{"id":13115,"date":"2026-10-03T14:46:34","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T14:46:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-des-motifs-et-des-benefices-de-lexercice-physique-emgi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T14:46:34","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T14:46:34","slug":"inventaire-des-motifs-et-des-benefices-de-lexercice-physique-emgi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-des-motifs-et-des-benefices-de-lexercice-physique-emgi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire des motifs et des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l&rsquo;exercice physique (EMGI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire des motifs et des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l&rsquo;exercice physique<\/strong> (<em>Exercise Motives and Gains Inventory<\/em> [EMGI]), issu des travaux fondamentaux men\u00e9s sur l&rsquo;<em>Exercise Motivations Inventory<\/em> (EMI ; Markland &#038; Hardy, 1993) et sa version r\u00e9vis\u00e9e (EMI-2 ; Markland &#038; Ingledew, 1997), prolong\u00e9s par Ingledew, Markland et Str\u00f6mmer (2013), constitue l&rsquo;un des dispositifs d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique les plus aboutis pour appr\u00e9hender la complexit\u00e9 des d\u00e9terminants de la participation \u00e0 l&rsquo;exercice physique. Cet instrument multidimensionnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour mesurer \u00e0 la fois les <strong>motifs d&rsquo;engagement<\/strong> (les raisons initiales ou anticipatoires qui incitent une personne \u00e0 faire du sport ou \u00e0 pratiquer une activit\u00e9 physique) et les <strong>b\u00e9n\u00e9fices per\u00e7us<\/strong> ou \u00ab gains \u00bb r\u00e9els d\u00e9coulant de cette pratique r\u00e9guli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;EMGI se structure en deux volets parall\u00e8les de 51 items chacun, couvrant 14 sous-\u00e9chelles factorielles distinctes : la gestion du stress (<em>Stress management<\/em>), la revitalisation (<em>Revitalization<\/em>), le plaisir intrins\u00e8que (<em>Enjoyment<\/em>), le d\u00e9fi personnel (<em>Challenge<\/em>), la reconnaissance sociale (<em>Social recognition<\/em>), l&rsquo;affiliation (<em>Affiliation<\/em>), la comp\u00e9tition (<em>Competition<\/em>), les pressions relatives \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 (<em>Health pressures<\/em>), l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement de la maladie (<em>Ill-health avoidance<\/em>), la sant\u00e9 positive (<em>Positive health<\/em>), la gestion du poids (<em>Weight management<\/em>), l&rsquo;apparence physique (<em>Appearance<\/em>), le d\u00e9veloppement de la force (<em>Strength<\/em>) et l&rsquo;agilit\u00e9 ou souplesse (<em>Nimbleness<\/em>). Les participants r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle ordinale de type Likert en 5 points allant de 0 (\u00ab Not at all true for me \u00bb \/ Pas du tout vrai pour moi) \u00e0 4 (\u00ab Very true for me \u00bb \/ Tout \u00e0 fait vrai pour moi).<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, l&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9montre une coh\u00e9rence interne exemplaire, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,69 et 0,95 selon les dimensions. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires appuient une structure sous-jacente de second ordre regroupant des facteurs d&rsquo;ordre psychologique, interpersonnel, de sant\u00e9, de condition physique et d&rsquo;image corporelle. L&rsquo;EMGI s&rsquo;appuie solidement sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_de_l%27autod%C3%A9termination\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination<\/a> (Deci &#038; Ryan, 1985, 2000) et le mod\u00e8le transth\u00e9orique du changement (Prochaska &#038; DiClemente, 1983). En dissociant formellement ce qui pousse \u00e0 agir de ce qui est concr\u00e8tement retir\u00e9 de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience, l&rsquo;EMGI offre aux chercheurs et aux cliniciens un cadre diagnostique et pr\u00e9dictif de premier plan pour mod\u00e9liser le maintien comportemental et pr\u00e9venir l&rsquo;abandon de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 physique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>psychom\u00e9trie, motivation \u00e0 l&rsquo;exercice, b\u00e9n\u00e9fices per\u00e7us, th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination, activit\u00e9 physique, sant\u00e9 pr\u00e9ventive, r\u00e9gulation comportementale, gestion du stress, image corporelle, adh\u00e9sion th\u00e9rapeutique, EMI-2, EMGI, analyse factorielle confirmatoire<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture conceptuelle et psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;inventaire est le fruit de plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherche collaborative men\u00e9e principalement au sein de l&rsquo;\u00c9cole des sciences du sport, de la sant\u00e9 et de l&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Bangor (Galles, Royaume-Uni) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>David A. Markland, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite en psychologie de l&rsquo;exercice, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, Royaume-Uni. Courriel institutionnel : <a href=\"mailto:d.a.markland@bangor.ac.uk\">d.a.markland@bangor.ac.uk<\/a>. Sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu internationalement des applications de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination aux contextes de l&rsquo;exercice et des comportements de sant\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>David K. Ingledew, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheur et ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences en psychologie de la sant\u00e9, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Royaume-Uni. Ses recherches pionni\u00e8res portent sur l&rsquo;interface entre traits de personnalit\u00e9, motivations individuelles et \u00e9tapes de changement comportemental.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lew Hardy, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite en psychologie du sport, Bangor University, co-cr\u00e9ateur de la version initiale (EMI) en 1993, pionnier des mod\u00e8les de performance motrice et d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 comp\u00e9titive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sofia S. Str\u00f6mmer, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse en sciences comportementales et psychologie de la sant\u00e9, associ\u00e9e aux travaux longitudinaux sur l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation conjointe des motifs et des gains de l&rsquo;exercice (Ingledew, Markland &#038; Str\u00f6mmer, 2013).