{"id":13370,"date":"2026-10-03T21:30:11","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T21:30:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/questionnaire-incapacite-lombalgie-oswestry-odi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T21:30:11","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T21:30:11","slug":"questionnaire-incapacite-lombalgie-oswestry-odi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=questionnaire-incapacite-lombalgie-oswestry-odi","title":{"rendered":"Questionnaire d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la lombalgie d&rsquo;Oswestry"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Le <strong>Questionnaire d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la lombalgie d&rsquo;Oswestry<\/strong> (commun\u00e9ment d\u00e9sign\u00e9 sous l&rsquo;acronyme <em>ODI<\/em> pour <em>Oswestry Disability Index<\/em> ou <em>Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire<\/em>) constitue l&rsquo;\u00e9talon-or international (<em>gold standard<\/em>) pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 fonctionnelle et de la limitation d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 induites par la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lombalgie\">lombalgie<\/a> aigu\u00eb, subaigu\u00eb et chronique. Initialement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1970 par Jeremy Fairbank et ses collaborateurs \u00e0 l&rsquo;h\u00f4pital orthop\u00e9dique Robert Jones et Agnes Hunt \u00e0 Oswestry (Royaume-Uni), puis officialis\u00e9 dans la litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9dicale en 1980, cet instrument auto-administr\u00e9 capture l&rsquo;impact multidimensionnel de la douleur rachidienne sur les gestes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires et complexes de la vie quotidienne.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se compose de 10 sections sp\u00e9cifiques explorant l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 de la douleur, les soins personnels, le port de charges, la marche, la station assise, la station debout, le sommeil, la vie sexuelle, la vie sociale et les d\u00e9placements. Chaque section propose six \u00e9nonc\u00e9s ordonn\u00e9s selon un format d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89chelle_de_Guttman\">Guttman<\/a>, gradu\u00e9s de 0 (absence d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9) \u00e0 5 (incapacit\u00e9 maximale). Le score global est exprim\u00e9 sous la forme d&rsquo;un pourcentage d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 allant de 0 % \u00e0 100 %, stratifi\u00e9 en cinq cat\u00e9gories cliniques allant de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 minimale \u00e0 l&rsquo;alitement complet ou l&rsquo;exag\u00e9ration symptomatique.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, l&rsquo;ODI pr\u00e9sente d&rsquo;excellentes qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques confirm\u00e9es \u00e0 travers des centaines d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes internationales : une coh\u00e9rence interne robuste (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compris entre 0,71 et 0,87), une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest remarquable (coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse allant de 0,83 \u00e0 0,99 selon les d\u00e9lais de passation), ainsi qu&rsquo;une sensibilit\u00e9 au changement cliniquement pertinente, mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e par une diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID) de 10 \u00e0 12 points de pourcentage (ou une r\u00e9duction relative de 30 %).<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Oswestry Disability Index, ODI, lombalgie, incapacit\u00e9 fonctionnelle, \u00e9valuation de la douleur, psychom\u00e9trie, rachis lombaire, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest, validit\u00e9 de construit, diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID), r\u00e9\u00e9ducation fonctionnelle, qualit\u00e9 de vie li\u00e9e \u00e0 la sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement initial du questionnaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduit par une \u00e9quipe pluridisciplinaire de chirurgiens orthop\u00e9distes, physioth\u00e9rapeutes et chercheurs cliniciens rattach\u00e9s au centre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes rachidiennes du <em>Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital<\/em> \u00e0 Oswestry, dans le Shropshire (Royaume-Uni), ainsi qu&rsquo;au <em>Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre<\/em> d&rsquo;Oxford :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jeremy C. T. Fairbank, MD, FRCS<\/strong> : Chirurgien orthop\u00e9dique \u00e9m\u00e9rite, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Oxford, Royaume-Uni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John Couper, MCSP<\/strong> : Physioth\u00e9rapeute clinicien, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Royaume-Uni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John B. Davies<\/strong> : Chercheur en r\u00e9adaptation et biom\u00e9canique clinique, Oswestry, Royaume-Uni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John P. O&rsquo;Brien, PhD, FRCS<\/strong> : Chirurgien orthop\u00e9diste sp\u00e9cialiste du rachis, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Royaume-Uni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paul B. Pynsent, PhD<\/strong> : Biostatisticien et directeur de recherche au Research and Teaching Centre, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, Royaume-Uni (co-auteur des r\u00e9visions m\u00e9thodologiques et psychom\u00e9triques majeures de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle, notamment la version 2.0 et la revue de 2000).