{"id":13173,"date":"2026-10-03T16:31:53","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T16:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-des-modes-de-coping-revisee\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T16:31:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T16:31:53","slug":"echelle-des-modes-de-coping-revisee","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-des-modes-de-coping-revisee","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e)<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>Ways of Coping Scale [Revised]<\/em> ou <em>Ways of Coping Questionnaire [WCQ]<\/em>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e initialement par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_Folkman\">Susan Folkman<\/a> et <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Richard S. Lazarus<\/a> au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980, constitue l&rsquo;un des instruments d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique les plus influents dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coping\">coping<\/a> transactionnel et des processus d&rsquo;adaptation au <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_(psychological)\">stress psychologique<\/a>. Con\u00e7ue pour rompre avec les approches dispositionnelles statiques qui consid\u00e9raient l&rsquo;ajustement face \u00e0 l&rsquo;adversit\u00e9 comme un trait de personnalit\u00e9 rigide, cette \u00e9chelle conceptualise le coping comme un ensemble dynamique et contextuel d&rsquo;efforts cognitifs et comportementaux d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s pour ma\u00eetriser, r\u00e9duire ou tol\u00e9rer les exigences internes ou externes \u00e9valu\u00e9es comme mena\u00e7antes ou exc\u00e9dant les ressources de l&rsquo;individu.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire r\u00e9vis\u00e9 comprend <strong>66 items<\/strong> d\u00e9crivant des actions et des pens\u00e9es concr\u00e8tes utilis\u00e9es lors d&rsquo;un \u00e9v\u00e9nement stressant sp\u00e9cifique pr\u00e9alablement identifi\u00e9. Les participants \u00e9valuent la fr\u00e9quence d&rsquo;utilisation de chaque strat\u00e9gie \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle ordinale de type Likert en 4 points (0 = <em>Not Used<\/em>, 1 = <em>Used Somewhat<\/em>, 2 = <em>Used Quite A Bit<\/em>, 3 = <em>Used A great deal<\/em>). Les analyses factorielles ont permis d&rsquo;identifier plusieurs dimensions de base. Dans les \u00e9chantillons communautaires d&rsquo;adultes, la version canonique de 1986 retient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement <strong>huit dimensions factorielles<\/strong> empiriquement valid\u00e9es : le coping confrontatif (<em>Confrontive Coping<\/em>), la mise \u00e0 distance (<em>Distancing<\/em>), le contr\u00f4le de soi (<em>Self-Controlling<\/em>), la recherche de soutien social (<em>Seeking Social Support<\/em>), l&rsquo;acceptation de la responsabilit\u00e9 (<em>Accepting Responsibility<\/em>), la fuite-\u00e9vitement (<em>Escape-Avoidance<\/em>), la r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e (<em>Planful Problem-Solving<\/em>) et la r\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive (<em>Positive Reappraisal<\/em>). D&rsquo;autres factorisations, notamment sur des populations \u00e9tudiantes, isolent des structures parall\u00e8les articul\u00e9es autour du coping centr\u00e9 sur le probl\u00e8me, de la pens\u00e9e magique (<em>Wishful Thinking<\/em>), du d\u00e9tachement et de l&rsquo;auto-culpabilisation.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan m\u00e9trologique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle affiche une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach variant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,61 et 0,88 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles et les populations \u00e9tudi\u00e9es. Ses qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques incluent une excellente validit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique et de construit, corrobor\u00e9e par de nombreuses recherches en psychologie de la sant\u00e9, en m\u00e9decine comportementale et en psychologie clinique \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>coping transactionnel, stress psychologique, Richard Lazarus, Susan Folkman, strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;adaptation, r\u00e9\u00e9valuation cognitive, r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me, soutien social, psychom\u00e9trie, r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, \u00e9valuation cognitive, psychologie de la sant\u00e9<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u et valid\u00e9 par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Susan Folkman, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeure \u00e9m\u00e9rite de m\u00e9decine et ancienne directrice de l&rsquo;Institute for Health Policy Studies \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucsf.edu\/\">University of California, San Francisco<\/a> (UCSF), \u00c9tats-Unis. Pionni\u00e8re internationale des recherches sur le stress, le coping et la psychologie des maladies chroniques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Richard S. Lazarus, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1922\u20132002) : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.berkeley.edu\/\">University of California, Berkeley<\/a>, \u00c9tats-Unis. Figure fondatrice de la psychologie contemporaine des \u00e9motions et th\u00e9oricien majeur du mod\u00e8le cognitivo-motivationnel-relationnel du stress.