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;<strong>Exercise Motives and Gains Inventory (EMGI)<\/strong> est de combler une lacune th\u00e9orique et empirique majeure dans la psychologie de la sant\u00e9 : la distinction fonctionnelle entre les <em>raisons d\u00e9clar\u00e9es pour faire de l&rsquo;exercice<\/em> (les motifs, ou incitations t\u00e9l\u00e9ologiques) et les <em>cons\u00e9quences exp\u00e9rientielles positives r\u00e9ellement retir\u00e9es de l&rsquo;exercice<\/em> (les gains per\u00e7us). Alors que la plupart des instruments classiques se limitent \u00e0 interroger les motivations initiales, l&rsquo;EMGI postule que l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;un comportement d&rsquo;exercice et son maintien p\u00e9renne rel\u00e8vent de dynamiques psychologiques diff\u00e9rentes mais interd\u00e9pendantes.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les contextes de <strong>recherche fondamentale et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique<\/strong>, l&rsquo;outil permet d&rsquo;analyser comment les motifs initiaux pr\u00e9disent l&rsquo;engagement, et comment la r\u00e9alisation effective des gains escompt\u00e9s module le sentiment de comp\u00e9tence, d&rsquo;autonomie et de bien-\u00eatre psychologique. \u00c0 titre d&rsquo;exemple, un individu peut entreprendre un programme d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement pour des motifs purement extrins\u00e8ques (tels que la gestion du poids ou les pressions m\u00e9dicales), mais d\u00e9velopper \u00e0 long terme une adh\u00e9sion solide gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de gains intrins\u00e8ques impr\u00e9vus, tels que la revitalisation, le plaisir sensori-moteur ou la gestion de l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9. L&rsquo;EMGI capture pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette trajectoire adaptative.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan des <strong>applications cliniques et de la sant\u00e9 publique<\/strong>, l&rsquo;EMGI est particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9cieux pour :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le conseil en activit\u00e9 physique adapt\u00e9e (APA)<\/strong> : Identifier le profil motivationnel pr\u00e9cis d&rsquo;un patient permet de co-construire un programme sur mesure. Prescrire des exercices r\u00e9p\u00e9titifs et isol\u00e9s \u00e0 un individu motiv\u00e9 par l&rsquo;affiliation et la comp\u00e9tition m\u00e8ne in\u00e9vitablement \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chec ; l&rsquo;EMGI offre une cartographie fine pour cibler les activit\u00e9s en ad\u00e9quation avec les dispositions de la personne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La r\u00e9habilitation cardiaque et m\u00e9tabolique<\/strong> : Mesurer les scores sur les dimensions \u00ab Pressions de sant\u00e9 \u00bb versus \u00ab Sant\u00e9 positive \u00bb permet d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer si le patient per\u00e7oit son protocole comme une contrainte culpabilisante ou comme une opportunit\u00e9 d&rsquo;autonomisation et de vitalit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La pr\u00e9vention des rechutes et de l&rsquo;abandon<\/strong> : En administrant p\u00e9riodiquement le volet \u00ab Gains \u00bb, les professionnels peuvent d\u00e9tecter un d\u00e9calage pr\u00e9coce entre les attentes du sujet et ses b\u00e9n\u00e9fices per\u00e7us, permettant d&rsquo;ajuster les charges d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement, le cadre social ou la r\u00e9troaction avant que ne survienne le d\u00e9sengagement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le sous-jacent \u00e0 l&rsquo;EMGI articule 14 dimensions distinctes, organis\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re rigoureuse autour de motifs d&rsquo;action et de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices fonctionnels correspondants. Chaque facette repr\u00e9sente un aspect unique du fonctionnement psychologique, physiologique ou relationnel de l&rsquo;individu :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Gestion du stress (Stress Management &#8211; Items 6, 20, 34, 46)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 physique comme m\u00e9canisme de r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle, de d\u00e9tente neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tative et de catharsis psychologique. Elle capte la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;exercice \u00e0 lib\u00e9rer les tensions accumul\u00e9es, \u00e0 apaiser l&rsquo;agitation mentale et \u00e0 procurer un espace de r\u00e9flexion serein face aux stresseurs quotidiens.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Revitalisation (Revitalization &#8211; Items 3, 17, 31)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure l&rsquo;impact \u00e9nergisant de l&rsquo;exercice physique, le sentiment de recharger ses batteries psychologiques et physiologiques, ainsi que l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience d&rsquo;une vivacit\u00e9 revigor\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;issue de l&rsquo;effort, contrastant avec l&rsquo;\u00e9puisement passif.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Plaisir intrins\u00e8que (Enjoyment &#8211; Items 9, 23, 37, 48)<\/h3>\n<p>Pilier central de la motivation autod\u00e9termin\u00e9e, cette composante \u00e9value la jouissance imm\u00e9diate procur\u00e9e par le mouvement, la satisfaction inh\u00e9rente au d\u00e9ploiement de l&rsquo;effort corporel et le sentiment d&rsquo;\u00eatre \u00e0 son niveau optimal de fonctionnement psychophysique lors de l&rsquo;action.<\/p>\n<h3>4. D\u00e9fi personnel (Challenge &#8211; Items 14, 28, 42, 51)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette facette appr\u00e9hende la qu\u00eate de d\u00e9passement de soi, l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement d&rsquo;objectifs stimulants, le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;habilet\u00e9s motrices complexes et l&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation par rapport \u00e0 des standards d&rsquo;excellence internes.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Reconnaissance sociale (Social Recognition &#8211; Items 5, 19, 33, 45)<\/h3>\n<p>Reflet d&rsquo;une r\u00e9gulation plus externe ou introject\u00e9e, cette \u00e9chelle mesure le d\u00e9sir de prouver sa valeur aux yeux d&rsquo;autrui, d&rsquo;obtenir des louanges, de comparer ses comp\u00e9tences \u00e0 celles des pairs et de r\u00e9aliser des prouesses que d&rsquo;autres jugent inaccessibles.