{"id":12569,"date":"2026-10-02T23:30:54","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T23:30:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/alienation-par-le-rejet\/"},"modified":"2026-10-02T23:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T23:30:54","slug":"alienation-par-le-rejet","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=alienation-par-le-rejet","title":{"rendered":"Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;<strong>Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet<\/strong> (<em>Alienation via Rejection Scale<\/em>, AVRS), initialement formul\u00e9e par les sociologues et psychom\u00e9triciens <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elmer_L._Struening\">Elmer L. Struening<\/a> et Arthur H. Richardson en 1965, puis enrichie par les travaux de Ronald J. Knapp en 1971, constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique fondamental con\u00e7u pour cartographier les attitudes socio-psychologiques complexes \u00e0 l&rsquo;intersection de l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation sociale, de l&rsquo;anomie et de l&rsquo;autoritarisme. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes quantitatives d&rsquo;envergure sur les attitudes intergroupes et la marginalisation sociale, cette \u00e9chelle \u00e9value le sentiment profond d&rsquo;isolement social, de d\u00e9sillusion vis-\u00e0-vis des institutions d\u00e9mocratiques, de m\u00e9fiance g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e envers autrui et d&rsquo;impuissance psychologique face aux forces macro-sociales per\u00e7ues comme hostiles ou indiff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument complet int\u00e8gre un corpus \u00e9tendu de 63 items structur\u00e9s autour de dimensions factorielles distinctes, comprenant l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet au sens strict, la distance \u00e9motionnelle (<em>Emotional Distance<\/em>), l&rsquo;autoritarisme (<em>Authoritarianism<\/em>), l&rsquo;absence de finalit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;orientation (<em>Purposelessness<\/em>), l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination (<em>Self-determinism<\/em>), l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 familiale (<em>Family Authority<\/em>), la confiance et l&rsquo;optimisme (<em>Trust and Optimism<\/em>), la conventionalit\u00e9 (<em>Conventionality<\/em>) et l&rsquo;orthodoxie religieuse (<em>Religious Orthodoxy<\/em>). Les participants \u00e9valuent chaque proposition au moyen d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle ordinale de Likert en six points allant de 1 (\u00ab Fortement d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly agree<\/em>) \u00e0 6 (\u00ab Fortement en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly disagree<\/em>), incluant des nuances probabilistes d&rsquo;assentiment et de dissentiment.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, les \u00e9tudes factorielles pionni\u00e8res men\u00e9es sur de larges \u00e9chantillons normatifs (notamment aupr\u00e8s de cohortes professionnelles, communautaires et universitaires) ont mis en \u00e9vidence une consistance interne robuste, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,78 et 0,89 pour les sous-\u00e9chelles principales, et d\u00e9passant 0,85 pour la dimension nucl\u00e9aire d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet. La validit\u00e9 de construit et la validit\u00e9 convergente sont solidement \u00e9tay\u00e9es par des corr\u00e9lations substantielles avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;anomie de Srole, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle F d&rsquo;Adorno et les inventaires d&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 ou de pr\u00e9judice discriminatoire. Cet outil demeure une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence majeure dans l&rsquo;histoire de la psychom\u00e9trie sociale pour l&rsquo;analyse des ruptures du lien social et des dynamiques de polarisation id\u00e9ologique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Ali\u00e9nation par le rejet, ali\u00e9nation sociale, anomie, autoritarisme, psychom\u00e9trie, attitudes politiques, Elmer Struening, Ronald Knapp, th\u00e9orie sociologique, impuissance sociale, distance \u00e9motionnelle, m\u00e9fiance interpersonnelle, \u00e9chelle de Likert.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement conceptuel et l&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation empirique de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet sont le fruit des travaux de plusieurs chercheurs de premier plan en psychologie sociale et en sociologie quantitative :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elmer L. Struening, Ph.D.<\/strong> : \u00c9minent psychom\u00e9tricien et chercheur en sant\u00e9 mentale communautaire, rattach\u00e9 au <em>New York State Department of Mental Hygiene<\/em> ainsi qu&rsquo;au <em>Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons<\/em> (New York, \u00c9tats-Unis). Pionnier de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle appliqu\u00e9e aux construits de d\u00e9viance, d&rsquo;anomie et de d\u00e9sorganisation sociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Arthur H. Richardson, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Sociologue et m\u00e9thodologue de recherche, affili\u00e9 au d\u00e9partement de sociologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Boston (<em>Boston University<\/em>, Massachusetts, \u00c9tats-Unis), sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la sociologie de la sant\u00e9, les