<\/li>\n<li>Collaborateurs scientifiques aux versions r\u00e9vis\u00e9es : Christine Dunkel-Schetter (University of California, Los Angeles), Anita DeLongis (University of British Columbia) et Rand J. Gruen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e)<\/strong> est d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser et de quantifier les processus d&rsquo;adaptation actifs mobilis\u00e9s par un individu confront\u00e9 \u00e0 une situation stressante concr\u00e8te et d\u00e9limit\u00e9e dans le temps. Avant les travaux pionniers de Lazarus et Folkman, la recherche en psychologie mesurait principalement l&rsquo;adaptation \u00e0 travers des styles de personnalit\u00e9 inconscients ou des m\u00e9canismes de d\u00e9fense stables (tels qu&rsquo;identifi\u00e9s par le mod\u00e8le psychanalytique). Cette approche traditionnelle pr\u00e9sentait deux faiblesses majeures : elle pr\u00e9disait mal les conduites r\u00e9elles dans des contextes particuliers et postulait une rigidit\u00e9 intra-individuelle incompatible avec la flexibilit\u00e9 comportementale observ\u00e9e en pratique.<\/p>\n<p>La WOCS (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e) a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite pour r\u00e9pondre au besoin d&rsquo;un outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation processuel. Elle vise \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ce que fait et pense r\u00e9ellement la personne<\/em> au cours d&rsquo;un \u00e9pisode critique, plut\u00f4t que ce qu&rsquo;elle pense faire habituellement en th\u00e9orie.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre entre les modes de coping centr\u00e9s sur le probl\u00e8me<\/em> (modifications directes des exigences environnementales) et <em>les modes de coping centr\u00e9s sur l&rsquo;\u00e9motion<\/em> (r\u00e9gulation de la d\u00e9tresse affective et r\u00e9interpr\u00e9tation de l&rsquo;enjeu).<\/li>\n<li><em>La dynamique transactionnelle<\/em> entre l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation cognitive primaire (\u00e9valuation de la menace, du d\u00e9fi ou de la perte) et secondaire (\u00e9valuation des ressources personnelles et sociales disponibles).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans la recherche contemporaine, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle est mobilis\u00e9e pour analyser l&rsquo;impact du stress chronique chez les soignants, l&rsquo;ajustement aux pathologies somatiques graves (cancers, infections au VIH, cardiopathies), les transitions de vie universitaires ou professionnelles, et les contextes de crise organisationnelle. Sur le plan clinique, l&rsquo;instrument fournit aux th\u00e9rapeutes cognitivo-comportementaux un bilan d\u00e9taill\u00e9 des r\u00e9pertoires d&rsquo;adaptation d&rsquo;un patient. Il permet d&rsquo;identifier l&rsquo;usage disproportionn\u00e9 de strat\u00e9gies dysfonctionnelles ou co\u00fbteuses \u00e0 long terme (telles que la fuite-\u00e9vitement, l&rsquo;auto-culpabilisation ou la consommation de substances) et de valoriser ou consolider des r\u00e9ponses plus constructives comme la planification m\u00e9thodique et la r\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e) est le <strong>coping situationnel transactionnel<\/strong>. Il se d\u00e9ploie \u00e0 travers plusieurs dimensions comportementales, cognitives et relationnelles. Dans la factorisation canonique \u00e9tablie aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons communautaires (Folkman et al., 1986), huit dimensions psychologiques mutuellement distinctes composent le construit :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Le coping confrontatif (Confrontive Coping)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle d\u00e9crit des actions assertives, parfois agressives, orient\u00e9es vers l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur pour tenter de modifier la situation ou contraindre l&rsquo;adversaire. Elle implique une prise de risque calcul\u00e9e ou impulsive et une opposition frontale \u00e0 la source du stress (ex. : s&rsquo;exprimer avec col\u00e8re aupr\u00e8s de la personne responsable, lutter pour obtenir ce que l&rsquo;on d\u00e9sire).<\/p>\n<h3>2. La mise \u00e0 distance (Distancing)<\/h3>\n<p>La mise \u00e0 distance renvoie aux efforts cognitifs d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s pour se d\u00e9tacher \u00e9motionnellement de l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement et en minimiser la port\u00e9e. L&rsquo;individu cherche \u00e0 ne pas se laisser submerger en feignant l&rsquo;indiff\u00e9rence, en recourant \u00e0 l&rsquo;humour, ou en se convaincant que l&rsquo;incident est mineur et sans cons\u00e9quences durables.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Le contr\u00f4le de soi (Self-Controlling)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension quantifie les efforts rigoureux pour r\u00e9guler l&rsquo;expression de ses propres sentiments et impulsions. Elle englobe \u00e0 la fois la retenue \u00e9motionnelle (ne rien laisser para\u00eetre de la d\u00e9tresse ressentie) et la temporisation comportementale (s&#8217;emp\u00eacher d&rsquo;agir sous le coup d&rsquo;une impulsion sans avoir r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi aux retomb\u00e9es).<\/p>\n<h3>4. La recherche de soutien social (Seeking Social Support)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce p\u00f4le mesure la d\u00e9marche active consistant \u00e0 solliciter l&rsquo;entourage humain. Il int\u00e8gre deux sous-composantes fonctionnelles : la recherche de soutien instrumental ou informationnel (demander conseil, obtenir une aide concr\u00e8te ou professionnelle) et la recherche de soutien \u00e9motionnel (partager son ressenti, accepter de la sympathie et de la compr\u00e9hension).