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>Le Questionnaire d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la lombalgie d&rsquo;Oswestry a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour combler une lacune fondamentale dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la pathologie rachidienne : la dissociation fr\u00e9quente entre les anomalies anatomopathologiques visibles \u00e0 l&rsquo;imagerie m\u00e9dicale (radiographies, IRM, tomodensitom\u00e9tries) et le niveau r\u00e9el de limitation fonctionnelle rapport\u00e9 par le patient. L&rsquo;objectif premier de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est de quantifier le retentissement subjectif mais objectivable de la douleur lombaire sur la r\u00e9alisation des activit\u00e9s fondamentales de la vie quotidienne.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications cliniques<\/h3>\n<p>En pratique m\u00e9dicale, chirurgicale et kin\u00e9sith\u00e9rapique, l&rsquo;ODI sert d&rsquo;outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation initiale de la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 du handicap fonctionnel. Il permet :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D&rsquo;\u00e9tablir un \u00e9tat des lieux fonctionnel de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence lors de la premi\u00e8re consultation de rhumatologie, de m\u00e9decine physique et de r\u00e9adaptation (MPR) ou de chirurgie rachidienne ;<\/li>\n<li>D&rsquo;orienter la d\u00e9cision th\u00e9rapeutique, notamment dans l&rsquo;arbitrage entre un traitement conservateur (kin\u00e9sith\u00e9rapie active, infiltration \u00e9pidurale, \u00e9cole du dos) et une indication chirurgicale (d\u00e9compression radiculaire, arthrod\u00e8se lombaire, proth\u00e8se discale) ;<\/li>\n<li>De suivre longitudinalement l&rsquo;\u00e9volution du patient tout au long de sa r\u00e9\u00e9ducation en mesurant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 objective des interventions th\u00e9rapeutiques ;<\/li>\n<li>D&rsquo;identifier les conduites d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement ou la majoration non organique des plaintes (les scores d\u00e9passant 80 % en l&rsquo;absence de d\u00e9ficit neurologique majeur ou de pathologie inflammatoire aigu\u00eb alertant sur une possible d\u00e9tresse psychologique ou un comportement de maladie anormal).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Applications en recherche clinique et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique<\/h3>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la recherche, l&rsquo;ODI repr\u00e9sente le crit\u00e8re de jugement principal (<em>primary outcome measure<\/em>) pr\u00e9conis\u00e9 par les consensus m\u00e9thodologiques internationaux (tels que l&rsquo;initiative <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.comet-initiative.org\/\">COMET<\/a> et les recommandations de l&rsquo;OMERACT) pour les essais cliniques randomis\u00e9s portant sur la lombalgie. Sa standardisation internationale et ses multiples traductions transculturelles valid\u00e9es permettent la comparaison directe de cohortes th\u00e9rapeutiques \u00e0 travers le monde, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer de nouvelles techniques chirurgicales mini-invasives, des programmes de restauration fonctionnelle du rachis ou des mol\u00e9cules analg\u00e9siques innovantes.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;ODI op\u00e9rationnalise le construit d&rsquo;<strong>incapacit\u00e9 fonctionnelle<\/strong> (<em>disability<\/em>), tel que d\u00e9fini originellement par la Classification internationale des d\u00e9ficiences, incapacit\u00e9s et handicaps (CIDIH) de l&rsquo;Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organisation_mondiale_de_la_sant%C3%A9\">OMS<\/a>), puis reformul\u00e9 en tant que \u00ab limitation d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 \u00bb et \u00ab restriction de participation \u00bb au sein de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classification_internationale_du_fonctionnement,_du_handicap_et_de_la_sant%C3%A9\">Classification internationale du fonctionnement, du handicap et de la sant\u00e9 (CIF)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Contrairement \u00e0 une mesure unidimensionnelle de l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 douloureuse brute (comme l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle Visuelle Analogique &#8211; EVA), l&rsquo;ODI saisit la mani\u00e8re dont la douleur s&rsquo;articule avec les contraintes m\u00e9caniques, biom\u00e9caniques, posturales et psychosociales. Chacune des dix sections explore une facette distincte de l&rsquo;appareil fonctionnel :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Section 1 \u2014 Intensit\u00e9 de la douleur (Pain Intensity) :<\/strong> \u00c9value le ressenti nociceptif ou neuropathique imm\u00e9diat du patient, de l&rsquo;indolence compl\u00e8te \u00e0 une douleur intol\u00e9rable. Cette dimension sert d&rsquo;ancrage symptomatique \u00e0 l&rsquo;ensemble du profil d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 2 \u2014 Soins personnels (Personal Care) :<\/strong> Mesure l&rsquo;autonomie dans les activit\u00e9s de la vie quotidienne \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires (se laver, s&rsquo;habiller). Ce domaine explore