{"id":12408,"date":"2026-10-02T18:53:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T18:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-la-nouvelle-gauche\/"},"modified":"2026-10-02T18:53:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T18:53:49","slug":"echelle-de-la-nouvelle-gauche","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-la-nouvelle-gauche","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019<strong>\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche<\/strong> (en anglais, <em>New Left Scale<\/em> ou NLS) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d\u2019\u00e9valuation des attitudes socio-politiques d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960 par les psychologues sociaux <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Christie_(psychologist)\">Richard Christie<\/a>, Lucy N. Friedman et Anne Ross au sein de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia. Con\u00e7ue durant une p\u00e9riode marqu\u00e9e par de profondes contestations \u00e9tudiantes, l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence des mouvements pour les droits civiques et la protestation contre la guerre du Vi\u00eat Nam, cette \u00e9chelle visait \u00e0 op\u00e9rationnaliser et quantifier l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion id\u00e9ologique aux pr\u00e9ceptes de la \u00ab <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nouvelle_gauche\">Nouvelle Gauche<\/a> \u00bb (<em>New Left<\/em>), un courant distinct du marxisme-l\u00e9ninisme traditionnel orthodoxe.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire original comporte 61 items administr\u00e9s via une \u00e9chelle de Likert en 7 points allant de 1 (\u00ab fortement en d\u00e9saccord \u00bb) \u00e0 7 (\u00ab fortement en accord \u00bb). L&rsquo;instrument explore un ensemble de dimensions attitudinales et philosophiques complexes, notamment le rejet visc\u00e9ral de l\u2019\u00ab Establishment \u00bb, l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation institutionnelle, la d\u00e9sillusion envers les voies d\u00e9mocratiques conventionnelles et \u00e9lectorales, la valorisation de l&rsquo;action directe disruptive, la libert\u00e9 morale et sexuelle, ainsi que la foi en une nature humaine intrins\u00e8quement bonne mais corrompue par les bureaucraties contemporaines. Plusieurs sous-dimensions \u00e9mergent des analyses psychom\u00e9triques factorielles : l&rsquo;anarchisme organisationnel\/antbureaucratisme, le radicalisme d&rsquo;action disruptive, la d\u00e9saffection politique envers les r\u00e9formes institutionnelles, l&rsquo;\u00e9galitarisme existentiel et le rejet des structures autoritaires.<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques \u00e9tablies lors des \u00e9tudes initiales et des recherches ult\u00e9rieures rapportent une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach se situant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,78 et 0,89 pour l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle globale et ses composantes principales. La validit\u00e9 de construit et la validit\u00e9 convergente ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9es par de fortes corr\u00e9lations positives avec la participation effective \u00e0 des mouvements de protestation sur les campus, ainsi qu&rsquo;avec des \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation politique, et des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives nettes avec l&rsquo;autoritarisme de droite (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personnalit%C3%A9_autoritaire\">\u00c9chelle F<\/a>) et le conservatisme dogmatique. L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche demeure une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence historique et m\u00e9thodologique fondamentale pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la psychologie politique, de l&rsquo;activisme id\u00e9ologique et de la dynamique des mouvements sociaux radicaux.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche, New Left Scale, Richard Christie, psychologie politique, radicalisme id\u00e9ologique, activisme \u00e9tudiant, ali\u00e9nation sociale, attitudes politiques, d\u00e9mocratie participative, mouvements sociaux, psychom\u00e9trie, contestation politique.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche a \u00e9t\u00e9 conceptualis\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs du d\u00e9partement de psychologie sociale de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Columbia (New York, \u00c9tats-Unis) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Richard Christie, Ph.D.