<\/p>\n<h3>5. L&rsquo;acceptation de la responsabilit\u00e9 (Accepting Responsibility)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure la reconnaissance par le sujet de son propre r\u00f4le causal dans l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence ou la persistance de l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement stressant. Elle peut comporter une dimension adaptative de r\u00e9paration (s&rsquo;excuser, formuler des promesses d&rsquo;am\u00e9lioration) ou basculer vers une auto-critique s\u00e9v\u00e8re et moralisatrice.<\/p>\n<h3>6. La fuite-\u00e9vitement (Escape-Avoidance)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension caract\u00e9rise les tentatives d&rsquo;\u00e9chapper \u00e0 la confrontation directe avec la situation stressante. Elle se manifeste par des processus cognitifs d&rsquo;\u00e9vasion (pens\u00e9e magique, fantasmes qu&rsquo;un miracle va se produire, d\u00e9ni) et par des comportements substitutifs d&rsquo;engourdissement ou de retrait (manger, boire, fumer, dormir davantage, \u00e9viter tout contact avec les pairs).<\/p>\n<h3>7. La r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e (Planful Problem-Solving)<\/h3>\n<p>Arch\u00e9type du coping centr\u00e9 sur le probl\u00e8me, cette sous-\u00e9chelle capture les d\u00e9marches analytiques et m\u00e9thodiques visant \u00e0 modifier objectivement la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 probl\u00e9matique. Elle inclut l&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de plans d&rsquo;action ordonn\u00e9s, le redoublement d&rsquo;efforts dirig\u00e9s et le recours aux le\u00e7ons tir\u00e9es d&rsquo;exp\u00e9riences similaires ant\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n<h3>8. La r\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive (Positive Reappraisal)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette strat\u00e9gie de coping cognitif centr\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;\u00e9motion consiste \u00e0 red\u00e9finir la situation sous un angle optimiste ou porteur de sens. Elle met en lumi\u00e8re la croissance personnelle d\u00e9coulant de l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve, la r\u00e9affirmation des valeurs existentielles et, chez certains individus, l&rsquo;approfondissement de convictions spirituelles ou religieuses.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;ancrage th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;instrument r\u00e9side int\u00e9gralement dans le <strong>mod\u00e8le transactionnel du stress et du coping<\/strong> formalis\u00e9 par Richard Lazarus et Susan Folkman dans leur ouvrage s\u00e9minal de 1984, <em>Stress, Appraisal, and Coping<\/em>. Ce cadre a r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 la psychologie de l&rsquo;adaptation en substituant \u00e0 une vision purement m\u00e9caniste \u00ab stimulus-r\u00e9ponse \u00bb une conception interactionniste et ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique.<\/p>\n<p>Selon cette approche, le stress psychologique n&rsquo;est ni une caract\u00e9ristique inh\u00e9rente \u00e0 l&rsquo;environnement (le stimulus), ni une simple r\u00e9action physiologique (la r\u00e9ponse), mais une <strong>relation dynamique (transaction)<\/strong> entre la personne et son environnement. Cette transaction est m\u00e9diatis\u00e9e par deux processus cognitifs fondamentaux :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation cognitive primaire (Primary Appraisal) :<\/strong> Le sujet \u00e9value la signification de l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement pour son bien-\u00eatre personnel. L&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement est cat\u00e9goris\u00e9 comme sans pertinence, b\u00e9nin-positif ou stressant. Dans ce dernier cas, il est appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 sous l&rsquo;angle du <em>dommage\/perte<\/em> (pr\u00e9judice d\u00e9j\u00e0 survenu), de la <em>menace<\/em> (anticipation d&rsquo;un pr\u00e9judice) ou du <em>d\u00e9fi<\/em> (opportunit\u00e9 de gain, de croissance ou de ma\u00eetrise).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation cognitive secondaire (Secondary Appraisal) :<\/strong> Simultan\u00e9ment ou cons\u00e9cutivement, l&rsquo;individu \u00e9value les ressources dont il dispose pour ma\u00eetriser la situation : comp\u00e9tences personnelles, soutien social accessible, recours mat\u00e9riels ou l\u00e9gaux, et probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de ces options.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le <strong>coping<\/strong> \u00e9merge comme la cons\u00e9quence directe de cette double \u00e9valuation. Il est formellement d\u00e9fini comme \u00ab l&rsquo;ensemble des efforts cognitifs et comportementaux constamment changeants d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s pour g\u00e9rer des exigences sp\u00e9cifiques internes et\/ou externes qui sont \u00e9valu\u00e9es comme consommant ou exc\u00e9dant les ressources de la personne \u00bb. Cette d\u00e9finition implique trois postulats fondamentaux int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans la structure de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Le coping est <em>orient\u00e9 vers un processus<\/em> : il s&rsquo;int\u00e9resse \u00e0 ce que l&rsquo;individu met en \u0153uvre dans une situation donn\u00e9e, plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;\u00e0 un trait immuable.<\/li>\n<li>Le coping est <em>contextuel<\/em> : les strat\u00e9gies s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es d\u00e9pendent intrins\u00e8quement des caract\u00e9ristiques de l&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nement (contr\u00f4lable versus incontr\u00f4lable) et de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation subjective qui en est faite.