la souplesse rachidienne et la tol\u00e9rance aux mouvements de flexion ant\u00e9rieure du tronc n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l&rsquo;hygi\u00e8ne et \u00e0 l&rsquo;habillage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 3 \u2014 Port de charges (Lifting) :<\/strong> Analyse la tol\u00e9rance aux contraintes m\u00e9caniques axiales et \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9vation d&rsquo;objets. Ce domaine est particuli\u00e8rement sensible aux craintes kin\u00e9siophobiques et aux capacit\u00e9s de verrouillage lombaire lors des efforts de soul\u00e8vement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 4 \u2014 Marche (Walking) :<\/strong> Quantifie l&rsquo;endurance locomotrice et le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de marche sans boiterie ni arr\u00eat obligatoire, refl\u00e9tant la claudication neurog\u00e8ne (canal lombaire \u00e9troit) ou l&rsquo;intol\u00e9rance musculo-squelettique \u00e0 la locomotion prolong\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 5 \u2014 Station assise (Sitting) :<\/strong> \u00c9value la tol\u00e9rance \u00e0 la pression intradiscale accrue inh\u00e9rente \u00e0 la posture assise prolong\u00e9e, une plainte fr\u00e9quente chez les patients souffrant de discopathie d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative ou de hernie discale lombaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 6 \u2014 Station debout (Standing) :<\/strong> Mesure la capacit\u00e9 de maintien postural statique \u00e9rig\u00e9, une position qui sollicite pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement les articulations facettaires post\u00e9rieures et les muscles spinaux \u00e9recteurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 7 \u2014 Sommeil (Sleeping) :<\/strong> \u00c9value l&rsquo;interf\u00e9rence de la douleur avec la continuit\u00e9 du repos nocturne. Ce domaine est crucial, car la perturbation du sommeil alt\u00e8re la modulation descendante de la douleur et amplifie la fatigue centrale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 8 \u2014 Vie sexuelle (Sex Life) :<\/strong> Explore l&rsquo;impact de la pathologie rachidienne sur l&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 physique et relationnelle. Bien que parfois omise pour des raisons de pudeur culturelle, cette section aborde un indicateur majeur de qualit\u00e9 de vie et de bien-\u00eatre conjugal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 9 \u2014 Vie sociale (Social Life) :<\/strong> Mesure le niveau de restriction de la participation sociale, allant de la pratique sportive aux activit\u00e9s de loisirs, jusqu&rsquo;au confinement complet au domicile, pr\u00e9curseur de l&rsquo;isolement social.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 10 \u2014 D\u00e9placements (Travelling) :<\/strong> \u00c9value l&rsquo;aptitude \u00e0 effectuer des trajets en voiture, en transports en commun ou en train, situation combinant contraintes posturales statiques, vibrations m\u00e9caniques et transferts articulaires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;ODI s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de la m\u00e9decine orthop\u00e9dique m\u00e9caniste et de l&rsquo;essor du <strong>mod\u00e8le biopsychosocial<\/strong> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par George Engel (1977) et adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la rachialgie par Gordon Waddell (1987). Historiquement, la prise en charge de la lombalgie reposait sur un mod\u00e8le biom\u00e9dical r\u00e9ducteur postulant une corr\u00e9lation directe et lin\u00e9aire entre la l\u00e9sion anatomique (pincement discal, ost\u00e9ophytose, spondylolisth\u00e9sis) et le niveau de plainte du sujet.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;ODI a r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 ce paradigme en reconnaissant que l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 n&rsquo;est pas la simple cons\u00e9quence physique d&rsquo;une l\u00e9sion organique, mais le produit d&rsquo;interactions complexes entre :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les facteurs <em>biologiques<\/em> (charge discale, inflammation radiculaire, contracture musculaire paravert\u00e9brale) ;<\/li>\n<li>Les facteurs <em>psychologiques<\/em> (croyances d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement de la douleur mod\u00e9lis\u00e9es par le mod\u00e8le de la peur-\u00e9vitement de Vlaeyen et Linton, catastrophisme, sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9) ;<\/li>\n<li>Les facteurs <em>sociaux et environnementaux<\/em> (exigences professionnelles ergonomiques, soutien de l&rsquo;entourage, compensation m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans la perspective de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage et du comportement de maladie (<em>illness behavior<\/em>) conceptualis\u00e9 par Mechanic et Waddell, l&rsquo;ODI saisit la mani\u00e8re dont le patient adapte concr\u00e8tement son comportement face \u00e0 la menace douloureuse. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle refl\u00e8te les renoncements progressifs de l&rsquo;individu : limitation d&rsquo;abord des activit\u00e9s les plus lourdes et \u00e9nergivores (sport, port de charges), puis des activit\u00e9s r\u00e9cr\u00e9atives et sociales, pour atteindre enfin, dans les formes s\u00e9v\u00e8res, les activit\u00e9s fondamentales de survie et d&rsquo;hygi\u00e8ne personnelle.