur une m\u00eame occasion pour d\u00e9finir le <em>binge drinking<\/em>), garantissant une parfaite homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 de compr\u00e9hension.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 factorielle<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente se manifeste par des corr\u00e9lations fortes et statistiquement significatives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>) entre la sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation morale (attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance) et la sous-\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e. Par exemple, la tol\u00e9rance face \u00e0 l&rsquo;usage de drogues douces corr\u00e8le positivement avec l&rsquo;usage auto-d\u00e9clar\u00e9 de cannabis (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,64\">$r = 0,64$<\/span>). De surcro\u00eet, les scores de d\u00e9viance des pairs (association diff\u00e9rentielle) corr\u00e8lent de fa\u00e7on hautement significative avec les attitudes favorables \u00e0 la d\u00e9viance (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,52\">$r = 0,52$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,58$), corroborant les pr\u00e9dictions fondamentales de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse met en \u00e9vidence une distinction nette entre les dimensions relatives aux infractions mineures\/comportements socialement tol\u00e9r\u00e9s chez les jeunes (t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement ill\u00e9gal, alcoolisation festif) et les d\u00e9viances dures ou pr\u00e9datrices (agression physique, cambriolage, h\u00e9ro\u00efne). Les items mesurant le respect parental et l&rsquo;attachement aux figures conventionnelles pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives attendues avec les scores d&rsquo;infraction (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = -0,31\">$r = -0,31$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"-0,44\">$-0,44$<\/span>), ce qui atteste d&rsquo;une s\u00e9paration claire des construits.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les mod\u00e8les de r\u00e9gression multivari\u00e9e et d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par Rothwell (2009), les attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance expliquent une part majeure de la variance de la d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"R^2\">$R^2$<\/span> oscillant entre 0,38 et 0,54 selon les cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;infractions), m\u00eame apr\u00e8s contr\u00f4le rigoureux des variables sociod\u00e9mographiques (sexe, ethnicit\u00e9, statut socio\u00e9conomique parental) et des activit\u00e9s conventionnelles.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;enqu\u00eate ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9es pour chacune des sous-\u00e9chelles composant l&rsquo;instrument global :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle des attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance (ATDS, 11 items) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;analyse de coh\u00e9rence interne rapporte un coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> global de <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,86\">$\u0007lpha = 0,86$<\/span><\/strong>, d\u00e9montrant une excellente homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des items \u00e9valuant le jugement moral transgressif. Lorsqu&rsquo;elle est scind\u00e9e en sous-domaines (d\u00e9viance li\u00e9e aux substances vs d\u00e9viance pr\u00e9datrice\/mat\u00e9rielle), les coefficients restent robustes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,82\">$\u0007lpha = 0,82$<\/span> pour les drogues et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,79\">$\u0007lpha = 0,79$<\/span> pour les atteintes aux biens et personnes).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e (11 items) :<\/strong> Pr\u00e9sente un alpha de Cronbach de <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,78\">$\u0007lpha = 0,78$<\/span><\/strong>. Bien que certains comportements graves pr\u00e9sentent une pr\u00e9valence asym\u00e9trique (taux de base faible pour le cambriolage ou les opiac\u00e9s), la consistance de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;ensemble demeure hautement satisfaisante.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle du lien social \/ attachement institutionnel (12 items) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach s&rsquo;\u00e9tablit \u00e0 <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,77\">$\u0007lpha = 0,77$<\/span><\/strong> pour la dimension globale de croyance et respect des figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;individualisme et ind\u00e9pendance (items Q3 \u00e0 Q6) :<\/strong> Pr\u00e9sente un alpha mod\u00e9r\u00e9 mais acceptable de <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\u0007lpha = 0,71\">$\u0007lpha = 0,71$<\/span><\/strong>, coh\u00e9rent avec les instruments mesurant l&rsquo;autonomie du soi dans la litt\u00e9rature psychosociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations item-total :<\/strong> Toutes les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ATDS d\u00e9passent le seuil recommand\u00e9 de 0,40, attestant qu&rsquo;aucun item ne d\u00e9grade la fiabilit\u00e9 globale de l&rsquo;outil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;examen de la dimensionnalit\u00e9 interne de l&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduit au moyen d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) avec rotation varimax et d&rsquo;analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) bas\u00e9es sur la matrice de covariance asymptotique.