<\/li>\n<li>Le coping est <em>ind\u00e9pendant du r\u00e9sultat<\/em> : une strat\u00e9gie constitue un acte de coping qu&rsquo;elle aboutisse ou non \u00e0 la r\u00e9solution du probl\u00e8me. Aucune strat\u00e9gie n&rsquo;est adaptative ou inadapt\u00e9e a priori ; son efficacit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend de son ad\u00e9quation contextuelle avec la contr\u00f4labilit\u00e9 de la situation (hypoth\u00e8se de la congruence de bon ajustement ou <em>goodness-of-fit<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e) ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un examen empirique approfondi dans la litt\u00e9rature psychom\u00e9trique internationale.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par l&rsquo;aptitude de l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 refl\u00e9ter la dynamique contextuelle pr\u00e9dite par le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique. Dans les \u00e9tudes de Folkman et Lazarus (1980, 1985), les corr\u00e9lations intra-individuelles longitudinales ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les scores aux sous-\u00e9chelles variaient substantiellement selon les phases temporelles d&rsquo;un m\u00eame stresseur (par exemple, avant, pendant et apr\u00e8s un examen universitaire). Cette variabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9montre que l&rsquo;instrument capture bien un processus fluide et non une disposition statique.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et concurrente<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente est confirm\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations statistiquement significatives entre les sous-\u00e9chelles de la WOCS et d&rsquo;autres mesures de sant\u00e9 mentale et d&rsquo;ajustement \u00e9motionnel :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les dimensions de <em>fuite-\u00e9vitement<\/em> et d&rsquo;<em>auto-culpabilisation<\/em> corr\u00e8lent de fa\u00e7on positive et robuste avec des mesures d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tat et trait, de d\u00e9pression (telles que le BDI) et de d\u00e9tresse psychologique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (r variant fr\u00e9quemment entre 0,35 et 0,55, p &lt; 0,001).<\/li>\n<li>La <em>r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e<\/em> et la <em>r\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive<\/em> corr\u00e8lent positivement avec le bien-\u00eatre subjectif, le sentiment d&rsquo;auto-efficacit\u00e9 (mod\u00e8le de Bandura) et l&rsquo;affect positif (r compris entre 0,30 et 0,48).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de crit\u00e8re et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9montre une excellente validit\u00e9 discriminante par rapport aux traits de personnalit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le des Big Five. Bien que le n\u00e9vrosisme soit mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la fuite-\u00e9vitement et l&rsquo;extraversion \u00e0 la recherche de soutien social, les analyses de r\u00e9gression hi\u00e9rarchique ont prouv\u00e9 \u00e0 maintes reprises que les scores de la WOCS expliquent une part de variance unique et significative de l&rsquo;adaptation psychologique au-del\u00e0 de la contribution des traits de personnalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation du coping processuel, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 s&rsquo;appr\u00e9cie principalement au travers de la <strong>coh\u00e9rence interne<\/strong> (mesur\u00e9e par l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach), \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest classique n&rsquo;est pas applicable \u00e0 un instrument con\u00e7u pour mesurer des \u00e9tats changeants face \u00e0 des contextes fluctuants.<\/p>\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es psychom\u00e9triques issues des publications fondatrices de Susan Folkman et Richard Lazarus mettent en \u00e9vidence des coefficients de coh\u00e9rence interne acceptables \u00e0 tr\u00e8s satisfaisants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chantillon communautaire adulte (Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis &amp; Gruen, 1986) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>R\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive (<em>Positive Reappraisal<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,79<\/li>\n<li>Recherche de soutien social (<em>Seeking Social Support<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,76<\/li>\n<li>Fuite-\u00e9vitement (<em>Escape-Avoidance<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,72<\/li>\n<li>Coping confrontatif (<em>Confrontive Coping<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,70<\/li>\n<li>Contr\u00f4le de soi (<em>Self-Controlling<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,70<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e (<em>Planful Problem-Solving<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,68<\/li>\n<li>Acceptation de la responsabilit\u00e9 (<em>Accepting Responsibility<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,66<\/li>\n<li>Mise \u00e0 distance (<em>Distancing<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,61<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chantillon d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants universitaires (Folkman &amp; Lazarus, 1985) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Coping centr\u00e9 sur le probl\u00e8me (<em>Problem-Focused Coping<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,88<\/li>\n<li>Pens\u00e9e magique (<em>Wishful Thinking<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,86<\/li>\n<li>Recherche de soutien social (<em>Seeking Social