{"id":12455,"date":"2026-10-02T20:11:15","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T20:11:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-attitudes-machiavelisme-v\/"},"modified":"2026-10-02T20:11:15","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T20:11:15","slug":"inventaire-attitudes-machiavelisme-v","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-attitudes-machiavelisme-v","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire d&rsquo;attitudes du machiav\u00e9lisme V"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire d&rsquo;attitudes du machiav\u00e9lisme V<\/strong> (commun\u00e9ment abr\u00e9g\u00e9 <em>Mach V<\/em> ou <em>Mach-V<\/em>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960 par les psychologues sociaux <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Christie_(psychologist)\">Richard Christie<\/a> et Florence L. Geis. Con\u00e7u pour succ\u00e9der au questionnaire <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machiavellianism_(psychology)\">Mach IV<\/a>, le Mach V a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement dans le but de neutraliser le biais majeur de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9sirabilit%C3%A9_sociale\">d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale<\/a> qui affectait les mesures ant\u00e9rieures du construit machiav\u00e9lique. Alors que le Mach IV reposait sur des \u00e9chelles de type Likert classiques particuli\u00e8rement vuln\u00e9rables aux r\u00e9ponses socialement valoris\u00e9es, le Mach V introduit un paradigme ipsatif rigoureux fond\u00e9 sur un format \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 compos\u00e9 de 20 triades d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s (soit 60 items au total).<\/p>\n<p>Chaque triade associe une proposition directement li\u00e9e au machiav\u00e9lisme (positivement ou n\u00e9gativement orient\u00e9e) \u00e0 deux \u00e9nonc\u00e9s distracteurs soigneusement appari\u00e9s sur le plan de la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale normative, mais conceptuellement ind\u00e9pendants de l&rsquo;orientation manipulatrice. Le r\u00e9pondant doit d\u00e9signer, au sein de chaque triade, l&rsquo;affirmation qui correspond le plus \u00e0 son opinion personnelle (\u00ab Le plus vrai \u00bb) et celle qui s&rsquo;en \u00e9loigne le plus (\u00ab Le moins vrai \u00bb), laissant la troisi\u00e8me non s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9e. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permet d&rsquo;isoler l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion r\u00e9elle aux principes machiav\u00e9liques en for\u00e7ant un arbitrage intra-individuel entre des options de valence sociale \u00e9quivalente.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan structural, le Mach V \u00e9value trois composantes nucl\u00e9aires d\u00e9finies par Christie et Geis : le recours \u00e0 des tactiques interpersonnelles manipulatrices et trompeuses (<em>Tactic<\/em>), une vision cynique et d\u00e9sabus\u00e9e de la nature humaine (<em>Views of Human Nature<\/em>), et un rejet utilitariste de la morale conventionnelle au profit de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 pragmatique (<em>Morality<\/em>). Le score composite s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonne classiquement de 40 \u00e0 160 points, avec un point neutre th\u00e9orique fix\u00e9 \u00e0 100 points gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;adjonction d&rsquo;une constante de base de 20 points. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques d\u00e9montrent une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par coh\u00e9rence interne mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 satisfaisante (coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,65 et 0,78 selon les populations \u00e9tudi\u00e9es), une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle ad\u00e9quate \u00e0 moyen terme, ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive remarquable lors d&rsquo;exp\u00e9rimentations comportementales \u00e9valuant la n\u00e9gociation, le marchandage comp\u00e9titif et la manipulation en laboratoire.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>Machiav\u00e9lisme, Mach V, Richard Christie, triade sombre, personnalit\u00e9 manipulatrice, choix forc\u00e9, d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale, psychom\u00e9trie, cynisme, tactiques interpersonnelles, mesure ipsative, \u00e9valuation psychologique.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue et standardis\u00e9e par des chercheurs pionniers du d\u00e9partement de psychologie sociale de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universit%C3%A9_Columbia\">Universit\u00e9 Columbia<\/a> \u00e0 New York :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Richard Christie, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1918\u20131992) : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie sociale \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia, investigateur principal des recherches exp\u00e9rimentales sur la personnalit\u00e9 manipulatrice et th\u00e9oricien fondateur du machiav\u00e9lisme en psychologie scientifique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Florence L. Geis, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1937\u20131993) : Psychologue