<\/strong> : \u00c9minent psychologue social, professeur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Columbia, r\u00e9put\u00e9 internationalement pour ses travaux pionniers sur la personnalit\u00e9 et les id\u00e9ologies, notamment le d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9chelles de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machiav%C3%A9lisme_(psychologie)\">machiav\u00e9lisme<\/a> (Mach-IV et Mach-V). Ses recherches ont profond\u00e9ment marqu\u00e9 la mesure des dynamiques interpersonnelles de pouvoir et des orientations id\u00e9ologiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lucy N. Friedman, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse en psychologie sociale \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Columbia, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;analyse empirique des attitudes politiques, des mouvements contestataires de jeunesse et des comportements collectifs dans les contextes institutionnels d&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anne Ross<\/strong> : Chercheuse associ\u00e9e au d\u00e9partement de psychologie sociale de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia, ayant collabor\u00e9 \u00e9troitement \u00e0 la collecte des donn\u00e9es de terrain aupr\u00e8s des populations \u00e9tudiantes militantes et \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation psychom\u00e9trique de la contestation de la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche est de capturer, mesurer et mod\u00e9liser sur le plan quantitatif la configuration id\u00e9ologique sp\u00e9cifique qui a \u00e9merg\u00e9 chez les jeunes adultes et les intellectuels occidentaux durant les ann\u00e9es 1960. Jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode, les instruments en <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_politique\">psychologie politique<\/a> reposaient essentiellement sur des paradigmes fa\u00e7onn\u00e9s par l&rsquo;apr\u00e8s-guerre et la Guerre froide, analysant soit l&rsquo;autoritarisme fascisant (tel qu&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson et Sanford dans <em>The Authoritarian Personality<\/em> en 1950), soit le dogmatisme rigide (Rokeach, 1960), soit l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion au marxisme stalinien ou r\u00e9formiste traditionnel.<\/p>\n<p>Or, le mouvement de la Nouvelle Gauche pr\u00e9sentait une rupture \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique et prax\u00e9ologique majeure avec la \u00ab Vieille Gauche \u00bb (<em>Old Left<\/em>). Les militants de la Nouvelle Gauche ne s&rsquo;identifiaient pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00e0 l&rsquo;Union sovi\u00e9tique ni \u00e0 la hi\u00e9rarchie bureaucratique des partis communistes ou socialistes classiques. Au contraire, ils formulaient une critique acerbe tant de la bureaucratie capitaliste occidentale que des totalitarismes d&rsquo;\u00c9tat socialistes. Ils valorisaient l&rsquo;authenticit\u00e9 existentielle, la spontan\u00e9it\u00e9, la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9mocratie_participative\">d\u00e9mocratie participative<\/a>, la lib\u00e9ration sexuelle et morale, et remettaient en cause la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 des canaux institutionnels conventionnels (\u00e9lections, tribunaux, compromis parlementaires) pour r\u00e9soudre les injustices syst\u00e9miques telles que le racisme ou l&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme militaire.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument r\u00e9pondait ainsi \u00e0 un besoin imp\u00e9rieux de recherche :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9lucidation th\u00e9orique<\/strong> : Diff\u00e9rencier l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux valeurs humanistes radicales de la simple psychopathologie ou de l&rsquo;anomie sociale, en offrant un profilage nuanc\u00e9 des croyances normatives des contestataires.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9diction des comportements collectifs<\/strong> : Fournir un outil capable de pr\u00e9dire l&rsquo;engagement effectif dans des actes de d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile, l&rsquo;occupation de b\u00e2timents universitaires, la confrontation avec les forces de l&rsquo;ordre ou, \u00e0 l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;activisme r\u00e9formiste non violent.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Applications en sociologie et psychologie sociale<\/strong> : Permettre des analyses comparatives inter-campus et inter-g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelles pour \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;\u00e9volution du foss\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel (<em>generation gap<\/em>) et l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion de la confiance envers l&rsquo;Establishment politique et \u00e9conomique am\u00e9ricain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche est multidimensionnel, refl\u00e9tant l&rsquo;architecture intellectuelle et \u00e9motionnelle d&rsquo;un mouvement contre-culturel et politique h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ne se limite pas \u00e0 des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences partisanes ; elle interroge une vision globale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de