Support<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,82<\/li>\n<li>Auto-culpabilisation (<em>Self-Blame<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,76<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9tachement (<em>Detachment<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,74<\/li>\n<li>Focalisation sur le positif (<em>Focusing on the Positive<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,70<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9tention pour soi (<em>Keep to Self<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,65<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9duction de la tension (<em>Tension Reduction<\/em>) : \u03b1 = 0,59<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces indices sont conformes aux exigences m\u00e9trologiques pour des \u00e9chelles de processus multidimensionnelles compos\u00e9es d&rsquo;un nombre restreint d&rsquo;items par sous-\u00e9chelle.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des modes de coping a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par des s\u00e9ries d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) avec rotation oblique et varimax, conduites successivement sur diff\u00e9rentes cohortes de participants confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie distincts.<\/p>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude canonique de Folkman et al. (1986), l&rsquo;analyse factorielle en composantes principales men\u00e9e sur les 66 items a permis d&rsquo;extraire huit facteurs distincts regroupant les items pr\u00e9sentant des saturations primaires significatives (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u2265 0,35 ou 0,40) et de faibles saturations crois\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Coping confrontatif<\/strong> (items 6, 7, 17, 28, 34, 46). Saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es pour les conduites d&rsquo;affirmation combative et de d\u00e9charge hostile face \u00e0 la source d&rsquo;adversit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Mise \u00e0 distance<\/strong> (items 12, 13, 15, 21, 41, 44). Regroupe les items de minimisation cognitive et d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement de l&rsquo;affect n\u00e9gatif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Contr\u00f4le de soi<\/strong> (items 10, 14, 35, 43, 54, 63, 64). Saturations marqu\u00e9es sur les efforts de contention interne des \u00e9motions et de r\u00e9flexion pond\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Recherche de soutien social<\/strong> (items 8, 18, 22, 31, 42, 45). Int\u00e8gre de fortes saturations pour l&rsquo;expression affective et la qu\u00eate de conseils aupr\u00e8s de tiers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 5 : Acceptation de la responsabilit\u00e9<\/strong> (items 9, 25, 29, 51). Regroupe l&rsquo;aveu de culpabilit\u00e9 et les r\u00e9solutions d&rsquo;amendement personnel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 6 : Fuite-\u00c9vitement<\/strong> (items 11, 16, 33, 40, 47, 50, 58, 59). Domin\u00e9 par des saturations de d\u00e9ni, de pens\u00e9es magiques et de conduites compensatoires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 7 : R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e<\/strong> (items 1, 26, 39, 48, 49, 52). Regroupe les actions rationnelles, ordonn\u00e9es et focalis\u00e9es sur la t\u00e2che.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 8 : R\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive<\/strong> (items 20, 23, 30, 36, 38, 56, 60). Saturations fortes sur la reconstruction cognitive valorisante et la qu\u00eate de sens.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) publi\u00e9es ult\u00e9rieurement dans diverses cultures ont parfois montr\u00e9 des variations dans l&rsquo;attribution de certains items secondaires, ce qui d\u00e9coule directement de la sensibilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument aux normes culturelles et \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des stresseurs (stresseurs aigus versus maladies chroniques). N\u00e9anmoins, la partition macroscopique entre dimensions centr\u00e9es sur le probl\u00e8me et dimensions centr\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;\u00e9motion demeure stable et universellement r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation psychologique multidimensionnel (auto-questionnaire).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adolescents et adultes (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 partir de 16 ans). Utilisable en population g\u00e9n\u00e9rale saine, \u00e9tudiante, professionnelle ou clinique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 66 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format des r\u00e9ponses :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert ordinale en 4 points :\n<ul>\n<li><code>0<\/code> = Not Used (Non utilis\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><code>1<\/code> = Used Somewhat (Utilis\u00e9 un peu)<\/li>\n<li><code>2<\/code> = Used Quite A Bit (Utilis\u00e9 pas mal \/ assez souvent)<\/li>\n<li><code>3<\/code> = Used A great deal (Utilis\u00e9 \u00e9norm\u00e9ment \/ tr\u00e8s souvent)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de passation :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou passation informatis\u00e9e \/ en ligne. Dur\u00e9e moyenne de remplissage : 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Scores bruts par sous-\u00e9chelle :<\/em> Calcul de la somme arithm\u00e9tique ou de la moyenne des items appartenant \u00e0 chaque dimension.