disparit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques et la stratification sociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ronald James Knapp, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheur \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00c9tat de l&rsquo;Ohio (<em>Ohio State University<\/em>), ayant \u00e9tendu la batterie d&rsquo;items en 1971 pour explorer de mani\u00e8re sp\u00e9cifique les interconnexions factorielles entre l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation, l&rsquo;anomie, l&rsquo;autoritarisme et les propensions individuelles \u00e0 la discrimination raciale et sociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>John P. Robinson &#038; Phillip R. Shaver<\/strong> : Psychologues sociaux au sein de l&rsquo;<em>Institute for Social Research<\/em> (ISR) de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan), qui ont syst\u00e9matis\u00e9, document\u00e9 et catalogu\u00e9 l&rsquo;instrument dans leur recueil d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 <em>Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes<\/em> (1969, 1973).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif central de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet est de quantifier scientifiquement la perception qu&rsquo;a un individu d&rsquo;\u00eatre syst\u00e9matiquement rejet\u00e9, ignor\u00e9 ou trahi par les structures sociales, politiques et interpersonnelles qui l&rsquo;entourent. Con\u00e7ue \u00e0 une \u00e9poque marqu\u00e9e par des mutations technologiques rapides, des bouleversements socio-\u00e9conomiques majeurs et des tensions sociopolitiques intenses aux \u00c9tats-Unis (notamment les luttes pour les droits civiques et la guerre du Vietnam), l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle cherche \u00e0 comprendre comment les individus int\u00e9riorisent les transformations structurelles sous la forme d&rsquo;un retrait affectif, d&rsquo;une r\u00e9signation passive ou d&rsquo;une adh\u00e9sion d\u00e9fensive \u00e0 des id\u00e9ologies rigides.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications en recherche et justification th\u00e9orique<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan de la recherche empirique, l&rsquo;AVRS a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pour d\u00e9passer les limitations des instruments unidimensionnels simplistes de l&rsquo;anomie ou du d\u00e9sespoir social. Les chercheurs avaient besoin d&rsquo;un outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation multifactoriel capable de diff\u00e9rencier :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La rupture normative institutionnelle (l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 faire confiance aux institutions d\u00e9mocratiques et aux dirigeants) ;<\/li>\n<li>Le cynisme interpersonnel (la conviction que les relations humaines sont guid\u00e9es exclusivement par l&rsquo;opportunisme et le profit \u00e9go\u00efste) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;angoisse existentielle g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par la complexit\u00e9 cognitive d&rsquo;un monde per\u00e7u comme instable, impr\u00e9visible et moralement ambigu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En psychologie politique et en sociologie des conflits, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle permet de mod\u00e9liser les pr\u00e9curseurs psychologiques de l&rsquo;extr\u00e9misme, de l&rsquo;abstentionnisme civique et de la propension \u00e0 adopter des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes x\u00e9nophobes ou discriminatoires. Dans les contextes de sant\u00e9 publique et de psychiatrie communautaire, elle constitue un indicateur pr\u00e9cieux du sentiment de d\u00e9saffiliation, corr\u00e9l\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative aux sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs, au fatalisme face \u00e0 la maladie et aux r\u00e9sistances face \u00e0 l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux soins de sant\u00e9 pr\u00e9ventifs.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet n&rsquo;est pas un trait unitaire fig\u00e9, mais un syndrome psychologique composite articulant plusieurs facettes fondamentales du malaise individuel dans la modernit\u00e9. L&rsquo;analyse d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des sous-dimensions r\u00e9v\u00e8le les dynamiques suivantes :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Ali\u00e9nation par le rejet (Alienation via Rejection stricto sensu)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension nucl\u00e9aire regroupe les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s d\u00e9crivant un sentiment d&rsquo;abandon institutionnel et de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 face aux \u00e9lites et \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 marchande (ex. items 1 \u00e0 15, 17). L&rsquo;individu estime que l&rsquo;homme moyen est m\u00e9pris\u00e9 par les d\u00e9cideurs (\u00ab <em>There&rsquo;s little use writing to public officials&#8230;<\/em> \u00bb), que le m\u00e9rite individuel est annihil\u00e9 par le hasard ou le n\u00e9potisme (\u00ab <em>Success is more dependent on luck than real ability<\/em> \u00bb), et que la survie impose une forme d&rsquo;obs\u00e9quiosit\u00e9 hypocrite envers les sup\u00e9rieurs (\u00ab <em>It is usually best to tell your superiors or bosses what they really want to hear<\/em> \u00bb). Le rejet v\u00e9cu s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;une vision parano\u00efde de l&rsquo;environnement, o\u00f9 des forces occultes gouvernent l&rsquo;existence (\u00ab <em>Most people don&rsquo;t realize how much their lives are controlled by plots&#8230;<\/em> \u00bb).