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Affiliation (Affiliation &#8211; Items 10, 24, 38, 49)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension explore le besoin psychologique fondamental de reliance sociale : nouer de nouvelles amiti\u00e9s, partager des moments conviviaux et appr\u00e9cier la camaraderie inh\u00e9rente aux pratiques collectives ou en groupe.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Comp\u00e9tition (Competition &#8211; Items 12, 26, 40, 50)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante sonde l&rsquo;attrait pour la confrontation sportive directe, le d\u00e9sir de remporter des victoires et la recherche de situations comp\u00e9titives stimulantes o\u00f9 se mesurent les habilet\u00e9s motrices.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Pressions de sant\u00e9 (Health Pressures &#8211; Items 11, 25, 39)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle capture des motifs extrins\u00e8ques coercitifs, tels que l&rsquo;injonction formelle d&rsquo;un m\u00e9decin de pratiquer une activit\u00e9, le r\u00e9tablissement prescrit apr\u00e8s une pathologie ou la tentative anxiog\u00e8ne d&rsquo;enrayer une maladie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique familiale identifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>9. \u00c9vitement de la maladie (Ill-health Avoidance &#8211; Items 2, 16, 30)<\/h3>\n<p>Compl\u00e9mentaire mais conceptuellement distincte de la pression m\u00e9dicale directe, cette facette quantifie l&rsquo;effort proactif anticipatoire visant \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir l&rsquo;apparition de troubles pathologiques chroniques, notamment les maladies cardiovasculaires.<\/p>\n<h3>10. Sant\u00e9 positive (Positive Health &#8211; Items 7, 21, 35)<\/h3>\n<p>Loin de la simple absence de maladie, cette dimension cible l&rsquo;aspiration \u00e0 un \u00e9tat optimal de vitalit\u00e9, d&rsquo;hom\u00e9ostasie robuste et de sensation globale de sant\u00e9 physique florissante.<\/p>\n<h3>11. Gestion du poids (Weight Management &#8211; Items 1, 15, 29, 43)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette \u00e9chelle mesure les incitations instrumentales relatives au bilan \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique : perdre du poids corporel, br\u00fbler des calories, maintenir la minceur et contr\u00f4ler sa masse grasse.<\/p>\n<h3>12. Apparence physique (Appearance &#8211; Items 4, 18, 32, 44)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette facette \u00e9value la pr\u00e9occupation port\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;attractivit\u00e9 corporelle externe, au remodelage de la silhouette, \u00e0 l&rsquo;am\u00e9lioration esth\u00e9tique et au maintien d&rsquo;une apparence per\u00e7ue comme plus jeune et d\u00e9sirable.<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To stay slim<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To avoid ill-health<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because it makes me feel good<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To help me look younger<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To show my worth to others<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To give me space to think<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To have a healthy body<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To build up my strength<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I enjoy the feeling of exerting myself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To spend time with friends<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because my doctor advised me to exercise<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I like trying to win in physical activities<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To stay\/become more agile<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To give me goals to work towards<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To lose weight\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To prevent health problems<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I find exercise invigorating<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To have a good body<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To compare my abilities with other peoples\u2019<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because it helps to reduce tension<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I want to maintain good health<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To increase my endurance<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I find exercising satisfying in and of itself<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To enjoy the social aspects of exercising<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To help prevent an illness that runs in my family<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I enjoy competing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To maintain flexibility<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To give me personal challenges to face<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To help control my weight<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To avoid heart disease<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To rech\u200earge my batteries<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To improve my appearance<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To gain recognition for my accomplishments<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To help manage stress<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To feel more healthy<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To get stronger<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For enjoyment of the experience of exercising<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To have fun being active with other people<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To help recover from an illness\/injury<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I enjoy physical competition<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To stay\/become flexible<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To develop personal skills<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because exercise helps me to burn calories<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To look more attractive<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To accomplish things that others are incapable of<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To release tension<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To develop my muscles<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I feel at my best when exercising<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To make new friends<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Because I find physical activities fun\u201a especially when competition is involved<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">To measure myself against personal standards<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>14. Agilit\u00e9 et souplesse (Nimbleness &#8211; Items 13, 27, 41)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante mesure le souci de pr\u00e9server ou d&rsquo;accro\u00eetre l&rsquo;amplitude articulaire, la flexibilit\u00e9 musculaire et l&rsquo;agilit\u00e9 globale du corps dans les mouvements fonctionnels du quotidien.