<\/li>\n<li><em>Scores relatifs :<\/em> Calcul de la proportion de chaque type de coping par rapport \u00e0 l&rsquo;effort total de coping d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 par l&rsquo;individu (score de la sous-\u00e9chelle divis\u00e9 par la somme de tous les items c\u00f4t\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Composition des sous-\u00e9chelles (Version Communautaire &#8211; Folkman et al., 1986) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Coping confrontatif : items 6, 7, 17, 28, 34, 46.<\/li>\n<li>Mise \u00e0 distance : items 12, 13, 15, 21, 41, 44.<\/li>\n<li>Contr\u00f4le de soi : items 10, 14, 35, 43, 54, 63, 64.<\/li>\n<li>Recherche de soutien social : items 8, 18, 22, 31, 42, 45.<\/li>\n<li>Acceptation de la responsabilit\u00e9 : items 9, 25, 29, 51.<\/li>\n<li>Fuite-\u00c9vitement : items 11, 16, 33, 40, 47, 50, 58, 59.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me planifi\u00e9e : items 1, 26, 39, 48, 49, 52.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9\u00e9valuation positive : items 20, 23, 30, 36, 38, 56, 60.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1980 (version princeps \u00e0 68 items) ; versions r\u00e9vis\u00e9es majeures en 1985 et 1986. Publication commerciale du manuel d&rsquo;utilisation par Consulting Psychologists Press (CPP) en 1988 sous le titre <em>Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut du droit d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle de Susan Folkman et de la succession de Richard S. Lazarus. Les droits commerciaux de diffusion du manuel officiel et des feuilles de r\u00e9ponse standardis\u00e9es sont d\u00e9tenus par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mindgarden.com\/\">Mind Garden, Inc.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilisation en recherche acad\u00e9mique :<\/strong> La reproduction \u00e0 des fins de recherche non commerciale et universitaire est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement accord\u00e9e sous licence de recherche \u00e0 tarif r\u00e9duit par Mind Garden, Inc., ou accessible dans le cadre des publications scientifiques originales de 1980 et 1985 d\u00e9pos\u00e9es dans les archives publiques universitaires et institutionnelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;acquisition des licences officielles de passation num\u00e9rique ou de reproduction papier pour la recherche et la pratique clinique est payante aupr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;\u00e9diteur Mind Garden, Inc., selon des bar\u00e8mes d\u00e9gressifs en fonction du volume d&rsquo;utilisateurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Folkman, S., &amp; Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. <em>Journal of Health and Social Behavior<\/em>, 21(3), 219\u2013239. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136617\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136617<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Folkman, S., &amp; Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 48(1), 150\u2013170. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.48.1.150\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.48.1.150<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., &amp; Gruen, R. J. (1986). The dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 50(5), 992\u20131003. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., &amp; DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 50(3), 571\u2013579. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.3.571\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.3.571<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Lazarus, R. S., &amp; Folkman, S. (1984). <em>Stress, appraisal, and coping<\/em>. Springer Publishing Company. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=i-ySQQuUpr8C\">https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=i-ySQQuUpr8C<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Just concentrated on what I had to do next \u2013 the next step.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tried to analyze the problem in order to understand it better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Turned to work or substitute activity to take my mind off things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I felt that time would make a difference \u2013 the only thing to do was to wait.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Bargained or compromised to get something positive from the situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I did something which I didn\u2019t think would work\u201a but at least I was doing something.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Tried to get the person responsible to change his or her mind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Talked to someone to find out more about the situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Criticized or lectured myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Tried not to burn my bridges\u201a but leave things open somewhat.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Hoped a miracle would happen.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Went along with fate; sometimes I just have bad luck.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Went on as if nothing had happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tried to keep my feelings to myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Looked for the silver lining\u201a so to speak; tried to look on the bright side of things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Slept more than usual.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I expressed anger to the person(s) who caused the problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Accepted sympathy and understanding from someone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I told myself things that helped me to feel better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I was inspired to do something creative.