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle des attitudes (ATDS &#8211; Items Q13 \u00e0 Q23)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales r\u00e9v\u00e8le une structure bidimensionnelle ou tridimensionnelle tr\u00e8s claire, expliquant plus de 62 % de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance criminelle et pr\u00e9datrice (36,4 % de la variance) :<\/strong> Saturations tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es pour les items Q19 (vandalisme, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,78\">$lambda = 0,78$<\/span>), Q20 (vol, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,82\">$lambda = 0,82$<\/span>), Q21 (cambriolage, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,85\">$lambda = 0,85$<\/span>), et Q23 (agression physique, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,74\">$lambda = 0,74$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Attitudes envers l&rsquo;usage de substances illicites dures (15,2 % de la variance) :<\/strong> Saturations dominantes pour Q16 (stimulants\/coca\u00efne, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,81\">$lambda = 0,81$<\/span>), Q17 (drogues de synth\u00e8se, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,84\">$lambda = 0,84$<\/span>) et Q18 (opiac\u00e9s\/h\u00e9ro\u00efne, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,86\">$lambda = 0,86$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : D\u00e9viance normative \u00ab douce \u00bb ou universitaire (10,8 % de la variance) :<\/strong> Regroupe la tricherie acad\u00e9mique (Q13, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,68\">$lambda = 0,68$<\/span>), le binge drinking (Q14, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,72\">$lambda = 0,72$<\/span>), l&rsquo;usage de cannabis (Q15, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,65\">$lambda = 0,65$<\/span>) et le piratage num\u00e9rique (Q22, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda = 0,58\">$lambda = 0,58$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Structure du lien social et de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (Items Q41 \u00e0 Q52)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire d\u00e9montre un ajustement satisfaisant pour un mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique distinguant : (1) l&rsquo;attachement aux institutions acad\u00e9miques, (2) l&rsquo;attachement et le respect filial parental, (3) la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 des forces de l&rsquo;ordre (police), et (4) les croyances conventionnelles et s\u00e9culi\u00e8res (Goodness-of-Fit Index [GFI] = 0,93 ; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0,92 ; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0,054).<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9 (<em>self-report survey<\/em>) fond\u00e9 sur le mod\u00e8le de Dillman.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Jeunes adultes, populations \u00e9tudiantes universitaires, adolescents tardifs (18 ans et plus).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 59 questions structur\u00e9es en 9 modules th\u00e9matiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps moyen de passation :<\/strong> Environ 15 \u00e0 25 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modes de passation :<\/strong> Auto-administration individuelle sur questionnaire papier ou formulaire en ligne s\u00e9curis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Formats des \u00e9chelles de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00c9ligibilit\u00e9 et consentement (Q1-Q2) :<\/em> Format dichotomique binaire (1 = Oui, 2 = Non).<\/li>\n<li><em>Individualisme et prise de risque (Q3-Q7) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle ordinale \u00e0 4 points (1 = Toujours, 2 = Presque toujours, 3 = Presque jamais, 4 = Jamais).<\/li>\n<li><em>Aspirations et attentes (Q8-Q9) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle d&rsquo;importance et de probabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 3 points.<\/li>\n<li><em>D\u00e9viance des pairs (Q10-Q12) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle ordinale \u00e0 5 points de pr\u00e9valence sociale (1 = Presque tous, 2 = La plupart, 3 = Certains, 4 = Tr\u00e8s peu, 5 = Aucun).<\/li>\n<li><em>Attitudes envers la d\u00e9viance (Q13-Q23) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle ordinale d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation morale \u00e0 4 points (1 = Pas r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible du tout, 2 = Un peu r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible, 3 = R\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible, 4 = Tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible).<\/li>\n<li><em>D\u00e9viance auto-rapport\u00e9e (Q24-Q34) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle de fr\u00e9quence sur 12 mois \u00e0 4 points (1 = Jamais, 2 = 1 \u00e0 2 fois, 3 = 3 \u00e0 5 fois, 4 = 6 fois ou plus).<\/li>\n<li><em>Implication dans les activit\u00e9s (Q35-Q40) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle de fr\u00e9quence temporelle \u00e0 5 ou 6 points (allant de \u00ab Presque tous les jours\/tous les soirs \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab Jamais \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><em>Attachement et croyances (Q41-Q52) :<\/em> \u00c9chelle de Likert d&rsquo;accord \u00e0 4 points (1 = Plut\u00f4t tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord, 2 = Plut\u00f4t d&rsquo;accord, 3 = Plut\u00f4t pas d&rsquo;accord, 4 = Plut\u00f4t pas du tout d&rsquo;accord, avec option neutre\/sans objet pour les parents).<\/li>\n<li><em>Donn\u00e9es sociod\u00e9mographiques (Q53-Q59) :<\/em> Variables cat\u00e9gorielles (genre, \u00e2ge, niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes, heures de travail hebdomadaires, origine ethnique, niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation maternel et paternel).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour l&rsquo;analyse quantitative, un recodage inverse de certains items est requis afin d&rsquo;harmoniser la direction de valence des scores (par exemple, recoter l&rsquo;accord ou le d\u00e9saccord de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te uniform\u00e9ment soit une forte tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la d\u00e9viance, soit un fort lien social).<\/li>\n<li>Des scores composites moyens ou des scores de somme cumul\u00e9e sont calcul\u00e9s pour chacune des sous-\u00e9chelles principales (Score ATDS, Score de d\u00e9linquance auto-rapport\u00e9e, Score d&rsquo;attachement parental\/scolaire).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement initial :<\/strong> 2009.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9 dans le cadre de la dissertation doctorale de Virginia L. Rothwell soumise \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 du Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. L&rsquo;\u0153uvre est archiv\u00e9e dans les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts universitaires ouverts (Virginia Tech Electronic Theses and Dissertations).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> Acc\u00e8s gratuit et libre de redevance (<em>open access academic tool<\/em>) pour les travaux de recherche scientifique, l&rsquo;enseignement universitaire et les \u00e9tudes acad\u00e9miques sans but lucratif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et permissions :<\/strong> Les chercheurs souhaitant administrer tout ou partie de l&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;utiliser sous r\u00e9serve de citer explicitement la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de th\u00e8se originale de Rothwell (2009) dans leurs communications et publications scientifiques. Toute exploitation commerciale requiert l&rsquo;accord formel pr\u00e9alable de l&rsquo;auteure et de l&rsquo;institution d\u00e9positaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les publications fondamentales et th\u00e9oriques associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la conception et \u00e0 la validation de cette \u00e9chelle incluent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Akers, R. L. (1998). <em>Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance<\/em>. Northeastern University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. <em>Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes<\/em>, 50(2), 179-211. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dillman, D. A. (2000). <em>Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method<\/em> (2nd ed.). John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n<li>Fishbein, M., &amp; Ajzen, I. (1975). <em>Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research<\/em>. Addison-Wesley.<\/li>\n<li>Hirschi, T. (1969). <em>Causes of delinquency<\/em>. University of California Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315081649\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315081649<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 3(5), 672-682. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rothwell, V. L. (2009). <em>The relationship between attitudes toward deviance and deviant behavior: The influence of science, individualism, social bonds and deviant peers<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). Virginia Tech Electronic Theses and Dissertations. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/theses\/available\/etd-09152009-092751\/unrestricted\/Rothwell_VL_D_2009.pdf\">http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/theses\/available\/etd-09152009-092751\/unrestricted\/Rothwell_VL_D_2009.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Shoemaker, D. J. (2005). <em>Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of delinquent behavior<\/em> (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Sutherland, E. H., Cressey, D. R., &amp; Luckenbill, D. F. (1992). <em>Principles of criminology<\/em> (11th ed.). Rowman &amp; Littlefield.