la nature humaine, de la morale et des modes d&rsquo;action collective. Cinq axes constitutifs majeurs composent ce spectre :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Rejet de l&rsquo;Establishment et ali\u00e9nation syst\u00e9mique<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante op\u00e9rationnalise la croyance selon laquelle les institutions fondamentales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 contemporaine sont intrins\u00e8quement coercitives, manipulatrices et ill\u00e9gitimes. L&rsquo;\u00ab Establishment \u00bb y est per\u00e7u comme une structure totalisante qui contr\u00f4le ind\u00fbment l&rsquo;existence des individus et emp\u00eache toute libert\u00e9 authentique. Des items tels que l&rsquo;item 1 (<em>\u00ab \u00ab\u00a0The Establishment\u00a0\u00bb unfairly controls every aspect of our lives; we can never be free until we are rid of it \u00bb<\/em>) ou l&rsquo;item 2 (<em>\u00ab You can never achieve freedom within the framework of contemporary American society \u00bb<\/em>) capturent ce sentiment d&rsquo;incompatibilit\u00e9 radicale entre libert\u00e9 individuelle et ordre social \u00e9tabli.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Radicalisme tactique et perturbation directe (Disruption vs. Dialogue)<\/h3>\n<p>Ce volet \u00e9value la l\u00e9gitimation des m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;action directe, de confrontation et de perturbation disruptive face \u00e0 la lenteur ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chec per\u00e7u des processus d\u00e9lib\u00e9ratifs. L&rsquo;id\u00e9e centrale est que les canaux l\u00e9gaux conventionnels servent avant tout \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuer le statu quo. Les items 5, 7 et 15 refl\u00e8tent cette disposition : pousser les autorit\u00e9s \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression pour d\u00e9voiler leur ill\u00e9gitimit\u00e9, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rer la rupture et la perturbation au dialogue institutionnel, et privil\u00e9gier la destruction des structures oppressives avant m\u00eame de th\u00e9oriser leur reconstruction.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Antbureaucratisme et spontan\u00e9it\u00e9 existentielle<\/h3>\n<p>Influenc\u00e9e par les courants existentialistes et l&rsquo;humanisme radical, cette dimension \u00e9value la m\u00e9fiance envers les hi\u00e9rarchies formelles, les appareils bureaucratiques et la centralisation du pouvoir politique. Les r\u00e9pondants adh\u00e9rant \u00e0 cette sous-dimension consid\u00e8rent que les structures formelles \u00e9touffent la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 et que la spontan\u00e9it\u00e9 est la condition <em>sine qua non<\/em> d&rsquo;une vie authentique (items 12, 30 et 48). Elle se traduit \u00e9galement par le refus de s\u00e9parer la sph\u00e8re politique de la sph\u00e8re \u00e9thique ou personnelle (antith\u00e8se de la technocratie impersonnelle).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Humanisme rousseauiste et corruption institutionnelle<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle explore une conception philosophique sp\u00e9cifique de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain : l&rsquo;individu est intrins\u00e8quement bon, empathique et dou\u00e9 d&rsquo;un fort potentiel de perfectionnement, mais les institutions sociales, \u00e9conomiques et juridiques cr\u00e9ent l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation et contraignent l&rsquo;homme \u00e0 agir contre sa vraie nature. L&rsquo;item 43 (<em>\u00ab Although men are intrinsically good, they have developed institutions which force them to act in opposition to their basic nature \u00bb<\/em>) cristallise parfaitement ce postulat anthropologique.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Lib\u00e9ration morale, sexuelle et d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement des normes traditionnelles<\/h3>\n<p>La Nouvelle Gauche ne dissociait pas le combat socio-\u00e9conomique de la r\u00e9volution culturelle. Ce construit mesure le rejet du traditionalisme moral, de l&rsquo;institution du mariage per\u00e7ue comme restrictive de la libert\u00e9 individuelle, et de la sanctification de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e (items 10, 19, 20 et 35). Il valorise l&rsquo;autonomie relationnelle et le primat des sentiments partag\u00e9s sur les contrats juridiques formels.