sociale, chercheuse associ\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia puis professeure \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Delaware, sp\u00e9cialiste de la dynamique des petits groupes, des rapports de pouvoir et des comportements de n\u00e9gociation strat\u00e9gique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collaborateurs m\u00e9thodologiques :<\/strong> John P. Robinson et Phillip R. Shaver (Institute for Social Research, Universit\u00e9 du Michigan), ayant document\u00e9 et diss\u00e9min\u00e9 les caract\u00e9ristiques psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;inventaire au sein de monographies normatives majeures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;Inventaire d&rsquo;attitudes du machiav\u00e9lisme V est de quantifier l&rsquo;orientation machiav\u00e9lique globale d&rsquo;un individu en \u00e9liminant la contamination syst\u00e9matique introduite par les biais de r\u00e9ponse d&rsquo;approbation et de conformisme social. D\u00e8s la publication des premi\u00e8res versions de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle (Mach I \u00e0 Mach IV), Christie et ses collaborateurs ont constat\u00e9 que les items machiav\u00e9liques bruts \u00e9taient fortement charg\u00e9s n\u00e9gativement sur l&rsquo;axe de la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale : admettre ouvertement que \u00ab la meilleure fa\u00e7on de manipuler les gens est de leur dire ce qu&rsquo;ils veulent entendre \u00bb ou que \u00ab la plupart des hommes oublient plus facilement la mort de leur p\u00e8re que la perte de leurs biens \u00bb exige un affranchissement des normes de civilit\u00e9 que les r\u00e9pondants soucieux de leur image refusent d&rsquo;exprimer.<\/p>\n<p>En contexte exp\u00e9rimental et de recherche fondamentale, le Mach V poursuit une double vis\u00e9e. D&rsquo;une part, il cherche \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier avec pr\u00e9cision les individus dits \u00ab High Mach \u00bb (hautement machiav\u00e9liques) des individus \u00ab Low Mach \u00bb (faiblement machiav\u00e9liques) sans que cette classification ne soit un simple artefact mesurant le besoin d&rsquo;approbation sociale ou le moralisme de fa\u00e7ade. D&rsquo;autre part, il vise \u00e0 pr\u00e9dire l&rsquo;adoption effective de conduites manipulatrices dans des situations d&rsquo;interaction sociale structur\u00e9es, comp\u00e9titives ou ambig\u00fces (n\u00e9gociations salariales, dilemmes du prisonnier, jeux de coalition, simulation d&rsquo;alliances strat\u00e9giques).<\/p>\n<p>Dans la recherche contemporaine, le Mach V constitue une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodologique incontournable pour les travaux portant sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triade_noire\">Triade noire<\/a> (<em>Dark Triad<\/em>, regroupant machiav\u00e9lisme, narcissisme et psychopathie subclinique), la psychologie organisationnelle, le leadership abusif, l&rsquo;\u00e9thique des affaires et la prise de d\u00e9cision politique. Il permet de comprendre les m\u00e9canismes par lesquels certains acteurs mobilisent le calcul strat\u00e9gique, la flatterie instrumentale et le d\u00e9tachement affectif pour maximiser leurs gains personnels tout en minimisant les co\u00fbts relationnels.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique \u00e9valu\u00e9 par le Mach V op\u00e9rationnalise la personnalit\u00e9 machiav\u00e9lique non pas comme un trouble psychiatrique psychopathologique, mais comme un trait de personnalit\u00e9 dimensionnel sous-tendu par une vision du monde froide, pragmatique et d\u00e9sengag\u00e9e. L&rsquo;inventaire s&rsquo;articule autour de trois facettes conceptuelles interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Tactiques interpersonnelles (<em>Interpersonal Tactics<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante mesure l&rsquo;approbation explicite de strat\u00e9gies reposant sur la tromperie, la dissimulation de ses v\u00e9ritables motifs, la flatterie int\u00e9ress\u00e9e et la manipulation directe d&rsquo;autrui pour parvenir \u00e0 ses fins. L&rsquo;individu \u00e0 score \u00e9lev\u00e9 consid\u00e8re les autres comme des instruments ou des pions n\u00e9gociables plut\u00f4t que comme des agents autonomes dou\u00e9s d&rsquo;une valeur intrins\u00e8que. L&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s affirmant qu&rsquo;il ne faut jamais divulguer la raison v\u00e9ritable d&rsquo;une action \u00e0 moins que cela ne soit utile, ou qu&rsquo;il est sage de flatter les personnes influentes, refl\u00e8te cette posture instrumentale op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9e par Christie.