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;assise conceptuelle de l&rsquo;EMGI est ancr\u00e9e \u00e0 la confluence de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-determination_theory\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination (TAD)<\/a> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Edward L. Deci et Richard M. Ryan (1985, 2000) et des th\u00e9ories du changement de comportement en sant\u00e9, notamment le mod\u00e8le transth\u00e9orique (Prochaska &#038; DiClemente, 1983).<\/p>\n<p>Au sein de la TAD, la motivation n&rsquo;est pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une quantit\u00e9 unitaire mais comme un continuum d&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de l&rsquo;amotivation \u00e0 la motivation intrins\u00e8que, en passant par plusieurs formes de r\u00e9gulations extrins\u00e8ques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gulation externe<\/strong> : Comportements ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s sous la contrainte d&rsquo;exigences externes ou pour obtenir des r\u00e9compenses. Dans l&rsquo;EMGI, cela correspond typiquement aux \u00ab Pressions de sant\u00e9 \u00bb (avis m\u00e9dical p\u00e9remptoire).<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gulation introject\u00e9e<\/strong> : Comportements sous-tendus par des pressions internes d&rsquo;\u00e9vitement de la culpabilit\u00e9 ou de rehaussement de l&rsquo;estime de soi. Les sous-\u00e9chelles \u00ab Reconnaissance sociale \u00bb, \u00ab Apparence \u00bb et, dans une certaine mesure, \u00ab Gestion du poids \u00bb refl\u00e8tent fr\u00e9quemment ces motivations o\u00f9 l&rsquo;ego est fortement impliqu\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9gulation identifi\u00e9e<\/strong> : L&rsquo;activit\u00e9 est valoris\u00e9e consciemment et jug\u00e9e personnellement importante par l&rsquo;individu, m\u00eame si elle n&rsquo;est pas plaisante en soi. Les dimensions \u00ab Sant\u00e9 positive \u00bb, \u00ab \u00c9vitement de la maladie \u00bb, \u00ab Force \u00bb et \u00ab Agilit\u00e9 \u00bb incarnent typiquement cette r\u00e9gulation autonome.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Motivation intrins\u00e8que<\/strong> : Comportements accomplis pour le plaisir, l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat et la satisfaction inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 l&rsquo;action. Les sous-\u00e9chelles \u00ab Plaisir \u00bb, \u00ab Revitalisation \u00bb et \u00ab D\u00e9fi \u00bb constituent le noyau dur de cette forme de motivation hautement protectrice de l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 long terme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L&rsquo;apport novateur des travaux d&rsquo;Ingledew, Markland et Str\u00f6mmer (2013) a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 int\u00e9grer une perspective transactionnelle issue de la psychologie cognitive : la boucle de renforcement motifs-exp\u00e9riences-gains. Selon cette perspective, les motifs agissent comme des sch\u00e9mas d&rsquo;anticipation ou des attentes de r\u00e9sultats (<em>outcome expectations<\/em> au sens de Bandura, 1986). Cependant, le comportement r\u00e9el produit un flux continu de cons\u00e9quences perceptibles (les gains). Lorsque les gains per\u00e7us correspondent aux motifs d&rsquo;origine ou ouvrent l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des satisfactions intrins\u00e8ques sup\u00e9rieures, ils nourrissent les trois besoins psychologiques fondamentaux d\u00e9finis par Deci et Ryan : le <strong>besoin d&rsquo;autonomie<\/strong> (se sentir \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de ses choix), le <strong>besoin de comp\u00e9tence<\/strong> (se sentir efficace et capable de ma\u00eetriser les d\u00e9fis) et le <strong>besoin d&rsquo;appartenance sociale<\/strong> (se sentir connect\u00e9 aux autres). La conversion d&rsquo;un motif initialement extrins\u00e8que (ex. perdre du poids) en gains intrins\u00e8ques durables (ex. plaisir sensori-moteur, sentiment d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie) constitue le levier par excellence de l&rsquo;internalisation comportementale.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques de l&rsquo;instrument ont fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;investigations empiriques approfondies, garantissant une validit\u00e9 de construit, une validit\u00e9 convergente et une validit\u00e9 discriminante remarquables :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et structure factorielle<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude s\u00e9minale de Markland et Ingledew (1997) portant sur un \u00e9chantillon h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne d&rsquo;adultes pratiquants et non-pratiquants, l&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le corr\u00e9l\u00e9 \u00e0 14 facteurs. Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement globaux se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9s excellents, avec un ratio khi-deux\/degr\u00e9s de libert\u00e9 (<math>chi^2\/dl<\/math>) mod\u00e9r\u00e9, un <em>Comparative Fit Index<\/em> (CFI) et un <em>Tucker-Lewis Index<\/em> (TLI) r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement sup\u00e9rieurs aux seuils conventionnels de 0,90 et 0,95, ainsi qu&rsquo;un <em>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation<\/em> (RMSEA) inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 0,05, indiquant une absence de redondance inutile et une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 factorielle \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>Invariance selon le genre<\/h3>\n<p>Une \u00e9tape d\u00e9terminante du d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;EMI-2 \/ EMGI a \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement de l&rsquo;invariance de mesure \u00e0 travers les genres (Markland &#038; Ingledew, 1997). L&rsquo;invariance configurationnelle, m\u00e9trique et scalaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e entre hommes et femmes, attestant que les 51 items mesurent rigoureusement les m\u00eames construits psychologiques ind\u00e9pendamment du sexe des r\u00e9pondants. Les diff\u00e9rences observ\u00e9es dans la litt\u00e9rature (les hommes rapportant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des scores plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s en Comp\u00e9tition et D\u00e9fi, et les femmes en Gestion du poids et Apparence) refl\u00e8tent donc de v\u00e9ritables divergences psychologiques de cohorte et non un biais de mesure de l&rsquo;instrument.