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Oswestry Disability Index a fait l&rsquo;objet de centaines d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes de validation transculturelle et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique rigoureuse \u00e0 travers le monde (notamment les synth\u00e8ses de Fairbank &amp; Pynsent, 2000, et de Davidson &amp; Keating, 2002).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et d&rsquo;apparence<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de contenu a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie lors de la gen\u00e8se de l&rsquo;outil par des entretiens approfondis men\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s de patients lombalgiques hospitalis\u00e9s et ambulatoires. Les dix domaines retenus couvrent l&rsquo;int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 du spectre des limitations physiques rapport\u00e9es dans la vie quotidienne, conf\u00e9rant \u00e0 l&rsquo;instrument une excellente validit\u00e9 apparente tant pour les cliniciens que pour les usagers.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et concourante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente de l&rsquo;ODI a \u00e9t\u00e9 abondamment d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 et de douleur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Questionnaire de Roland-Morris (RMDQ) :<\/strong> Des corr\u00e9lations de Pearson et de Spearman oscillant entre <em>r = 0,70<\/em> et <em>r = 0,85<\/em> sont syst\u00e9matiquement observ\u00e9es. Bien que les deux \u00e9chelles soient corr\u00e9l\u00e9es, l&rsquo;ODI pr\u00e9sente une plus grande sensibilit\u00e9 aux incapacit\u00e9s s\u00e9v\u00e8res et dans les populations chirurgicales, tandis que le Roland-Morris est souvent plus discriminant dans les lombalgies l\u00e9g\u00e8res \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es en soins primaires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle Visuelle Analogique (EVA) et \u00c9chelle Num\u00e9rique (EN) de la douleur :<\/strong> Les corr\u00e9lations se situent classiquement entre <em>r = 0,55<\/em> et <em>r = 0,72<\/em>, d\u00e9montrant que l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la douleur sans s&rsquo;y r\u00e9duire totalement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;ODI corr\u00e8le fortement et n\u00e9gativement avec le score de fonctionnement physique (Physical Functioning, <em>r = -0,65<\/em> \u00e0 <em>-0,78<\/em>) et la composante physique globale (PCS, <em>r = -0,60<\/em> \u00e0 <em>-0,72<\/em>), confirmant sa validit\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la sant\u00e9 physique globale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante et pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;ODI discrimine parfaitement les sujets sains des patients souffrant de lombalgie, ainsi que les patients en arr\u00eat de travail de ceux poursuivant leur activit\u00e9 professionnelle. De nombreuses \u00e9tudes prospectives confirment sa validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive : un score ODI \u00e9lev\u00e9 pr\u00e9-th\u00e9rapeutique constitue un facteur de risque ind\u00e9pendant d&rsquo;\u00e9chec du retour au travail, de chronicisation de la douleur et d&rsquo;insatisfaction post-chirurgicale.<\/p>\n<h3>Sensibilit\u00e9 au changement et MCID<\/h3>\n<p>La sensibilit\u00e9 au changement de l&rsquo;ODI est remarquable. La litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9thodologique moderne s&rsquo;accorde sur une <strong>diff\u00e9rence minimale cliniquement importante (MCID)<\/strong> comprise entre <strong>10 et 12 points de pourcentage<\/strong> (ou une r\u00e9duction relative de 30 % \u00e0 50 % par rapport au score initial) pour caract\u00e9riser une am\u00e9lioration significative apr\u00e8s une prise en charge chirurgicale ou de r\u00e9habilitation intensive (Ostelo et al., 2008).<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes m\u00e9trologiques attribuent \u00e0 l&rsquo;Oswestry Disability Index une excellente stabilit\u00e9 temporelle et une consistance interne robuste dans des contextes cliniques vari\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>La coh\u00e9rence interne de l&rsquo;ODI a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e dans de multiples cohortes linguistiques et cliniques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le coefficient <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> oscille g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre <strong>0,71 et 0,88<\/strong> dans les populations de patients lombalgiques chroniques, indiquant une tr\u00e8s bonne homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des items sans redondance excessive.<\/li>\n<li>Les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent entre 0,40 et 0,75, confirmant que chaque section contribue significativement \u00e0 la mesure de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 globale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e sur des intervalles de temps variant de 24 heures \u00e0 plusieurs semaines chez des patients dont l&rsquo;\u00e9tat clinique \u00e9tait stable :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c0 un intervalle de 24 \u00e0 48 heures, les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) rapport\u00e9s sont extr\u00eamement \u00e9lev\u00e9s, variant entre <strong>0,91 et 0,99<\/strong> (Fairbank &amp; Pynsent, 2000).