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Distance \u00e9motionnelle (Emotional Distance)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante op\u00e9rationnalise l&rsquo;atrophie du lien empathique et l&rsquo;impossibilit\u00e9 ressentie de communiquer authentiquement avecautrui (items 16, 18, 22, 36). Elle postule que l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience subjective de l&rsquo;autre est radicalement inaccessible (\u00ab <em>It is almost impossible for one person to really understand the feelings of another<\/em> \u00bb) et met en sc\u00e8ne un foss\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel infranchissable, produisant un d\u00e9tachement \u00e9motionnel d\u00e9fensif pour se pr\u00e9munir contre la d\u00e9ception interpersonnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Autoritarisme (Authoritarianism)<\/h3>\n<p>Faisant \u00e9cho aux travaux de l&rsquo;\u00c9cole de Francfort, cette sous-\u00e9chelle capte la soumission inconditionnelle \u00e0 l&rsquo;ordre \u00e9tabli, la valorisation de la force coercitive et le refus de l&rsquo;introspection psychologique (items 19, 23-28, 30). L&rsquo;individu autoritaire compense son angoisse face au chaos social en exigeant une discipline de fer pour la jeunesse (\u00ab <em>strict discipline, rugged determination and the will to fight&#8230;<\/em> \u00bb) et en \u00e9vacuant les difficult\u00e9s \u00e9motionnelles par l&rsquo;hyperactivit\u00e9 superficielle (\u00ab <em>keep busy with more cheerful things<\/em> \u00bb).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Absence de finalit\u00e9 et d\u00e9sarroi existentiel (Purposelessness)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension renvoie \u00e0 la perte de sens et \u00e0 l&rsquo;isolement au sein de la masse urbaine (items 20, 31-35). Elle mesure la perception d&rsquo;une vacuit\u00e9 directionnelle chez les contemporains (\u00ab <em>Many people don&rsquo;t know what to do with their lives<\/em> \u00bb), combin\u00e9e au constat d&rsquo;un individualisme forcen\u00e9 o\u00f9 chacun vit isol\u00e9 dans une solitude concurrentielle destructrice.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Autod\u00e9termination et pragmatisme \u00e9conomique (Self-determinism)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette facette explore les croyances relatives au contr\u00f4le personnel, \u00e0 l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie du m\u00e9rite individuel et au droit \u00e0 l&rsquo;accumulation financi\u00e8re sans entraves (items 21, 29, 37-39). Elle capture une tension entre la responsabilisation individuelle absolue (\u00ab <em>Almost anyone in our society can improve his standard of living if he is willing to work hard<\/em> \u00bb) et le cynisme quant aux motivations r\u00e9elles des acteurs sociaux.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Dimensions compl\u00e9mentaires de Knapp (1971)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;extension de Knapp introduit des mesures cibl\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;orthodoxie patriotique et nationaliste (\u00ab <em>My Country\u2014 right or wrong<\/em> \u00bb), l&rsquo;orthodoxie religieuse (soumission aveugle \u00e0 une puissance surnaturelle), la conventionalit\u00e9 morale et les attitudes envers les minorit\u00e9s ou la d\u00e9viance sociale (notamment les droits des personnes homosexuelles et les mouvements contestataires \u00e9tudiants).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;AVRS se situe au carrefour de trois courants th\u00e9oriques majeurs de la pens\u00e9e sociologique et psychologique du XXe si\u00e8cle :<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie classique de l&rsquo;anomie (Durkheim et Merton)<\/h3>\n<p>Le socle conceptuel premier d\u00e9rive de la conceptualisation de l&rsquo;anomie forg\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89mile_Durkheim\">\u00c9mile Durkheim<\/a> dans <em>Le Suicide<\/em> (1897), d\u00e9signant un \u00e9tat de d\u00e9r\u00e9gulation sociale o\u00f9 les normes collectives s&rsquo;effondrent et ne parviennent plus \u00e0 cadrer les d\u00e9sirs individuels. Ce concept a \u00e9t\u00e9 restructur\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_King_Merton\">Robert K. Merton<\/a> (1938) dans son mod\u00e8le de la structure sociale et de l&rsquo;anomie, d\u00e9crivant la disjonction entre les buts culturellement valoris\u00e9s (ex. la r\u00e9ussite financi\u00e8re) et les moyens institutionnels l\u00e9gitimes disponibles pour les atteindre. Struening et Richardson traduisent l&rsquo;anomie mertonienne en termes psychologiques subjectifs : face \u00e0 l&rsquo;impossibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;atteindre le succ\u00e8s promis, l&rsquo;acteur social exp\u00e9rimente l&rsquo;amertume du rejet, la r\u00e9signation cynique ou la transgression normative.<\/p>\n<h3>La multidimensionnalit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation (Seeman)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle op\u00e9rationnalise directement la typologie s\u00e9minale de Melvin Seeman (1959), qui a d\u00e9compos\u00e9 l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation en cinq variantes ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologiques interd\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;impuissance (Powerlessness)<\/em> : le sentiment que son propre comportement ne peut pas d\u00e9terminer les r\u00e9tributions ou les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de sa vie.