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Tried to forget the whole thing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I got professional help.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Changed or grew as a person in a good way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I waited to see what would happen before doing anything.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I apologized or did something to make up.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I made a plan of action and followed it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I accepted the next best thing to what I wanted.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I let my feelings out somehow.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Realized I brought the problem on myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I came out of the experience better than when I went in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Talked to someone who could do something concrete about the problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Got away from it for a while; tried to rest or take a vacation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Tried to make myself feel better by eating\u201a drinking\u201a smoking\u201a using drugs or medication\u201a etc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Took a big chance or did something very risky.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tried not to act too hastily or follow my first hunch.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Found new faith.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Maintained my pride and kept a stiff upper lip.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Rediscovered what is important in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Changed something so things would turn out all right.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Avoided being with people in general.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Didn\u2019t let it get to me; refused to think too much about it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I asked a relative or friend I respected for advice.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Kept others from knowing how bad things were.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Made light of the situation; refused to get too serious about it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Talked to someone about how I was feeling.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Stood my ground and fought for what I wanted.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Took it out on other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Drew on my past experiences; I was in a similar situation before.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I knew what had to be done\u201a so I doubled my efforts to make things work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Refused to believe that it had happened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I made a promise to myself that things would be different next time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Came up with a couple of different solutions to the problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Accepted it\u201a since nothing could be done.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tried to keep my feelings from interfering with other things too much.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Wished that I could change what had happened or how I felt.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I changed something about myself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I daydreamed or imagined a better time or place than the one I was in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Wished that the situation would go away or somehow be over with.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Had fantasies or wishes about how things might turn out.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prayed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I prepared myself for the worst.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I went over in my mind what I would say or do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I thought about how a person I admire would handle this situation and used that as a model.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tried to see things from the other person\u2019s point of view.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I reminded myself how much worse things could be.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I jogged or exercised.\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des modes de coping (r\u00e9vis\u00e9e) (Ways of Coping Scale [Revised] \/ WOCS), cr\u00e9\u00e9e par Susan Folkman et Richard Lazarus, est l&rsquo;outil de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence mondial pour \u00e9valuer les strat\u00e9gies cognitives et comportementales face au stress. D\u00e9couvrez sa structure en 66 items, son cadre th\u00e9orique et ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[19743,65,2],"tags":[357,63,18922,16,19746,356,19745,19744],"class_list":["post-13173","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-de-stress-et-coping","category-psychologie-de-la-sante","category-psychometrie","tag-coping","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-lazarus-et-folkman","tag-psychometrie","tag-strategies-dadaptation","tag-stress","tag-wcq","tag-wocs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13173"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13173\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}