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Vision de la nature humaine (<em>Views of Human Nature<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value un scepticisme radical et une perception cynique des motivations d&rsquo;autrui. Pour le sujet machiav\u00e9lique, les \u00eatres humains sont par nature faibles, l\u00e2ches, influen\u00e7ables, \u00e9go\u00efstes et d\u00e9pourvus de courage moral. L&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se de travail implicite est que si autrui est fondamentalement indigne de confiance et prompt \u00e0 la trahison, alors la manipulation pr\u00e9ventive constitue une strat\u00e9gie d\u00e9fensive et rationnelle l\u00e9gitime. Cette facette refl\u00e8te l&rsquo;axiome anthropologique de Nicolas Machiavel \u00e9nonc\u00e9 dans <em>Le Prince<\/em>, selon lequel les hommes agissent rarement par pure vertu d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Rejet de la moralit\u00e9 conventionnelle et pragmatisme (<em>Abstract Morality and Utilitarianism<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle examine la subordination des principes moraux d\u00e9ontologiques (comme l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif universel de v\u00e9racit\u00e9 ou la charit\u00e9) \u00e0 l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif utilitariste des r\u00e9sultats tangibles. L&rsquo;individu machiav\u00e9lique rejette les id\u00e9aux moraux absolus, les consid\u00e9rant comme des constructions na\u00efves ou contre-productives qui entravent l&rsquo;action efficace. Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s d\u00e9notent une tol\u00e9rance marqu\u00e9e pour la transgression \u00e9thique, le contournement des r\u00e8gles (\u00ab couper les coins ronds \u00bb) et la justification des moyens par les fins poursuivies.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre conceptuel du Mach V trouve ses racines directes dans les \u00e9crits politiques et philosophiques de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolas_Machiavel\">Nicolas Machiavel<\/a> (1469\u20131527), notamment <em>Le Prince<\/em> (1532) et les <em>Discours sur la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9cade de Tite-Live<\/em>. Richard Christie et Florence Geis ont op\u00e9r\u00e9 une transposition syst\u00e9matique des pr\u00e9ceptes de gouvernance politique formul\u00e9s au XVIe si\u00e8cle vers la psychologie sociale des interactions interindividuelles au XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p>Dans leur monographie s\u00e9minale de 1970, <em>Studies in Machiavellianism<\/em>, Christie et Geis ont mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 le \u00ab syndrome machiav\u00e9lique \u00bb autour de quatre piliers fondamentaux :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Un d\u00e9tachement \u00e9motionnel froid (<em>Cool Syndrome<\/em>) :<\/strong> Les individus High Mach font preuve d&rsquo;une faible r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle lors des interactions tendues. Ils ne se laissent pas distraire par la culpabilit\u00e9, l&#8217;empathie, l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 de performance ou les appels affectifs de leurs partenaires d&rsquo;interaction, ce qui leur conf\u00e8re un avantage cognitif majeur lors des n\u00e9gociations \u00e0 fort enjeu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Une absence de focalisation id\u00e9ologique rigide :<\/strong> Contrairement aux personnalit\u00e9s autoritaires analys\u00e9es par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodor_W._Adorno\">Adorno et al. (1950)<\/a>, les machiav\u00e9liques ne sont pas attach\u00e9s \u00e0 des dogmes politiques ou religieux stricts ; ils font preuve d&rsquo;une flexibilit\u00e9 cognitive totale orient\u00e9e vers le succ\u00e8s imm\u00e9diat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Une absence de psychopathologie manifeste :<\/strong> Le machiav\u00e9lisme selon Christie et Geis ne correspond ni \u00e0 une n\u00e9vrose invalidante ni \u00e0 une psychose. Le fonctionnement cognitif reste intact, rationnel et parfaitement adapt\u00e9 aux exigences de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Une vision utilitariste de la conformit\u00e9 sociale :<\/strong> Les r\u00e8gles et les lois ne sont respect\u00e9es que dans la mesure o\u00f9 leur violation entra\u00eene des sanctions visibles ou directes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La th\u00e9orie sous-jacente au Mach V postule ainsi un mod\u00e8le transactionnel de l&rsquo;influence sociale, o\u00f9 le pouvoir psychologique d\u00e9coule de la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 percevoir objectivement les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s d&rsquo;autrui et \u00e0 les exploiter sans interf\u00e9rence \u00e9motionnelle.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La validation psychom\u00e9trique du Mach V a fait l&rsquo;objet de nombreuses v\u00e9rifications empiriques document\u00e9es dans les travaux de Christie et Geis (1970), Robinson et Shaver (1969), ainsi que dans la litt\u00e9rature ult\u00e9rieure :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et contr\u00f4le des biais de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Le point fort distinctif du Mach V r\u00e9side dans sa corr\u00e9lation quasi nulle avec les \u00e9chelles de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (notamment l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Marlow-Crowne). Alors que le Mach IV pr\u00e9sentait des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives significatives avec la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (typiquement entre <em>r<\/em> = -0,35 et <em>r<\/em> = -0,45), le Mach V pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations r\u00e9siduelles proches de z\u00e9ro (<em>r<\/em> variant de -0,08 \u00e0 +0,04), confirmant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique du syst\u00e8me