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche prend racine dans plusieurs traditions th\u00e9oriques majeures de la sociologie critique et de la psychologie humaniste des ann\u00e9es 1950 et 1960 :<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie critique et l&rsquo;\u00c9cole de Francfort<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;influence philosophique majeure de la Nouvelle Gauche am\u00e9ricaine r\u00e9side dans les travaux d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Marcuse\">Herbert Marcuse<\/a>, notamment \u00e0 travers des ouvrages majeurs tels que <em>L&rsquo;Homme unidimensionnel<\/em> (1964) et <em>\u00c9ros et civilisation<\/em> (1955). Marcuse postulait que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 industrielle avanc\u00e9e, sous couvert de rationalit\u00e9 technologique et d&rsquo;abondance mat\u00e9rielle, exerce une r\u00e9pression totale et subtile qui int\u00e8gre et \u00e9touffe toute opposition authentique (\u00ab tol\u00e9rance r\u00e9pressive \u00bb). Selon cette vision, les r\u00e9formes partielles ne font que moderniser la servitude ; seule une \u00ab rupture totale \u00bb (le Grand Refus) men\u00e9e par les groupes marginaux, les \u00e9tudiants et les opprim\u00e9s peut d\u00e9samorcer l&rsquo;appareil r\u00e9pressif. Les items de Christie et al. traduisent directement ces postulats marcus\u00e9ens.<\/p>\n<h3>Le concept de d\u00e9mocratie participative et le manifeste de Port Huron<\/h3>\n<p>R\u00e9dig\u00e9 en 1962 par Tom Hayden pour les <em>Students for a Democratic Society<\/em> (SDS), le <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifeste_de_Port_Huron\">Manifeste de Port Huron<\/a> constitue le texte programmatique fondateur de la Nouvelle Gauche am\u00e9ricaine. Ce manifeste appelait \u00e0 substituer \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie repr\u00e9sentative scl\u00e9ros\u00e9e une v\u00e9ritable <em>d\u00e9mocratie participative<\/em>, o\u00f9 chaque individu participe directement aux d\u00e9cisions qui fa\u00e7onnent sa vie quotidienne. L&rsquo;item 28 (<em>\u00ab Real participatory democracy should be the basis for a new society \u00bb<\/em>) et l&rsquo;item 26 (qui \u00e9value de fa\u00e7on invers\u00e9e l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9mocratie repr\u00e9sentative) d\u00e9coulent rigoureusement de ce socle th\u00e9orique.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;existentialisme et la psychologie humaniste<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle fait \u00e9galement \u00e9cho aux th\u00e8ses d&rsquo;Erich Fromm sur l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation moderne et la peur de la libert\u00e9, ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 l&rsquo;existentialisme sartrien insistant sur l&rsquo;engagement personnel, la responsabilit\u00e9 morale directe et le rejet de la \u00ab mauvaise foi \u00bb institutionnelle. L&rsquo;action politique n&rsquo;est pas con\u00e7ue comme un calcul \u00e9lectoral froid ou une discipline de parti stricte, mais comme une exp\u00e9rience vivante, formatrice et r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice de conscience de soi (ex. item 23 : valorisation de l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience d&rsquo;une manifestation politique par rapport \u00e0 la recherche en biblioth\u00e8que).<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tay\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Christie, Friedman et Ross (1969) et corrobor\u00e9e par des publications majeures recens\u00e9es notamment dans le recueil d&rsquo;instruments psychologiques de l&rsquo;<em>Institute for Social Research<\/em> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan (Robinson &#038; Shaver, 1969).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et de groupes connus (Known-Groups Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>Pour d\u00e9montrer la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 discriminer les orientations id\u00e9ologiques r\u00e9elles, Christie et ses collaborateurs ont administr\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle \u00e0 des groupes d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants aux affiliations politiques v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es lors des manifestations et gr\u00e8ves de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Columbia en 1968. Les r\u00e9sultats ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une diff\u00e9renciation spectaculaire :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les membres actifs des <strong>Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)<\/strong> et les participants \u00e0 l&rsquo;occupation des b\u00e2timents ont obtenu des scores significativement et massivement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle (moyennes se situant fr\u00e9quemment au-del\u00e0 du percentile 90).<\/li>\n<li>Les \u00e9tudiants lib\u00e9raux mod\u00e9r\u00e9s non impliqu\u00e9s dans les perturbations occupaient des scores interm\u00e9diaires.