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 convergente a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des associations coh\u00e9rentes avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles standardis\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les sous-\u00e9chelles de Plaisir, Revitalisation et D\u00e9fi corr\u00e8lent positivement et fortement (<math>r = 0,55<\/math> \u00e0 <math>0,72<\/math>) avec les scores de r\u00e9gulation intrins\u00e8que du <em>Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire<\/em> (BREQ-2 et BREQ-3).<\/li>\n<li>Les dimensions Gestion du poids et Apparence corr\u00e8lent significativement avec les mesures de m\u00e9contentement corporel (<em>Body Shape Dissatisfaction<\/em> ; Ingledew, Hardy &#038; de Sousa, 1995 ; Ingledew &#038; Sullivan, 2002) et d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 du physique social (<em>Social Physique Anxiety Scale<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>La validit\u00e9 discriminante est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par de faibles corr\u00e9lations entre les facteurs interpersonnels (ex. Comp\u00e9tition) et les facteurs d&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 biologique (ex. \u00c9vitement de la maladie), prouvant que l&rsquo;instrument ne souffre pas d&rsquo;une contamination par un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan pr\u00e9dictif, les \u00e9tudes longitudinales (Ingledew &#038; Markland, 2008 ; Ingledew, Markland &#038; Str\u00f6mmer, 2013) indiquent que les motifs intrins\u00e8ques et autonomes pr\u00e9disent significativement la fr\u00e9quence, l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 et la persistance de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 physique \u00e0 6 et 12 mois d&rsquo;intervalle, alors que les motifs contr\u00f4l\u00e9s (apparence, pressions m\u00e9dicales) pr\u00e9disent l&rsquo;initiation \u00e0 court terme mais sont pr\u00e9dictifs d&rsquo;un abandon pr\u00e9coce en l&rsquo;absence de gains per\u00e7us associ\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;EMGI a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie au moyen de multiples indices de consistance interne et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuations de la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es psychom\u00e9triques issues des larges cohortes de validation (Markland &#038; Ingledew, 1997 ; Ingledew, Markland &#038; Str\u00f6mmer, 2013) d\u00e9montrent une fiabilit\u00e9 interne tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des 14 sous-\u00e9chelles de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Comp\u00e9tition<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,954<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gestion du stress<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,916<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gestion du poids<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,914<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Affiliation<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,910<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9vitement de la maladie<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,901<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Plaisir intrins\u00e8que<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,899<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Agilit\u00e9 \/ Souplesse<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,899<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Social recognition (Reconnaissance)<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,878<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sant\u00e9 positive<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,877<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Force corporelle<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,864<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Apparence physique<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,859<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9fi personnel<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,857<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Revitalisation<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,832<\/math><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pressions de sant\u00e9<\/strong> : <math>alpha = 0,686<\/math><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Toutes les dimensions affichent des coefficients largement sup\u00e9rieurs au seuil standard de 0,70 ou 0,80, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception de la sous-\u00e9chelle \u00ab Pressions de sant\u00e9 \u00bb qui se situe \u00e0 0,686. Cette valeur l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus basse s&rsquo;explique par l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que de ses trois items constitutifs (injonction m\u00e9dicale, ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques familiaux et r\u00e9habilitation apr\u00e8s blessure\/maladie), qui repr\u00e9sentent des sources d&rsquo;incitation m\u00e9dicales distinctes mais cliniquement coh\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) et les corr\u00e9lations test-retest \u00e0 des intervalles de 2 \u00e0 4 semaines d\u00e9montrent une grande stabilit\u00e9 des motifs chez les populations adultes stabilis\u00e9es (<math>r<\/math> oscillant entre 0,78 et 0,91). Dans le volet \u00ab Gains \u00bb, la sensibilit\u00e9 au changement est \u00e9galement remarquable : les scores augmentent de mani\u00e8re significative et pr\u00e9visible \u00e0 la suite de programmes d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement structur\u00e9s d&rsquo;une dur\u00e9e de 8 \u00e0 12 semaines, confirmant la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument aux progr\u00e8s exp\u00e9rientiels r\u00e9els.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9volution structurale de l&rsquo;instrument, depuis l&rsquo;EMI original \u00e0 44 items (Markland &#038; Hardy, 1993) jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la version perfectionn\u00e9e \u00e0 51 items (EMI-2 \/ EMGI), repose sur une d\u00e9marche psychom\u00e9trique rigoureuse combinant analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) et analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC).<\/p>\n<h3>De l&rsquo;EMI \u00e0 l&rsquo;EMI-2 \/ EMGI<\/h3>\n<p>La premi\u00e8re version de l&rsquo;EMI pr\u00e9sentait une limitation psychom\u00e9trique substantielle : plusieurs formulations d&rsquo;items pr\u00e9supposaient que le sujet \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 un pratiquant r\u00e9gulier et engag\u00e9, rendant le questionnaire inappropri\u00e9 pour les personnes s\u00e9dentaires ou contemplatives. De surcro\u00eet, certaines dimensions de sant\u00e9 \u00e9taient confondues. Markland et Ingledew (1997) ont donc refondu l&rsquo;inventaire en introduisant l&rsquo;amorce conditionnelle unifi\u00e9e (<em>\u00ab Personally, I exercise [or might exercise]&#8230; \u00bb<\/em>), permettant une passation universelle tant chez les personnes inactives que chez les athl\u00e8tes chevronn\u00e9s, tout en ajoutant des dimensions cruciales pour atteindre 14 facteurs bien diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Mod\u00e9lisation confirmatoire de premier ordre<\/h3>\n<p>Lors des tests par mod\u00e9lisation d&rsquo;\u00e9quations structurelles (SEM), chaque item s&rsquo;est vu assign\u00e9 exclusivement \u00e0 son facteur latent th\u00e9orique, sans saturation crois\u00e9e libre. Les r\u00e9sultats ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Des saturations factorielles standardis\u00e9es (<math>lambda<\/math>) robustes, oscillant presque syst\u00e9matiquement entre 0,65 et 0,92 pour la totalit\u00e9 des items.<\/li>\n<li>Des variances d&rsquo;erreur r\u00e9siduelles faibles et statistiquement ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/li>\n<li>Des corr\u00e9lations inter-facteurs mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes au sein des m\u00eames domaines conceptuels (par exemple entre \u00ab Plaisir \u00bb et \u00ab Revitalisation \u00bb, ou entre \u00ab Gestion du poids \u00bb et \u00ab Apparence \u00bb), tout en maintenant une diff\u00e9renciation discriminante nette (<math>r &lt; 0,80<\/math>), rejetant l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;une multicolin\u00e9arit\u00e9 excessive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Structure hi\u00e9rarchique de second ordre<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que l&rsquo;EMGI soit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 au niveau de ses 14 sous-\u00e9chelles ind\u00e9pendantes pour maximiser la finesse clinique, plusieurs analyses factorielles de second ordre soutiennent le regroupement de ces dimensions en 5 macro-facteurs d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Facteurs psychologiques<\/strong> : Gestion du stress, Revitalisation, Plaisir, D\u00e9fi personnel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteurs interpersonnels<\/strong> : Reconnaissance sociale, Affiliation, Comp\u00e9tition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteurs de sant\u00e9<\/strong> : Pressions de sant\u00e9, \u00c9vitement de la maladie, Sant\u00e9 positive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteurs li\u00e9s au corps et \u00e0 l&rsquo;apparence<\/strong> : Gestion du poids, Apparence physique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteurs de condition physique<\/strong> : Force musculaire, Agilit\u00e9 \/ Souplesse.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Cette organisation hi\u00e9rarchique offre aux chercheurs la souplesse m\u00e9thodologique n\u00e9cessaire pour tester des mod\u00e8les th\u00e9oriques macroscopiques tout en pr\u00e9servant l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une granularit\u00e9 fine au niveau des facteurs \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;EMGI se compose techniquement de deux volets compl\u00e9mentaires, con\u00e7us pour \u00eatre administr\u00e9s conjointement ou s\u00e9par\u00e9ment selon les besoins du clinicien ou du chercheur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation<\/strong> : Auto-questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 sur support papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible<\/strong> : Adolescents (d\u00e8s 14-15 ans) et adultes de tous \u00e2ges, qu&rsquo;ils soient totalement s\u00e9dentaires, occasionnellement actifs ou athl\u00e8tes r\u00e9guliers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items<\/strong> : 102 items au total pour l&rsquo;inventaire complet (51 items pour la section \u00ab Motives \u00bb, 51 items pour la section \u00ab Gains \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation<\/strong> : Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes pour l&rsquo;ensemble des deux sections (5 \u00e0 8 minutes par section).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> : \u00c9chelle ordinale de type Likert en 5 points, ancr\u00e9e de la mani\u00e8re suivante :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0<\/strong> = <em>Not at all true for me<\/em> (Pas du tout vrai pour moi)<\/li>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = <em>A little true for me<\/em> (Un peu vrai pour moi)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = <em>Moderately true for me<\/em> (Moyennement vrai pour moi)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = <em>Quite true for me<\/em> (Assez vrai pour moi)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = <em>Very true for me<\/em> (Tout \u00e0 fait vrai pour moi)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Le score pour chaque sous-\u00e9chelle est obtenu en calculant la <strong>moyenne arithm\u00e9tique<\/strong> des items qui la composent (somme des points divis\u00e9e par le nombre d&rsquo;items de la sous-\u00e9chelle), produisant un score variant de 0,00 \u00e0 4,00.<\/li>\n<li>Cette m\u00e9thode par score moyen pr\u00e9serve l&rsquo;interpr\u00e9tabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9trique directe en neutralisant l&rsquo;effet du nombre in\u00e9gal d&rsquo;items par sous-\u00e9chelle (3 ou 4 items).