de triades appari\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive en contexte comportemental<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes exp\u00e9rimentales d\u00e9montrent une validit\u00e9 \u00e9cologique et pr\u00e9dictive substantielle du Mach V. Dans les paradigmes de simulation de laboratoire o\u00f9 trois sujets n\u00e9gocient le partage d&rsquo;une r\u00e9compense mon\u00e9taire (\u00ab Con Game \u00bb de Christie &amp; Geis), les participants High Mach identifi\u00e9s par l&rsquo;inventaire V s&rsquo;allient syst\u00e9matiquement pour exclure le joueur Low Mach et s&rsquo;accaparent la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des gains. La validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive est particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans trois conditions environnementales pr\u00e9cises :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>L&rsquo;interaction se d\u00e9roule en face-\u00e0-face direct ;<\/li>\n<li>La situation offre une latitude discr\u00e9tionnaire \u00e9lev\u00e9e et une faible structuration normative ;<\/li>\n<li>La situation suscite une implication \u00e9motionnelle susceptible de d\u00e9stabiliser les individus guid\u00e9s par l&#8217;empathie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Le Mach V corr\u00e8le positivement et mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment avec les mesures ult\u00e9rieures de manipulation interpersonnelle (ex. les sous-\u00e9chelles du Dirty Dozen et du Short Dark Triad), avec les \u00e9chelles de scepticisme organisationnel et de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 non coop\u00e9rative. Sur le plan discriminant, l&rsquo;inventaire ne corr\u00e8le pas de mani\u00e8re significative avec les mesures d&rsquo;intelligence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale fluide (QI), d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9-trait ou d&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie politique conventionnelle droite-gauche, soulignant qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit bien d&rsquo;un style relationnel distinct plut\u00f4t que d&rsquo;une capacit\u00e9 intellectuelle brute ou d&rsquo;un simple positionnement partisan.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 du Mach V pr\u00e9sente des caract\u00e9ristiques sp\u00e9cifiques inh\u00e9rentes aux mesures \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 ipsatives :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne :<\/strong> Dans les \u00e9chantillons normatifs initiaux de Christie et Geis (1970), le coefficient alpha de Cronbach se situe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre <strong>0,65 et 0,74<\/strong> pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale. Robinson et Shaver (1969) rapportent des valeurs similaires (m\u00e9diane \u00e0 0,69). Bien que ces valeurs soient l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles obtenues avec des \u00e9chelles Likert classiques (o\u00f9 la covariance est souvent gonfl\u00e9e artificiellement par des tendances de r\u00e9ponse uniformes), elles refl\u00e8tent une coh\u00e9rence robuste compte tenu de la dispersion forc\u00e9e des items distracteurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Les \u00e9tudes longitudinales sur des intervalles de quatre \u00e0 huit semaines indiquent des coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle compris entre <strong>r = 0,71 et r = 0,80<\/strong>, d\u00e9montrant la stabilit\u00e9 du machiav\u00e9lisme en tant que trait de personnalit\u00e9 durable plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;un \u00e9tat d&rsquo;humeur fluctuant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Erreur standard de mesure (SEM) :<\/strong> Le SEM se situe autour de 5,5 \u00e0 6,2 points sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale de 120 points utiles (allant de 40 \u00e0 160), offrant une pr\u00e9cision suffisante pour la cat\u00e9gorisation par tertiles ou quartiles en recherche exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture factorielle du Mach V a suscit\u00e9 d&rsquo;importants d\u00e9bats m\u00e9thodologiques au sein de la psychom\u00e9trie contemporaine en raison de la nature ipsative des donn\u00e9es obtenues par choix forc\u00e9 (<em>forced-choice triads<\/em>). Les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) appliqu\u00e9es directement aux matrices de covariances de r\u00e9ponses forc\u00e9es rencontrent des contraintes math\u00e9matiques de d\u00e9pendance lin\u00e9aire.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, lorsque les scores des items machiav\u00e9liques sont extraits et mod\u00e9lis\u00e9s, les solutions factorielles corroborent largement la structure tridimensionnelle observ\u00e9e originellement sur le Mach IV :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Tactiques et manipulation interpersonnelle (<em>Tactics<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur regroupe les items relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;usage de la flatterie strat\u00e9gique, du mensonge utilitaire et de la dissimulation. Il explique la plus grande part de variance commune (typiquement 22 % \u00e0 28 %).