<\/li>\n<li>\u00c0 un intervalle de 1 \u00e0 4 semaines, les CCI restent stables entre <strong>0,83 et 0,94<\/strong>, d\u00e9montrant une excellente reproductibilit\u00e9 temporelle de la mesure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Erreur de mesure et changement minimal d\u00e9tectable<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;erreur standard de mesure (SEM) se situe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre <strong>3,5 et 5 points de pourcentage<\/strong>. Le changement minimal d\u00e9tectable (MDC ou <em>Smallest Detectable Change<\/em> \u00e0 95 % de confiance) est \u00e9tabli entre <strong>10 et 15 points<\/strong> selon les populations, ce qui garantit qu&rsquo;une variation sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 ce seuil ne rel\u00e8ve pas d&rsquo;une fluctuation al\u00e9atoire de mesure mais d&rsquo;une v\u00e9ritable modification clinique.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La dimensionnalit\u00e9 factorielle de l&rsquo;ODI a suscit\u00e9 de nombreux d\u00e9bats psychom\u00e9triques, oscillant entre le mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel d&rsquo;origine et des structures bifactorielles ou trifactorielles selon les m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;analyse employ\u00e9es (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analyse_factorielle\">Analyse Factorielle Exploratoire &#8211; AFE<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mod%C3%A8le_d%27%C3%A9quations_structurelles\">Analyse Factorielle Confirmatoire &#8211; AFC<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>Structure unidimensionnelle originale<\/h3>\n<p>Dans sa conceptualisation d&rsquo;origine et dans les revues majeures de Fairbank et Pynsent (2000), l&rsquo;ODI est trait\u00e9 comme un instrument essentiellement <strong>unidimensionnel<\/strong> mesurant un construit latent global d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 lombaire. L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales r\u00e9v\u00e8le de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9currente un premier facteur dominant expliquant entre <strong>45 % et 60 % de la variance totale<\/strong>, satisfaisant ainsi aux crit\u00e8res de Reckase pour l&rsquo;unidimensionnalit\u00e9 pratique.<\/p>\n<h3>Mod\u00e8les bidimensionnels<\/h3>\n<p>Plusieurs \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques rigoureuses (notamment les travaux appliquant l&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire ou la mod\u00e9lisation de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_des_r%C3%A9ponses_aux_items\">Rasch<\/a>) ont mis en \u00e9vidence l&rsquo;existence de deux dimensions corr\u00e9l\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 \u2014 Incapacit\u00e9 physique et activit\u00e9s dynamiques (Dynamic activities) :<\/strong> Regroupe principalement les sections Port de charges (charges), Marche, Station debout, et Soins personnels. Les saturations factorielles pour ces items sont typiquement \u00e9lev\u00e9es (&gt; 0,65).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 \u2014 Tol\u00e9rance posturale statique et r\u00e9percussions psychosociales (Sedentary \/ Social activities) :<\/strong> Comprend la Station assise, le Sommeil, la Vie sexuelle, la Vie sociale et les D\u00e9placements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Analyses par la th\u00e9orie des r\u00e9ponses aux items (TRI \/ Mod\u00e8le de Rasch)<\/h3>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations de Rasch indiquent que les items de l&rsquo;ODI se distribuent harmonieusement le long du continuum de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9. L&rsquo;item \u00ab Port de charges \u00bb est le plus fr\u00e9quemment endoss\u00e9 \u00e0 un niveau d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 faible (seuil d&rsquo;apparition bas), tandis que les items \u00ab Soins personnels \u00bb et \u00ab Marche \u00bb requi\u00e8rent un niveau d&rsquo;atteinte fonctionnelle beaucoup plus s\u00e9v\u00e8re pour pr\u00e9senter des scores maximaux (4 ou 5). Bien que des fonctionnements diff\u00e9rentiels d&rsquo;items (DIF) mineurs aient \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s selon le sexe ou l&rsquo;\u00e2ge pour les sections \u00ab Vie sexuelle \u00bb ou \u00ab Port de charges \u00bb, le score agr\u00e9g\u00e9 conserve une validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique robuste pour l&rsquo;usage clinique quotidien.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation fonctionnelle (Patient-Reported Outcome Measure &#8211; PROM).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou formulaire \u00e9lectronique auto-administr\u00e9 sur tablette\/ordinateur. Peut \u00eatre assist\u00e9 par le clinicien si le patient pr\u00e9sente des difficult\u00e9s de lecture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 10 sections th\u00e9matiques ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Chaque section comprend 6 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9s selon une \u00e9chelle ordinale de type Guttman, scor\u00e9s de 0 (incapacit\u00e9 minimale ou nulle) \u00e0 5 (incapacit\u00e9 maximale).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 3 \u00e0 5 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcul du score brut et pourcentage d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour chaque section, le patient s\u00e9lectionne une seule affirmation. L&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 coch\u00e9 vaut de 0 \u00e0 5 points.<\/li>\n<li>Le score total brut correspond \u00e0 la somme des points de toutes les sections r\u00e9pondues (maximum de 50 points si les 10 sections sont compl\u00e9t\u00e9es).