<\/li>\n<li>Les \u00e9tudiants conservateurs, sympathisants des <em>Young Americans for Freedom<\/em> (YAF) ou oppos\u00e9s aux gr\u00e8ves, affichaient des scores extr\u00eamement faibles, traduisant un rejet quasi syst\u00e9matique des items de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et divergente<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses corr\u00e9lationnelles rapport\u00e9es dans la litt\u00e9rature psychologique indiquent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Convergence \u00e9lev\u00e9e :<\/strong> Des corr\u00e9lations positives fortes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,60\">$r = 0,60$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,75$) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es avec des mesures de contestation \u00e9tudiante, d&rsquo;activisme pour les droits civiques, et des \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation politique et institutionnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Divergence et orthogonalit\u00e9 :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle montre des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives marqu\u00e9es avec l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle F d&rsquo;Adorno (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r \u0007pprox -0,45\">$r \u0007pprox -0,45$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"-0,60\">$-0,60$<\/span>), prouvant qu&rsquo;elle ne mesure pas un simple \u00ab autoritarisme de gauche \u00bb invers\u00e9, mais un syndrome attitudinal distinct marqu\u00e9 par le rejet de la soumission \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 \u00e9tablie. De m\u00eame, les corr\u00e9lations avec le dogmatisme de Rokeach sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement faibles \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9es, soulignant que l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux valeurs de la Nouvelle Gauche ne se confondait pas automatiquement avec une fermeture cognitive g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corr\u00e9lation avec le machiav\u00e9lisme :<\/strong> Christie et al. ont explor\u00e9 les liens entre la NLS et les scores de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle Mach-IV. Fait remarquable, les militants de la Nouvelle Gauche pr\u00e9sentaient des profils distincts des hauts machiav\u00e9liques traditionnels : s&rsquo;ils partageaient une lucidit\u00e9 cynique quant aux d\u00e9faillances de l&rsquo;Establishment, ils manifestaient une foi humaniste beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e en la nature intrins\u00e8que de l&rsquo;homme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les indices de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 rapport\u00e9s pour l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche attestent d&rsquo;une consistance m\u00e9trologique robuste pour un outil d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation attitudinale complexe :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Coh\u00e9rence interne :<\/strong> Le coefficient global alpha de Cronbach de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle totale (61 items) varie entre <strong>0,85 et 0,91<\/strong> selon les \u00e9chantillons \u00e9tudi\u00e9s (\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de Columbia, de New York University et panels universitaires g\u00e9n\u00e9raux). Pour les formes abr\u00e9g\u00e9es d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es ult\u00e9rieurement dans les recherches en sociologie politique (notamment des versions courtes de 20 \u00e0 30 items), les coefficients alpha sont demeur\u00e9s stables, oscillant entre <strong>0,79 et 0,86<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corr\u00e9lations inter-items et item-total :<\/strong> Les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es pour les items centraux (notamment ceux li\u00e9s au rejet institutionnel et \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie participative) s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent de 0,42 \u00e0 0,68, indiquant que les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s contribuent substantiellement et de mani\u00e8re homog\u00e8ne \u00e0 la variance du construit sous-jacent.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest) :<\/strong> Dans les sous-\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants test\u00e9s \u00e0 intervalle de plusieurs semaines en l&rsquo;absence de crise politique aigu\u00eb sur les campus, les coefficients de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest ont oscill\u00e9 autour de <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,78\">$r = 0,78$<\/span> \u00e0 $0,84$, confirmant que l&rsquo;instrument capture des orientations attitudinales relativement stables et structur\u00e9es plut\u00f4t que de simples r\u00e9actions \u00e9motionnelles transitoires.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) conduites par Christie, Friedman et Ross (1969), ainsi que les r\u00e9analyses men\u00e9es dans le cadre des travaux de synth\u00e8se de Robinson et Shaver (1969), ont mis en \u00e9vidence la structure multidimensionnelle de la matrice de covariance des 61 items.