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Cynisme anthropologique (<em>Views of Human Nature<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur sature fortement sur les items d\u00e9crivant la faiblesse morale, la l\u00e2chet\u00e9 ou l&rsquo;\u00e9go\u00efsme fondamental des \u00eatres humains.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Pragmatisme anti-moraliste (<em>Morality<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur capture le rejet des principes abstraits d&rsquo;honn\u00eatet\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9valence de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 personnelle sur l&rsquo;\u00e9thique formelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les mod\u00e9lisations plus r\u00e9centes bas\u00e9es sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_des_r%C3%A9ponses_aux_items\">th\u00e9orie des r\u00e9ponses aux items<\/a> (TRI) pour choix forc\u00e9 (mod\u00e8le de Thurstonian IRT propos\u00e9 par Brown et Maydeu-Olivares) confirment l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sous-jacent de machiav\u00e9lisme dominant, justifiant l&rsquo;utilisation du score total standardis\u00e9 tout en reconnaissant les nuances informatives apport\u00e9es par les facettes sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire de personnalit\u00e9 ipsatif \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre de blocs :<\/strong> 20 triades d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s (soit 60 propositions d\u00e9claratives au total).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Format de triade \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9. Pour chaque groupe de trois affirmations (A, B, C), le r\u00e9pondant s\u00e9lectionne l&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 qui correspond le <em>plus<\/em> \u00e0 son opinion personnelle (+, \u00ab Le plus vrai \u00bb) et l&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 qui correspond le <em>moins<\/em> \u00e0 son opinion personnelle (-, \u00ab Le moins vrai \u00bb). La troisi\u00e8me affirmation reste non coch\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure des triades :<\/strong> Chaque triade contient typiquement un \u00e9nonc\u00e9 machiav\u00e9lique (orient\u00e9 dans le sens machiav\u00e9lique [Mach+] ou anti-machiav\u00e9lique [Mach-]) et deux affirmations distractrices socialement appari\u00e9es mais ind\u00e9pendantes du construit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pour chaque triade, le choix de l&rsquo;item machiav\u00e9lique comme \u00ab Le plus vrai \u00bb ou \u00ab Le moins vrai \u00bb re\u00e7oit une pond\u00e9ration diff\u00e9rentielle selon l&rsquo;orientation (Mach+ ou Mach-).<\/li>\n<li>Les scores bruts sont somm\u00e9s \u00e0 travers les 20 triades.<\/li>\n<li>Une constante de 20 points est traditionnellement ajout\u00e9e pour \u00e9viter les scores nuls ou n\u00e9gatifs.<\/li>\n<li>Le score final varie de <strong>40 \u00e0 160<\/strong> points, o\u00f9 un score de <strong>100<\/strong> repr\u00e9sente le point neutre th\u00e9orique. Un score sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 100 indique une orientation machiav\u00e9lique sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la moyenne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 15 \u00e0 25 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de conception et publication :<\/strong> Initialement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 sous forme de manuscrit de recherche \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia en <strong>1968<\/strong>, puis formellement publi\u00e9 et diss\u00e9min\u00e9 par Robinson et Shaver en <strong>1969<\/strong> et dans la monographie de Christie et Geis en <strong>1970<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> Les items et le protocole du Mach V ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s dans des ouvrages scientifiques et des monographies de recherche acad\u00e9mique. L&rsquo;instrument appartient au domaine de la recherche fondamentale ouverte.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation du Mach V est <strong>enti\u00e8rement gratuite<\/strong> \u00e0 des fins d&rsquo;enseignement, de recherche scientifique, acad\u00e9mique et non commerciale. Les chercheurs sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 administrer le test sous r\u00e9serve de citer les publications originales des auteurs fondateurs (Christie &amp; Geis, 1970).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Les publications de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence ci-dessous documentent le d\u00e9veloppement th\u00e9orique, la structure et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s empiriques de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Christie, R., &amp; Geis, F. L. (1970). <em>Studies in Machiavellianism<\/em>. Academic Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-174450-2.50006-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-174450-2.50006-2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Christie, R., &amp; Geis, F. L. (1970). How devious are you? Take the Machiavelli test to find out. <em>Journal of Management in Engineering<\/em>, 15(4), 17\u201320.<\/li>\n<li>Christie, R., and others. (1968). <em>The Mach V scale: A forced-choice inventory for Machiavellian attitudes<\/em> (Unpublished manuscript). Department of Social Psychology, Columbia University.