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>ATTITUDE, BELIEF AND BEHAVIOR SURVEY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(Attitudes toward Deviance Scale &#8211; ATDS)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 1: Informed Consent &amp; Eligibility<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q1:<\/strong> I have read the consent document and understand that by completing this survey I acknowledge that I was provided a consent document, with a description of the rationale for this study, issues related to confidentiality, and possible risks and benefits of participation.<br \/>\n1 Yes<br \/>\n2 No<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q2:<\/strong> I understand that I must be at least 18 years of age to participate in this survey and certify that I am, indeed 18 years of age.<br \/>\n1 Yes, I am 18 years of age and am thereby eligible to participate<br \/>\n2 No, I am not 18 years of age and am thereby ineligible to participate<br \/>\n<em>IF YOU ARE NOT 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER PLEASE STOP THE SURVEY AND RETURN THE STUDY DOCUMENTS TO THE RESEARCHER.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 2: Description of Self and Self Beliefs<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The following questions ask about who you are as a person. Using the categories: Always, almost always, almost never or never please indicate how often you would use these descriptions to describe yourself or your beliefs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q3:<\/strong> I see myself as \u201cmy own person\u201d.<br \/>\n1 Always<br \/>\n2 Almost always<br \/>\n3 Almost never<br \/>\n4 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q4:<\/strong> It is important for me to be able to act as an independent person.<br \/>\n1 Always<br \/>\n2 Almost always<br \/>\n3 Almost never<br \/>\n4 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q5:<\/strong> I enjoy being unique and different from others.<br \/>\n1 Always<br \/>\n2 Almost always<br \/>\n3 Almost never<br \/>\n4 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q6:<\/strong> I consider myself as a unique person separate from others.<br \/>\n1 Always<br \/>\n2 Almost always<br \/>\n3 Almost never<br \/>\n4 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q7:<\/strong> Sometimes I will take a risk just for the fun of it.<br \/>\n1 Always<br \/>\n2 Almost always<br \/>\n3 Almost never<br \/>\n4 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 3: Importance of Goals and Expectations<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The following question asks you about a specific goal. Please indicate whether the goal is very important, somewhat important or not important to you.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q8:<\/strong> How important is it to you to have a good job or career after you have finished with school?<br \/>\n1 Very important<br \/>\n2 Somewhat important<br \/>\n3 Not important<\/p>\n<p><em>The previous question asked you about the importance of a specific goal to you. The next question asks you about your expectations for achieving this goal. Please indicate whether you think your chances for achieving this goal are good, fair or poor.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q9:<\/strong> What do you think your chances are for getting the job you would like after finishing school?<br \/>\n1 Good<br \/>\n2 Fair<br \/>\n3 Poor<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 4: Behavior of Close Friends<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The following section contains questions about the behavior of your closest friends over the past year. For each question, please indicate how many of your friends have engaged in the behavior.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q10:<\/strong> During the past year, how many of your closest friends have cheated on school tests?<br \/>\n1 Almost all of them<br \/>\n2 Most of them<br \/>\n3 Some of them<br \/>\n4 Very few of them<br \/>\n5 None of them<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q11:<\/strong> During the past year, how many of your closest friends have binge drank alcohol? Binge drinking is defined as 5 or more drinks in one outing for a male and 4 or more drinks in one outing for a female.<br \/>\n1 Almost all of them<br \/>\n2 Most of them<br \/>\n3 Some of them<br \/>\n4 Very few of them<br \/>\n5 None of them<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q12:<\/strong> During the past year, how many of your closest friends have used marijuana?<br \/>\n1 Almost all of them<br \/>\n2 Most of them<br \/>\n3 Some of them<br \/>\n4 Very few of them<br \/>\n5 None of them<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 5: Attitudes Toward a Variety of Behaviors<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The questions in this next section ask you about your attitudes or opinions on a variety of behaviors. For each question, please indicate whether you think it is not wrong at all, a little bit wrong, wrong or very wrong for someone to engage in these behaviors.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q13:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to cheat on school tests?