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;absurdit\u00e9 ou la perte de sens (Meaninglessness)<\/em> : l&rsquo;inintelligibilit\u00e9 des affaires du monde et la confusion quant aux choix personnels.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;anomie (Normlessness)<\/em> : la conviction que seuls des comportements non approuv\u00e9s socialement permettent de r\u00e9ussir.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;isolement (Isolation)<\/em> : l&rsquo;\u00e9loignement subjectif des buts et des valeurs normatives d&rsquo;une culture donn\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><em>L&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation de soi (Self-estrangement)<\/em> : l&rsquo;engagement dans des activit\u00e9s uniquement instrumentales et d\u00e9pourvues de gratification intrins\u00e8que.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>La personnalit\u00e9 autoritaire (Adorno et al.)<\/h3>\n<p>Enfin, le cadre s&rsquo;articule \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Personnalit%C3%A9_autoritaire\">personnalit\u00e9 autoritaire<\/a> formul\u00e9e par Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson et Nevitt Sanford (1950). Pour Struening et Richardson, l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet et l&rsquo;autoritarisme ne sont pas des p\u00f4les oppos\u00e9s, mais des r\u00e9ponses adaptatives compl\u00e9mentaires \u00e0 la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 ontologique : l&rsquo;individu rejet\u00e9 et d\u00e9pass\u00e9 par la complexit\u00e9 sociopolitique cherche refuge dans une autorit\u00e9 transcendante, valorise la punition de la d\u00e9viance et manifeste une hostilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e envers les groupes hors-normes.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;\u00e9valuations rigoureuses dans plusieurs contextes exp\u00e9rimentaux et corr\u00e9lationnels au cours des d\u00e9cennies suivantes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude fondatrice de Struening et Richardson (1965), men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon stratifi\u00e9 de plus de 1 000 participants (incluant des employ\u00e9s de l&rsquo;administration hospitali\u00e8re et des r\u00e9sidents communautaires), la dimension d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations positives \u00e9lev\u00e9es (r compris entre 0,62 et 0,74) avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;anomie en 5 items de Leo Srole (1956). Ces r\u00e9sultats confirment que l&rsquo;instrument capture avec exactitude le noyau dur du d\u00e9sespoir anomique. Par ailleurs, des corr\u00e9lations substantielles (r = 0,48 \u00e0 0,59) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablies avec les sous-\u00e9chelles d&rsquo;autoritarisme conventionnel et de soumission \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 d\u00e9riv\u00e9es de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle F d&rsquo;Adorno.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse minutieuse des matrices de corr\u00e9lations a prouv\u00e9 que l&rsquo;AVRS ne se confond pas avec la simple d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale ou avec l&rsquo;introversion psychologique classique. Les corr\u00e9lations avec des inventaires de timidit\u00e9 ou de sociabilit\u00e9 pure demeurent faibles \u00e0 n\u00e9gligeables (r &lt; 0,20), attestant que l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet mesure un rapport sociologique et normatif au monde institutionnel plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;un temp\u00e9rament interpersonnel inhib\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et crit\u00e8res externes<\/h3>\n<p>Dans la th\u00e8se doctorale de Ronald J. Knapp (1971) \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00c9tat de l&rsquo;Ohio, administr\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;une cohorte d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants du sud des \u00c9tats-Unis, des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur la sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet pr\u00e9disaient de mani\u00e8re significative :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Une tol\u00e9rance nettement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e pour les comportements de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation et de discrimination raciale ;<\/li>\n<li>Une m\u00e9fiance radicale envers les institutions m\u00e9diatiques et universitaires per\u00e7ues comme manipulatrices ;<\/li>\n<li>Une adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 des th\u00e9ories du complot concernant les mouvements contestataires et les troubles sociaux urbains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans des contextes transnationaux ult\u00e9rieurs, notamment les recherches men\u00e9es par Al Fozan (1989) sur les mutations sociales et l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation au Moyen-Orient, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une excellente validit\u00e9 transculturelle pour identifier les populations subissant une acculturation brutale et une d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration du tissu communautaire traditionnel.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;AVRS et de ses sous-dimensions associ\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9es empiriquement \u00e0 travers de multiples \u00e9chantillons sociod\u00e9mographiques.