<\/li>\n<li>Le pourcentage d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 est calcul\u00e9 par la formule suivante :<br \/>\n        <br \/>\n        <code>Score d'incapacit\u00e9 (%) = (Somme des points obtenus \/ Score maximal possible) \u00d7 100<\/code>\n      <\/li>\n<li><em>Gestion des donn\u00e9es manquantes :<\/em> Si une section n&rsquo;est pas remplie (par exemple la section 8 sur la vie sexuelle lorsqu&rsquo;elle n&rsquo;est pas applicable ou omise par le patient), le score maximal possible devient 45 points au lieu de 50. La formule s&rsquo;ajuste alors : <code>(Score brut \/ 45) \u00d7 100<\/code>. Si plus de deux sections sont omises, la validit\u00e9 du score global est compromise et le questionnaire doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme incomplet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Grille d&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tation clinique :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0 % \u00e0 20 % \u2014 Incapacit\u00e9 minimale (Minimal disability) :<\/strong> Le patient s&rsquo;adapte \u00e0 la plupart des actes de la vie quotidienne. En dehors de conseils d&rsquo;hygi\u00e8ne de vie, de levage et d&rsquo;exercices physiques, aucun traitement m\u00e9dical lourd n&rsquo;est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement requis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>21 % \u00e0 40 % \u2014 Incapacit\u00e9 mod\u00e9r\u00e9e (Moderate disability) :<\/strong> La douleur occasionne des difficult\u00e9s accrues pour s&rsquo;asseoir, soulever des charges et rester debout. Les voyages et la vie sociale sont plus complexes. Une prise en charge conservatrice cibl\u00e9e (kin\u00e9sith\u00e9rapie active, analg\u00e9sie adapt\u00e9e) est indiqu\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>41 % \u00e0 60 % \u2014 Incapacit\u00e9 s\u00e9v\u00e8re (Severe disability) :<\/strong> La douleur perturbe l&rsquo;ensemble des activit\u00e9s quotidiennes, le sommeil et la vie sociale. Une investigation diagnostique approfondie et une prise en charge multidisciplinaire intensive sont n\u00e9cessaires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>61 % \u00e0 80 % \u2014 Lombalgie invalidante \/ handicap majeur (Crippling back pain) :<\/strong> La douleur lombaire entrave tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne. Une intervention m\u00e9dicale sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e ou une \u00e9valuation chirurgicale s&rsquo;av\u00e8re indispensable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>81 % \u00e0 100 % \u2014 Alitement ou exag\u00e9ration des sympt\u00f4mes :<\/strong> Le patient est soit alit\u00e9 en permanence en raison d&rsquo;une urgence rachidienne ou d&rsquo;un d\u00e9ficit fonctionnel majeur, soit en situation de dramatisation\/exag\u00e9ration symptomatique n\u00e9cessitant une \u00e9valuation psychologique et m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale minutieuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de cr\u00e9ation \/ publication initiale :<\/strong> 1980 (Fairbank, Couper, Davies, O&rsquo;Brien). Des versions r\u00e9vis\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9es en 1989 (version Baker\/Pynsent) et 2000 (Fairbank &amp; Pynsent, Spine).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> Les droits d&rsquo;auteur de l&rsquo;instrument original et de ses r\u00e9visions officielles sont d\u00e9tenus par Jeremy Fairbank et ses co-auteurs. La gestion des licences et la distribution internationale des versions valid\u00e9es et traduites sont coordonn\u00e9es par Mapi Research Trust \/ ICON Clinical Research (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/eprovide.mapi-trust.org\/instruments\/oswestry-disability-index\">ePROVIDE<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et tarifs :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Usage clinique individuel et recherche acad\u00e9mique non financ\u00e9e :<\/em> L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accord\u00e9e \u00e0 titre gratuit ou moyennant des frais administratifs symboliques, sous r\u00e9serve de remplir une demande d&rsquo;accord d&rsquo;utilisation aupr\u00e8s du d\u00e9tenteur des droits ou de la plateforme officielle.<\/li>\n<li><em>Essais cliniques sponsoris\u00e9s par l&rsquo;industrie pharmaceutique ou commerciale :<\/em> Des frais de licence par patient ou par protocole sont appliqu\u00e9s. Les utilisateurs commerciaux doivent obligatoirement acqu\u00e9rir une licence officielle aupr\u00e8s de Mapi Research Trust \/ ePROVIDE avant toute administration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Baker, D. J., Pynsent, P. B., &amp; Fairbank, J. C. T. (1989). The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: Its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St. Thomas&rsquo;s Disability Index. In M. O. Roland &amp; J. R. Jenner (Eds.), <em>Back pain: New approaches to rehabilitation and education<\/em> (pp. 174\u2013186). Manchester University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Davidson, M., &amp; Keating, J. L. (2002). A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: Reliability and responsiveness. <em>Physical Therapy<\/em>, 82(1), 8\u201324. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.8<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. <em>Science<\/em>, 196(4286), 129\u2013136. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.847460\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.847460<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fairbank, J. C. T., Couper, J., Davies, J. B., &amp; O&rsquo;Brien, J. P. (1980). The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. <em>Physiotherapy<\/em>, 66(8), 271\u2013273.