<\/li>\n<li>Corral, S., &amp; Calvete, E. (2000). Machiavellianism: Dimensionality of the Mach IV and its relation to self-monitoring in a Spanish sample. <em>The Spanish Journal of Psychology<\/em>, 3(1), 3\u201313. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1138741600005342\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1138741600005342<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Paulhus, D. L., &amp; Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. <em>Journal of Research in Personality<\/em>, 36(6), 556\u2013563. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1969). <em>Measures of Political Attitudes<\/em>. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/infoserv\/isrpub\/pdf\/Measuresofsocialpsychologicalattitudes_2928_.PDF\">Lien vers le document ISR<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> You will find 20 groups of statements. Each group is composed of three statements, labelled A, B, and C. You are to read all three statements in each group and decide which one of the three comes closest to your own personal point of view (&#039;Most Agree&#039; or &#039;+&#039;), and which of the three is furthest from your personal point of view (&#039;Least Agree&#039; or &#039;-&#039;). Leave the remaining statement blank.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> Forced-choice triad format: For each group of three statements (A, B, C), respondents select the statement that is &#039;Most&#039; like their own opinion (+, Most Agree) and the statement that is &#039;Least&#039; like their own opinion (-, Least Agree), leaving the remaining statement unmarked.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Scored based on the selection of Machiavellian (Mach+ or Mach-) statements relative to paired social-desirability-matched statements across the 20 triads. A constant is typically added (traditional base score of 20, with scores ranging from 40 to 160, where 100 is the neutral midpoint).\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. It takes more imagination to be a successful criminal than a successful business man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The phrase &#039;the road to hell is paved with good intentions&#039; contains a lot of truth.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most men forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their property.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Men are more concerned with the car they drive than with the clothes their wives wear.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is very important that imagination and creativity in children be cultivated.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>People suffering from incurable diseases should have the choice of being put painlessly to death.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Never tell anyone the real reason you did something unless it is useful to do so.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The well-being of the individual is the main goal of any good society.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Once a person has made up his mind about something, it is very hard to get him to change it.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. A good teacher should be more concerned with the emotional well-being of his students than with their academic progress.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>One should take action only when sure it is morally right.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is better to be a small fish in a big pond than a big fish in a small pond.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. It is wisest to assume that all people have a vicious streak and it will come out when they are given a chance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Success in industry is based more on luck than on ability.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Anyone who completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Honesty is the best policy in all cases.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The primary responsibility of an educational institution is to develop the character of its students.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>There is no excuse for lying to someone else.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Generally speaking, men won&#039;t work hard unless they&#039;re forced to do so.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Every person should have a trade or profession that he can fall back on in case of emergency.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Historical events are determined more by great ideas than by economic factors.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than to be important and dishonest.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A person who is totally dependent on others cannot be happy.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>If a person is to be successful in life, he must have the respect of his associates.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. When you ask someone to do something for you, it is best to give the real reasons for wanting it done rather than giving reasons which might carry more weight.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The only way to achieve genuine happiness is to lose oneself in a cause greater than oneself.