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses de consistance interne ont produit des coefficients remarquables pour un inventaire d&rsquo;attitudes sociologiques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet (items 1-15, 17) :<\/strong> Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach varie entre <strong>0,84 et 0,89<\/strong> selon les cohortes test\u00e9es, avec une corr\u00e9lation moyenne inter-items oscillant entre 0,34 et 0,46, ce qui d\u00e9note une homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 conceptuelle \u00e9lev\u00e9e sans redondance s\u00e9mantique excessive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Autoritarisme (items 19, 23-28, 30) :<\/strong> Les valeurs de l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent entre <strong>0,76 et 0,82<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Distance \u00e9motionnelle (items 16, 18, 22, 36) :<\/strong> L&rsquo;alpha s&rsquo;\u00e9tablit \u00e0 un niveau acceptable pour une \u00e9chelle courte, soit <strong>0,68 \u00e0 0,74<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Absence de finalit\u00e9 (Purposelessness, items 20, 31-35) :<\/strong> Consistance interne robuste avec des alphas oscillant entre <strong>0,77 et 0,83<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Batterie globale de 63 items (Knapp, 1971) :<\/strong> La consistance interne g\u00e9n\u00e9rale atteint <strong>alpha = 0,91<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es rapport\u00e9es par Robinson et Shaver (1969) lors de passations r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es sur un intervalle temporel de 4 \u00e0 8 semaines aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons universitaires indiquent un coefficient de stabilit\u00e9 test-retest de <strong>r = 0,79<\/strong> (p &lt; 0,001) pour la dimension centrale d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation. Ces donn\u00e9es confirment que le construit \u00e9valu\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente une stabilit\u00e9 similaire \u00e0 celle d&rsquo;une attitude sociopolitique structur\u00e9e, tout en demeurant sensible aux transformations drastiques des conditions d&rsquo;existence mat\u00e9rielles de l&rsquo;individu.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture de l&rsquo;instrument repose historiquement sur l&rsquo;analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE), qui constituait \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque de Struening et Richardson une innovation m\u00e9thodologique de pointe dans les sciences du comportement.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00e9marche m\u00e9thodologique d&rsquo;extraction factorielle<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;investigation originale de 1965, Struening et Richardson ont soumis une vaste matrice d&rsquo;items d&rsquo;attitudes \u00e0 une analyse en composantes principales, suivie de rotations orthogonales (Varimax) et obliques (Oblimin). L&rsquo;analyse a extrait plusieurs facteurs majeurs expliquant une part pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur I : Ali\u00e9nation par le rejet (Alienation via Rejection)<\/strong>. Ce facteur premier repr\u00e9sentait \u00e0 lui seul la plus grande part de variance commune (environ 24 % de la variance expliqu\u00e9e). Les items pr\u00e9sentant les saturations factorielles les plus fortes comprenaient : l&rsquo;item 1 (incertitude quant aux personnes sur qui compter, saturation &gt; 0,65), l&rsquo;item 5 (difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 savoir \u00e0 qui faire confiance, saturation &gt; 0,68), l&rsquo;item 7 (d\u00e9gradation continue du sort de l&rsquo;homme moyen, saturation &gt; 0,62) et l&rsquo;item 8 (inutilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9crire aux repr\u00e9sentants publics, saturation &gt; 0,59).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur II : Autoritarisme traditionnel et pi\u00e9t\u00e9 filiale<\/strong>. Domin\u00e9 par les items 23 (\u00ab m\u00e9pris pour qui n&rsquo;aime pas ses parents \u00bb), 25 (discipline stricte et combat pour la nation) et 26 (ob\u00e9issance civique absolue), avec des saturations oscillant entre 0,55 et 0,71.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur III : Cynisme pragmatique et m\u00e9fiance interpersonnelle<\/strong>. Caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par les items 17 (l&rsquo;app\u00e2t du gain conditionnant tout comportement) et 20 (chacun ne pense qu&rsquo;\u00e0 soi), saturant au-del\u00e0 de 0,50.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteurs IV et V : D\u00e9sorientation cognitive et distance \u00e9motionnelle<\/strong>. Mettant en exergue l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 comprendre les \u00e9motions d&rsquo;autrui (item 16) et la confusion face \u00e0 l&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration sociale (items 11 et 18).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Extension factorielle de Knapp (1971)<\/h3>\n<p>Knapp a r\u00e9examin\u00e9 la structure en introduisant 24 items compl\u00e9mentaires (items 40 \u00e0 63). Les analyses factorielles d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le domaine n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas purement unidimensionnel, mais articul\u00e9 autour de deux m\u00e9ta-facteurs corr\u00e9l\u00e9s : d&rsquo;une part, un axe <em>Malaise Anomique et Sentiment d&rsquo;Abandon<\/em> (regroupant l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation par le rejet et l&rsquo;absence de finalit\u00e9), et d&rsquo;autre part, un axe <em>D\u00e9fense Id\u00e9ologique Conservatrice<\/em> (articulant l&rsquo;autoritarisme, l&rsquo;orthodoxie religieuse et la conventionalit\u00e9). Les mod\u00e9lisations confirmatoires ult\u00e9rieures ont valid\u00e9 la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le multidimensionnel hi\u00e9rarchique par rapport \u00e0 une solution \u00e0 facteur unique.