<\/li>\n<li>Fairbank, J. C. T., &amp; Pynsent, P. B. (2000). The Oswestry Disability Index. <em>Spine<\/em>, 25(22), 2940\u20132953. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Fritz, J. M., &amp; Irrgang, J. J. (2001). A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. <em>Physical Therapy<\/em>, 81(2), 776\u2013788. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/81.2.776\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/81.2.776<\/a><\/li>\n<li>McDowell, I. (2006). <em>Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires<\/em> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195165678.001.0001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195165678.001.0001<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ostelo, R. W., Deyo, R. A., Stratford, P., Waddell, G., Croft, P., Von Korff, M., Bouter, L. M., &amp; de Vet, H. C. (2008). Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: Towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. <em>Spine<\/em>, 33(1), 90\u201394. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Roland, M., &amp; Morris, R. (1983). A study of the natural history of back pain: Part I: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. <em>Spine<\/em>, 8(2), 141\u2013144. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Torenbeek, M., Caulfield, B., Garrett, M., &amp; Van Harten, W. H. (2001). Current use of outcome measures for stroke and low back pain rehabilitation in five European countries: First results of the ACROSS project. <em>International Journal of Rehabilitation Research<\/em>, 24(2), 95\u2013101. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004356-200106000-00003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004356-200106000-00003<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Waddell, G. (1987). 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences: A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. <em>Spine<\/em>, 12(7), 632\u2013644. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-198709000-00002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-198709000-00002<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> This questionnaire has been designed to give your doctor information as to how your back pain has affected your ability to manage in everyday life. Please answer every section, and mark in each section only the ONE box which applies to you. We realise you may consider that two of the statements in any one section relate to you, but please just mark the box which most closely describes your problem.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 6-point Guttman-style categorical scale per section (scored 0 to 5, where 0 indicates least disability and 5 indicates greatest disability)\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Each section is scored on a 0 to 5 scale (the first statement = 0, the last statement = 5). Total score is calculated by summing the scores of all answered sections, dividing by the maximum possible score (50 if all 10 sections are completed, or 45 if Section 8 is omitted), and multiplying by 100 to yield a percentage score (0% to 100% disability).\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 1 \u2013 Pain Intensity<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I have no pain at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] The pain is very mild at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] The pain is moderate at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] The pain is fairly severe at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] The pain is very severe at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] The pain is the worst imaginable at the moment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 2 \u2013 Personal Care (washing, dressing, etc.)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I can look after myself normally without causing extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] I can look after myself normally but it is very painful.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] It is painful to look after myself and I am slow and careful.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] I need some help but manage most of my personal care.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] I need help every day in most aspects of self care.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] I do not get dressed, wash with difficulty and stay in bed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 3 \u2013 Lifting<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I can lift heavy weights without extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] I can lift heavy weights but it gives extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights off the floor, but I can manage if they are conveniently positioned, e.g. on a table.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain prevents me from lifting heavy weights, but I can manage light to medium weights if they are conveniently positioned.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] I can lift only very light weights.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] I cannot lift or carry anything at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 4 \u2013 Walking<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] Pain does not prevent me walking any distance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] Pain prevents me from walking more than 1 mile.