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q14:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to binge drink alcohol? Binge drinking is defined as having five or more alcoholic drinks in one night for males and four or more alcoholic drinks in one night for females.<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q15:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to use marijuana?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q16:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to use stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q17:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to use designer drugs such as Ecstasy or GHB?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q18:<\/strong> In your opinion how wrong is it for someone to use opiates such as opium or heroin?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q19:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to purposefully damage or destroy property that does not belong to them?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q20:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to steal something that does not belong to them?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q21:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to burglarize a home or business?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q22:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to download songs or movies off the internet without paying for them?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q23:<\/strong> In your opinion, how wrong is it for someone to physically attack another person?<br \/>\n1 Not wrong at all<br \/>\n2 A little bit wrong<br \/>\n3 Wrong<br \/>\n4 Very wrong<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 6: Self-Report Deviance<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>This next section asks about behaviors that you may or may not have engaged in over the past year. Using the categories provided below, please indicate how often over the past year you have engaged in the following behaviors.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q24:<\/strong> Over the past year how often have you cheated on school tests?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q25:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you binge drank alcohol? Binge drinking is defined as having five or more alcoholic drinks in one night for males and four or more alcoholic drinks in one night for females.<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q26:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you used marijuana?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q27:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you used stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q28:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you used designer drugs such as Ecstasy or GHB?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q29:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you used narcotics such as opium or heroin?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q30:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you purposefully damaged or destroyed property that did not belong to you?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q31:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you stolen something?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q32:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you burglarized a home or business?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q33:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you downloaded songs or movies off the internet without paying for them?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q34:<\/strong> Over the past year, how often have you physically attacked another person?<br \/>\n1 Never<br \/>\n2 One to two times<br \/>\n3 Three to five times<br \/>\n4 Six or more times<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 7: Involvement in Various Activities<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The following section asks about activities in which you may or may not participate. Please indicate the response for each question that most accurately indicates your involvement in these activities.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q35:<\/strong> How often do you attend religious services?<br \/>\n1 Almost everyday<br \/>\n2 Once or twice a week<br \/>\n3 Once a week<br \/>\n4 Once a month<br \/>\n5 Once or twice a year<br \/>\n6 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q36:<\/strong> How often do you pray?<br \/>\n1 Almost everyday<br \/>\n2 Once or twice a week<br \/>\n3 Once a week<br \/>\n4 Once a month<br \/>\n5 Once or twice a year<br \/>\n6 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q37:<\/strong> How often do you play intramural, collegiate sports or sports for recreation?<br \/>\n1 Almost everyday<br \/>\n2 Once a week<br \/>\n3 Once a month<br \/>\n4 Once or twice a year<br \/>\n5 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q38:<\/strong> How often do you participate in school clubs or activities such as volunteer work?<br \/>\n1 Almost everyday<br \/>\n2 Once or twice a week<br \/>\n3 Once a month<br \/>\n4 Once or twice a year<br \/>\n5 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q39:<\/strong> How often do you study?