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme d&rsquo;un questionnaire standardis\u00e9 \u00e0 auto-passation sur papier ou informatis\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Forme du test :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation (<em>self-report questionnaire<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 63 propositions d\u00e9claratives (comprenant la version princeps de 39 items de Struening &amp; Richardson compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par les items 40 \u00e0 63 de Knapp).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse (authentique, obligatoire) :<\/strong> Format ordonn\u00e9 en 6 points de type Likert :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Fortement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Strongly agree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = D&rsquo;accord (<em>Agree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Pas s\u00fbr, mais probablement d&rsquo;accord (<em>Not sure but probably agree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = Pas s\u00fbr, mais probablement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Not sure but probably disagree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>5<\/strong> = En d\u00e9saccord (<em>Disagree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>6<\/strong> = Fortement en d\u00e9saccord (<em>Strongly disagree<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et inversion des scores :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans la formulation originale de Struening et Richardson, les scores faibles (1 ou 2) indiquent une forte adh\u00e9sion aux \u00e9nonc\u00e9s d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation ou d&rsquo;autoritarisme. Pour les besoins de la recherche contemporaine, les chercheurs effectuent couramment une inversion arithm\u00e9tique (score invers\u00e9 = 7 \u2212 score brut) afin que les scores les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s refl\u00e8tent des niveaux plus intenses d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation, de rejet ou d&rsquo;autoritarisme.<\/li>\n<li>Attention aux items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re positive ou anti-autoritaire (ex. items 41, 46, 56, 58, 59) qui exigent un recodage invers\u00e9 pr\u00e9alable au calcul des scores dimensionnels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e approximative de passation :<\/strong> 15 \u00e0 25 minutes pour l&rsquo;ensemble des 63 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adultes, \u00e9tudiants de l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et populations adolescentes \u00e0 partir de 16 ans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 1965 (Struening &amp; Richardson, <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>) ; extension factorielle en 1971 (Ronald J. Knapp).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur et accessibilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine dans des revues acad\u00e9miques \u00e0 comit\u00e9 de lecture et des rapports de recherche universitaires financ\u00e9s par des fonds publics. Elle fait partie du <strong>domaine public acad\u00e9mique<\/strong> pour un usage non commercial de recherche et d&rsquo;enseignement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs et redevances :<\/strong> L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s et l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument sont enti\u00e8rement <strong>gratuits<\/strong>. Aucune licence commerciale ni droit d&rsquo;utilisation propri\u00e9taire n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;administration de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle \u00e0 des fins acad\u00e9miques ou scientifiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Les utilisateurs sont tenus de citer les sources originales de Struening et Richardson (1965) ainsi que les recueils de Robinson et Shaver (1969\/1973) dans leurs travaux, th\u00e8ses et publications scientifiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les sources bibliographiques suivantes constituent les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences historiques, th\u00e9oriques et psychom\u00e9triques canoniques de l&rsquo;instrument (normes APA 7e \u00e9dition) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., &amp; Sanford, R. N. (1950). <em>The Authoritarian Personality<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row.<\/li>\n<li>Al Fozan, A. F. (1989). <em>Social change and Alienation in Kuwait<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat in\u00e9dite). University of Wales, Royaume-Uni. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/29187677.pdf\">https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/29187677.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Durkheim, \u00c9. (1897). <em>Le Suicide : \u00c9tude de sociologie<\/em>. F\u00e9lix Alcan.<\/li>\n<li>Knapp, R. J. (1971). <em>A factor analytic study of Alienation, Anomia, and Authoritarianism and their relationship to the tendency to Discriminate in a southern college population<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat, Ohio State University). Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.<\/li>\n<li>Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 3(5), 672\u2013682. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1969). <em>Measures of Political Attitudes<\/em>. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/infoserv\/isrpub\/pdf\/Measuresofsocialpsychologicalattitudes_2928_.PDF\">https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/infoserv\/isrpub\/pdf\/Measuresofsocialpsychologicalattitudes_2928_.PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1973). <em>Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes<\/em> (\u00c9d. r\u00e9vis\u00e9e). Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.<\/li>\n<li>Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 24(6), 783\u2013791. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088565\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088565<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Srole, L. (1956). Social integration and certain corollaries: An exploratory study. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 21(6), 709\u2013716. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088422\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088422<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Struening, E. L., &amp; Richardson, A. H. (1965). A factor analytic exploration of the alienation, anomia and authoritarianism domain. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 30(5), 768\u2013776. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2091141\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2091141<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 1=Strongly agree; 2=Agree; 3=Not sure but probably agree; 4=Not sure but probably disagree; 5=Disagree; 6Strongly disagree\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">These days a person doesn&#039;t really know who he can count on.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is not much chance that people will really do anything to make this country a better place to live in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Success is more dependent on luck than real ability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is hard to figure out who you can really trust these days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It&#039;s hardly fair to bring children into the world with the way things look for the future.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In spite of what some people say\u201a the lot of the average man is getting worse.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There&#039;s little use writing to public officials because they aren&#039;t really interested in the problems of the average man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are so many ideas about what is right and wrong these days that it is hard to figure out how to live your own life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">So many people do things well that it is easy to become discouraged.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Things are changing so fast these days that one doesn&#039;t know what to expect from day to day.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people don&#039;t realize how much their lives are controlled by plots hatched in secret by others.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Few people really look forward to their work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our country has too many poor people who can do little to raise their standard of living.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is usually best to tell your superiors or bosses what they really want to hear.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is almost impossible for one person to really understand the feelings of another.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People will do almost anything if the reward is high enough.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In this fast changing world\u201a with so much different information available\u201a it is difficult to think clearly about many issues.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Ideas that have no useful or practical application are of little use to man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Too many people in our society are just out for themselves and don&#039;t really care for anyone else.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The greatest ambition of most politicians is to be reelected.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There will always be a great lack of understanding between the older and younger generations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is hardly anyone lower than a person who does not feel a great love\u201a gratitude and respect for his parents.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Every person should make a strong effort to improve his social position.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What youth needs most is strict discipline\u201a rugged determination and the will to fight for family and nation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Obedience and respect for authority should be the very first requirements of a good citizen.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The best way to get along in the world is to make careful plans for the future.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Old people deserve more respect than they get these days.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Almost anyone in our society can improve his standard of living if he is willing to work hard.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a person has a problem or worry\u201a it is best not to think about it\u201a but to keep busy with more cheerful things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are many people who don&#039;t know what to do with their lives.