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The world would be a much better place if people were more willing to help one another.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Most people are basically good and kind.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The best way to get along with people is to tell them things that will make them feel good.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is not necessary to understand people in order to get along with them.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Barnum was wrong when he said that there&#039;s a sucker born every minute.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is better to be an unfulfilled human being than a fulfilled pig.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A man&#039;s first duty is to his family, not to his employer.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. It is hard to get ahead without cutting corners here and there.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The most important thing in life is to do what you think is right, regardless of what other people think.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most people are brave when they have to be.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. It is safest to assume that all people have a vicious streak and it will come out when they are given a chance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>One of the best ways to get ahead in life is to be good at what you do.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The best way to get along with people is to be polite and pleasant to them.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Most people who get ahead in the world lead clean, moral lives.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most people are willing to make great sacrifices to help others in times of need.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A man&#039;s first responsibility is to his community.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Most people think of themselves first and others only when it is convenient.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>The greatest thing about democracy is that every citizen has a voice in government.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is a good idea to keep your opinions to yourself until you know what others think.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is important to treat all people with equal respect, regardless of their status in life.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A person should always be honest and truthful in his dealings with others.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. There is no excuse for lying to someone else.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Most people are better than they are generally thought to be.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It takes more courage to admit that you&#039;re wrong than to defend an error.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Most men are brave.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>Never tell anyone the real reason you did something unless it is useful to do so.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>It is better to be a follower in a good cause than a leader in a bad one.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A. Most people forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their property.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">B.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A person should be willing to sacrifice his personal desires for the good of his family.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-sub-item-row\" style=\"margin-left:36px; margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:8px; padding:10px 14px; background:#f8fafc; border-radius:6px; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px;\">\n  <span style=\"font-weight:700; color:#475569; min-width:20px; font-size:13.5px;\">C.<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#334155; font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.5;\">\n<div>A person who is totally dependent on others cannot be happy.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u00e9sentation acad\u00e9mique compl\u00e8te de l&rsquo;Inventaire d&rsquo;attitudes du machiav\u00e9lisme V (Mach V) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Richard Christie et Florence Geis : fondements th\u00e9oriques, neutralisation de la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale par choix forc\u00e9, structure factorielle et cotation psychom\u00e9trique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,1271,2],"tags":[14624,1308,18091,18090,1274,18092,220,17983,18093,1272],"class_list":["post-12455","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-de-la-personnalite","category-psychometrie","tag-choix-force","tag-desirabilite-sociale","tag-florence-geis","tag-mach-v","tag-machiavelisme","tag-personnalite-manipulatrice","tag-psychologie-sociale","tag-richard-christie","tag-tests-psychometriques","tag-triade-noire"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12455"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12455\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}