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain prevents me from walking more than 1\/2 mile.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain prevents me from walking more than 100 yards.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] I can only walk using a stick or crutches.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] I am in bed most of the time and have to crawl to the toilet.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 5 \u2013 Sitting<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I can sit in any chair as long as I like.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] I can only sit in my favourite chair as long as I like.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain prevents me sitting more than one hour.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain prevents me from sitting more than 30 minutes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] Pain prevents me from sitting more than 10 minutes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] Pain prevents me from sitting at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 6 \u2013 Standing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I can stand as long as I want without extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] I can stand as long as I want but it gives me extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain prevents me from standing for more than 1 hour.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain prevents me from standing for more than 30 minutes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] Pain prevents me from standing for more than 10 minutes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] Pain prevents me from standing at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 7 \u2013 Sleeping<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] My sleep is never disturbed by pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] My sleep is occasionally disturbed by pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Because of pain I have less than 6 hours sleep.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Because of pain I have less than 4 hours sleep.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] Because of pain I have less than 2 hours sleep.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] Pain prevents me from sleeping at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 8 \u2013 Sex Life (if applicable)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] My sex life is normal and causes no extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] My sex life is normal but causes some extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] My sex life is nearly normal but is very painful.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] My sex life is severely restricted by pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] My sex life is nearly absent because of pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] Pain prevents any sex life at all.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 9 \u2013 Social Life<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] My social life is normal and gives me no extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] My social life is normal but increases the degree of pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain has no significant effect on my social life apart from limiting my more energetic interests, e.g. sport, etc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain has restricted my social life and I do not go out as often.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] Pain has restricted my social life to my home.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] I have no social life because of pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Section 10 \u2013 Travelling<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[0] I can travel anywhere without pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[1] I can travel anywhere but it gives me extra pain.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[2] Pain is bad but I manage journeys over two hours.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[3] Pain restricts me to journeys of less than one hour.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[4] Pain restricts me to short necessary journeys under 30 minutes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px;\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">[5] Pain prevents me from travelling except to receive treatment.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du Questionnaire d&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la lombalgie d&rsquo;Oswestry (ODI) : propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et cotation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[20151,2083,2],"tags":[1029,923,1590,20153,20152,16,12612],"class_list":["post-13370","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-de-douleur-et-dincapacite","category-orthopedie-et-reeducation","category-psychometrie","tag-evaluation-de-la-douleur","tag-incapacite-fonctionnelle","tag-lombalgie","tag-odi","tag-oswestry-disability-index","tag-psychometrie","tag-rachis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13370","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13370"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13370\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13370"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13370"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13370"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}