<br \/>\n1 Almost everyday<br \/>\n2 Once or twice a week<br \/>\n3 Once a month<br \/>\n4 Once or twice a year<br \/>\n5 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q40:<\/strong> How often do you go to bars or other clubs?<br \/>\n1 Almost every night<br \/>\n2 Once or twice a week<br \/>\n3 Once a month<br \/>\n4 Once or twice year<br \/>\n5 Never<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 8: Personal Opinions on Frequently Discussed Issues<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The following section asks some questions about issues that are frequently discussed.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q41:<\/strong> I respect the opinions of my teachers.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q42:<\/strong> I try hard in school.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q43:<\/strong> Getting a good education is important to me.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q44:<\/strong> You should respect the police.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q45:<\/strong> My family is important to me.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q46:<\/strong> I respect my mother or female guardian\u2019s opinion.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<br \/>\n5 Does not apply to me<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q47:<\/strong> I respect my father or male guardian\u2019s opinion.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<br \/>\n5 Does not apply to me<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q48:<\/strong> I consider myself to be a religious person.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q49:<\/strong> You should obey the rules of adults.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q50:<\/strong> It is alright to do something your parents tell you not to do as long as you can get away with it.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q51:<\/strong> The police are honest.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q52:<\/strong> Science is likely to solve the world\u2019s problems such as global warming, overpopulation and hunger.<br \/>\n1 Tend to strongly agree<br \/>\n2 Tend to agree<br \/>\n3 Tend to disagree<br \/>\n4 Tend to strongly disagree<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section 9: Demographic and Social Characteristics<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>The final section of this survey is about your demographic and social characteristics. These are included for comparison.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q53:<\/strong> What is your gender?<br \/>\n1 Male<br \/>\n2 Female<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q54:<\/strong> How old are you?<br \/>\n1 Eighteen<br \/>\n2 Nineteen<br \/>\n3 Twenty<br \/>\n4 Twenty one<br \/>\n5 Twenty two<br \/>\n6 Twenty three<br \/>\n7 Twenty four<br \/>\n8 Twenty five and above<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q55:<\/strong> What year are you in school?<br \/>\n1 Freshman<br \/>\n2 Sophomore<br \/>\n3 Junior<br \/>\n4 Senior<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q56:<\/strong> If you have a job, on average, how many hours do you work a week?<br \/>\n1 1-5 hours<br \/>\n2 6-10 hours<br \/>\n3 11-15 hours<br \/>\n4 16-20 hours<br \/>\n5 20 or more hours<br \/>\n6 Do not have a job<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q57:<\/strong> Which of the following categories best describes your racial background? Please indicate all response options that apply.<br \/>\n1 White or Caucasian<br \/>\n2 White\/non-Hispanic<br \/>\n3 White\/ Hispanic<br \/>\n4 Black or African American<br \/>\n5 Black\/ non-Hispanic<br \/>\n6 Black\/ Hispanic<br \/>\n7 Asian<br \/>\n8 Native American<br \/>\n9 Pacific Islander<br \/>\n10 Other<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q58:<\/strong> What is your mother\u2019s highest level of education?<br \/>\n1 Some high school<br \/>\n2 High school degree<br \/>\n3 Some college<br \/>\n4 College degree<br \/>\n5 Graduate degree<br \/>\n6 Do not know<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q59:<\/strong> What is your father\u2019s highest level of education?<br \/>\n1 Some high school<br \/>\n2 High school degree<br \/>\n3 Some college<br \/>\n4 College degree<br \/>\n5 Graduate degree<br \/>\n6 Do not know<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Enqu\u00eate sur les attitudes, croyances et comportements (ATDS) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Virginia L. Rothwell en 2009 est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique et sociologique \u00e9valuant les liens entre attitudes normatives, d\u00e9viance des pairs, contr\u00f4le social et comportements d\u00e9linquants.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[72,155,2],"tags":[20844,20845,20848,3644,20847,16,20846],"class_list":["post-13681","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-criminologie","category-echelles-dattitudes","category-psychometrie","tag-attitudes-envers-la-deviance","tag-comportement-delinquant","tag-evaluation-criminologique","tag-individualisme","tag-pairs-deviants","tag-psychometrie","tag-theorie-du-controle-social"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13681"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13681\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}