<\/li>\n<li>Aucun item n&rsquo;est invers\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 d&rsquo;attribution des items (Section Motives)<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stress management (Gestion du stress)<\/strong> : Items 6, 20, 34, 46<\/li>\n<li><strong>Revitalization (Revitalisation)<\/strong> : Items 3, 17, 31<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enjoyment (Plaisir)<\/strong> : Items 9, 23, 37, 48<\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenge (D\u00e9fi)<\/strong> : Items 14, 28, 42, 51<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social recognition (Reconnaissance sociale)<\/strong> : Items 5, 19, 33, 45<\/li>\n<li><strong>Affiliation (Affiliation)<\/strong> : Items 10, 24, 38, 49<\/li>\n<li><strong>Competition (Comp\u00e9tition)<\/strong> : Items 12, 26, 40, 50<\/li>\n<li><strong>Health pressures (Pressions de sant\u00e9)<\/strong> : Items 11, 25, 39<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ill-health avoidance (\u00c9vitement de la maladie)<\/strong> : Items 2, 16, 30<\/li>\n<li><strong>Positive health (Sant\u00e9 positive)<\/strong> : Items 7, 21, 35<\/li>\n<li><strong>Weight management (Gestion du poids)<\/strong> : Items 1, 15, 29, 43<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appearance (Apparence)<\/strong> : Items 4, 18, 32, 44<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strength (Force corporelle)<\/strong> : Items 8, 22, 36, 47<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nimbleness (Agilit\u00e9 \/ Souplesse)<\/strong> : Items 13, 27, 41<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement initial (EMI)<\/strong> : 1993 (Markland &#038; Hardy).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de r\u00e9vision majeure (EMI-2)<\/strong> : 1997 (Markland &#038; Ingledew).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de validation du mod\u00e8le conjointe Motifs et Gains (EMGI)<\/strong> : 2013 (Ingledew, Markland &#038; Str\u00f6mmer).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur et permissions<\/strong> : Les auteurs ont plac\u00e9 l&rsquo;inventaire sous un r\u00e9gime d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s libre pour l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique, clinique et non commercial. L&rsquo;instrument peut \u00eatre reproduit et utilis\u00e9 sans frais de licence, sous r\u00e9serve de citer scrupuleusement les publications originales de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contact et documentation officielle<\/strong> : Le professeur David A. Markland a mis \u00e0 disposition les manuels d&rsquo;utilisation, les cl\u00e9s de cotation et les versions informatis\u00e9es via son portail universitaire \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Bangor (<a href=\"mailto:d.a.markland@bangor.ac.uk\">d.a.markland@bangor.ac.uk<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Bandura, A. (1986). <em>Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory<\/em>. Prentice-Hall.<\/li>\n<li>Deci, E. L., &#038; Ryan, R. M. (1985). <em>Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior<\/em>. Plenum Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Deci, E. L., &#038; Ryan, R. M. (2000). The \u00ab\u00a0what\u00a0\u00bb and \u00ab\u00a0why\u00a0\u00bb of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. <em>Psychological Inquiry<\/em>, 11(4), 227-268. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., &#038; de Sousa, K. (1995). Body shape dissatisfaction and exercise motivations. <em>Journal of Sports Sciences<\/em>, 13(1), 60.<\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., &#038; Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation. <em>Psychology &#038; Health<\/em>, 23(7), 807-828. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870440701405704\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870440701405704<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., &#038; Ferguson, E. (2009). Three levels of exercise motivation. <em>Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being<\/em>, 1(3), 336-355. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1758-0854.2009.01015.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1758-0854.2009.01015.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., &#038; Medley, A. (1998). Exercise motives and Stages of Change. <em>Journal of Health Psychology<\/em>, 3(4), 477-489. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910539800300403\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910539800300403<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., &#038; Str\u00f6mmer, S. S. (2013). Elucidating the roles of motives and gains in exercise participation. <em>Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology<\/em>, 3(2), 116-131. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000004<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ingledew, D. K., &#038; Sullivan, G. (2002). Effects of body mass and body image on exercise motives in adolescence. <em>Psychology of Sport and Exercise<\/em>, 3(4), 323-338. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1469-0292(01)00037-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1469-0292(01)00037-3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Markland, D. (1999). Internally informational versus internally controlling exercise motives and exercise enjoyment: The mediating role of self-determination. In P. Parisi, F. Pigozzi, &#038; G. Prinzi (Eds.), <em>Sport Science &rsquo;99 in Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science<\/em>. University Institute of Motor Sciences.<\/li>\n<li>Markland, D., &#038; Hardy, L. (1993). The Exercise Motivations Inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals&rsquo; reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. <em>Personality and Individual Differences<\/em>, 15(3), 289-296. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0191-8869(93)90221-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0191-8869(93)90221-3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Markland, D., &#038; Ingledew, D. K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. <em>British Journal of Health Psychology<\/em>, 2(4), 361-376. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00547.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00547.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Markland, D., Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., &#038; Grant, L. (1992). A comparison of the exercise motivations of aerobics participants and weight-watcher exercisers. <em>Journal of Sports Sciences<\/em>, 10(6), 609-610.<\/li>\n<li>Prochaska, J. O., &#038; DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. <em>Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology<\/em>, 51(3), 390-395. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.390\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.390<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), <em>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology<\/em> (Vol. 29, pp. 271-360). Academic Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60019-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60019-2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<p><strong>Response Scale:<\/strong><br \/>\n  0 = Not at all true for me<br \/>\n  1 = A little true for me<br \/>\n  2 = Moderately true for me<br \/>\n  3 = Quite true for me<br \/>\n  4 = Very true for me<\/p>\n<h3>Motives Section<\/h3>\n<p><em>Personally, I exercise (or might exercise)&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>To stay slim<\/li>\n<li>To avoid ill-health<\/li>\n<li>Because it makes me feel good<\/li>\n<li>To help me look younger<\/li>\n<li>To show my worth to others<\/li>\n<li>To give me space to think<\/li>\n<li>To have a healthy body<\/li>\n<li>To build up my strength<\/li>\n<li>Because I enjoy the feeling of exerting myself<\/li>\n<li>To spend time with friends<\/li>\n<li>Because my doctor advised me to exercise<\/li>\n<li>Because I like trying to win in physical activities<\/li>\n<li>To stay\/become more agile<\/li>\n<li>To give me goals to work towards<\/li>\n<li>To lose weight<\/li>\n<li>To prevent health problems<\/li>\n<li>Because I find exercise invigorating<\/li>\n<li>To have a good body<\/li>\n<li>To compare my abilities with other peoples&rsquo;<\/li>\n<li>Because it helps to reduce tension<\/li>\n<li>Because I want to maintain good health<\/li>\n<li>To increase my endurance<\/li>\n<li>Because I find exercising satisfying in and of itself<\/li>\n<li>To enjoy the social aspects of exercising<\/li>\n<li>To help prevent an illness that runs in my family<\/li>\n<li>Because I enjoy competing<\/li>\n<li>To maintain flexibility<\/li>\n<li>To give me personal challenges to face<\/li>\n<li>To help control my weight<\/li>\n<li>To avoid heart disease<\/li>\n<li>To recharge my batteries<\/li>\n<li>To improve my appearance<\/li>\n<li>To gain recognition for my accomplishments<\/li>\n<li>To help manage stress<\/li>\n<li>To feel more healthy<\/li>\n<li>To get stronger<\/li>\n<li>For enjoyment of the experience of exercising<\/li>\n<li>To have fun being active with other people<\/li>\n<li>To help recover from an illness\/injury<\/li>\n<li>Because I enjoy physical competition<\/li>\n<li>To stay\/become flexible<\/li>\n<li>To develop personal skills<\/li>\n<li>Because exercise helps me to burn calories<\/li>\n<li>To look more attractive<\/li>\n<li>To accomplish things that others are incapable of<\/li>\n<li>To release tension<\/li>\n<li>To develop my muscles<\/li>\n<li>Because I feel at my best when exercising<\/li>\n<li>To make new friends<\/li>\n<li>Because I find physical activities fun, especially when competition is involved<\/li>\n<li>To measure myself against personal standards<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Gains Section<\/h3>\n<p><em>My personal experience of exercise has been that&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I have lost weight through exercising<\/li>\n<li>I have found the experience of exercising enjoyable<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to develop personal skills<\/li>\n<li>I have found exercising satisfying in and of itself<\/li>\n<li>I have stayed\/become more agile through exercise<\/li>\n<li>It has allowed me to accomplish things that others are incapable of<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to maintain flexibility<\/li>\n<li>I have found physical activities fun, especially when competition was involved<\/li>\n<li>I have made new friends through exercise<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to have a better body<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to get stronger<\/li>\n<li>It has enabled me to stay slim<\/li>\n<li>It has given me personal challenges to face<\/li>\n<li>I have felt at my best when exercising<\/li>\n<li>It has reduced my risk of heart disease<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to reduce tension<\/li>\n<li>I have followed my doctor&rsquo;s advice by exercising<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to enjoy competing<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to have a healthy body<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to develop my muscles<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to manage stress through exercising<\/li>\n<li>I have increased my endurance<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to stay\/become flexible<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to avoid ill-health<\/li>\n<li>It has allowed me to compare my abilities with other peoples&rsquo;<\/li>\n<li>It has given me space to think<\/li>\n<li>It has allowed me to spend time with friends<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to look more attractive<\/li>\n<li>It has given me goals to work towards<\/li>\n<li>I have built up my strength through exercising<\/li>\n<li>It has allowed me to measure myself against personal standards<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to enjoy physical competition<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to maintain good health<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to prevent health problems<\/li>\n<li>I have liked trying to win in physical activities<\/li>\n<li>It has helped control my weight<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to recharge my batteries<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to recover from an illness\/injury<\/li>\n<li>I have felt more healthy<\/li>\n<li>I have had fun being active with other people<\/li>\n<li>I have gained recognition for my accomplishments<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to improve my appearance<\/li>\n<li>I have been able to show my worth to others<\/li>\n<li>I have released tension by exercising<\/li>\n<li>I have felt good through exercising<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to burn calories<\/li>\n<li>I have enjoyed the feeling of exerting myself<\/li>\n<li>It has helped me to look younger<\/li>\n<li>It has helped reduce the risk of an illness that runs in my family<\/li>\n<li>I have found exercise invigorating<\/li>\n<li>I have enjoyed the social aspects of exercising<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire des motifs et des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l&rsquo;exercice physique (EMGI) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la motivation et des gains per\u00e7us dans la pratique d&rsquo;activit\u00e9s physiques, structur\u00e9 en 14 sous-\u00e9chelles valid\u00e9es.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,345,2],"tags":[19615,19616,2132,972,16,1872,347],"class_list":["post-13115","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-du-sport","category-psychometrie","tag-emgi","tag-emi-2","tag-exercice-physique","tag-motivation","tag-psychometrie","tag-sante","tag-theorie-de-lautodetermination"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13115"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/13115\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}