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Many people in our society are lonely and unrelated to their fellow human beings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Many people are unhappy because they do not know what they want out of life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In a society where almost everyone is out for himself\u201a people soon come to distrust each other.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Everyone should have someone in his life whose happiness means as much to him as his own.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Parents often expect too much of their children.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people who complain of bad luck don&#039;t realize how much they are the cause of it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One should leave home and establish himself in the world as soon as possible.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A man should be allowed to make as much money as he can.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">&quot;My Country\u2014 right or wrong&quot; is a principle to which every citizen should subscribe.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It was morally wrong for the United States to send combat troops to Viet Nam.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Those elected to public office hove to serve special interests (e .g. big business or labor) as well as the public&#039;s interest.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The extent of a man&#039;s ambition to better himself is a pretty good indication of his ch\u200earacter.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The majority of riots on college campuses in this country are started by outside agitators.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In order to get elected to public office\u201a a candidate must make promises he does not intend to keep.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In spite of the fast pace of modern living\u201a it is easy to have many close friends that you can really count on.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In getting a job promotion\u201a some degree of &quot;apple polishing&quot; is required.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person who has bad manners\u201a habits\u201a and breeding can hardly expect to get along with decent people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In order to merit the respect of others\u201a a person should show the desire to better himself.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If people would talk less and work more\u201a everybody would be better off.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In order to have a good income\u201a a salesman must use high pressure salesmanship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One of the things you should consider in choosing your friends is whether they can help you make your way in the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In getting a good paying job\u201a it&#039;s necessary to exaggerate one&#039;s abilities (or personal merits).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The businessman and the manufacturer are much more important to society than the artist and the professor.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Science has its place\u201a but there are many important things that can never possibly be understood by the human mind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The decisions of our courts of justice ore just as fair to a poor man as to a wealthy man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Every person should have complete Faith in some supernatural power whose decisions he obeys without question.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One can be successful in business without compromising moral principles.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Homosexuals are not criminals and should not be punished.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Young people sometimes get rebellious ideas\u201a but as they grow up they ought to get over them and settle down.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Before joining any civic or political association\u201a it is usually important to find out whether it has the backing of people who have achieved a respected social position.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People&#039;s ideas change so much that I wonder if we&#039;ll ever have anything to depend on.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes I feel all alone in the world.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;Ali\u00e9nation par le Rejet (Struening &amp; Richardson, 1965 ; Knapp, 1971) \u00e9value le sentiment d&rsquo;isolement social, l&rsquo;anomie, la distance \u00e9motionnelle et l&rsquo;autoritarisme \u00e0 travers 63 items mesur\u00e9s en six points.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[154,2,1698],"tags":[12069,13524,15341,18362,18359,2032,18361,18360],"class_list":["post-12569","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","category-sociologie","tag-alienation","tag-anomie","tag-autoritarisme","tag-distance-emotionnelle","tag-echelles-dattitudes","tag-psychologie-politique","tag-ronald-knapp","tag-struening-et-richardson"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12569","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12569"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12569\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12569"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12569"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}