<\/p>\n<p>Bien qu&rsquo;un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral pr\u00e9dominant de second ordre rende compte d&rsquo;une part substantielle de la variance totale (refl\u00e9tant l&rsquo;orientation globale \u00ab R\u00e9volutionnaire \/ Anti-Establishment \u00bb), les analyses factorielles en composantes principales suivies de rotations orthogonales (Varimax) et obliques ont d\u00e9gag\u00e9 plusieurs facteurs de premier ordre distincts :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur I : Rejet radical de l&rsquo;Establishment et l\u00e9gitimation de la rupture (Total Institutional Alienation)<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur regroupe les items \u00e0 plus fortes saturations positives (items 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 15), avec des saturations factorielles souvent sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,60. Il capte l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif de restructuration fondamentale ou de destruction des institutions jug\u00e9es irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement oppressives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur II : Antbureaucratisme, spontan\u00e9it\u00e9 et \u00e9thique existentielle<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur regroupe les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s valorisant l&rsquo;absence de hi\u00e9rarchie formelle, le libre d\u00e9ploiement cr\u00e9atif et la fusion du r\u00f4le politique avec la vie personnelle (items 12, 30, 31, 48, 54 invers\u00e9). Les saturations s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent entre 0,45 et 0,62.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur III : Traditionalisme institutionnel et l\u00e9galisme (Facteur invers\u00e9 \/ Conservatisme)<\/strong> \u2014 Ce p\u00f4le comprend des items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re conservatrice ou l\u00e9galiste (items 22b, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35, 45). Ces items saturent n\u00e9gativement sur le facteur global de Nouvelle Gauche (ou positivement sur un facteur de foi syst\u00e9mique), avec des saturations comprises entre -0,48 et -0,65.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur IV : Lib\u00e9ration morale et refus du conformisme social<\/strong> \u2014 Regroupe les items touchant aux normes sexuelles, au mariage, \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 polici\u00e8re et \u00e0 la contestation du caract\u00e8re sacr\u00e9 de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e (items 10, 19, 20, 27). Saturations entre 0,40 et 0,58.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9montrent que l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie de la Nouvelle Gauche, bien que coh\u00e9rente, s&rsquo;articule autour de composantes politiques concr\u00e8tes (l&rsquo;action directe, l&rsquo;anti-r\u00e9formisme) et de valeurs philosophiques et de style de vie (le rejet de l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation bureaucratique et des normes traditionnelles).<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d\u2019instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire auto-rapport\u00e9 d&rsquo;attitudes socio-politiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d\u2019administration :<\/strong> Papier-crayon ou formulaire num\u00e9rique auto-administr\u00e9 (individuel ou collectif).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d\u2019items :<\/strong> 61 items formul\u00e9s sous la forme d&rsquo;affirmations politiques, morales et sociologiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de type Likert en 7 points : de <strong>1 = strongly disagree<\/strong> (fortement en d\u00e9saccord) \u00e0 <strong>7 = strongly agree<\/strong> (fortement en accord).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et inversion :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle comprend des items orient\u00e9s positivement vers l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie de la Nouvelle Gauche (pro-New Left, ex. items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc.) et des items invers\u00e9s (contre-r\u00e9volutionnaires, conservateurs ou l\u00e9galistes, ex. items 13, 18, 20, 22b, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55).<\/li>\n<li>Pour les items invers\u00e9s, le score doit \u00eatre recalcul\u00e9 selon la formule : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"Score_{inversacute{e}} = 8 - Score_{brut}\">$Score_{inversacute{e}} = 8 &#8211; Score_{brut}$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Le score global est obtenu en sommant l&rsquo;ensemble des items (ou en calculant la moyenne arithm\u00e9tique globale). Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique une adh\u00e9sion tr\u00e8s forte aux th\u00e8ses radicales de la Nouvelle Gauche, tandis qu&rsquo;un score bas traduit une adh\u00e9sion aux institutions d\u00e9mocratiques traditionnelles, un l\u00e9galisme strict ou un conservatisme id\u00e9ologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement :<\/strong> 1969.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et accessibilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> L\u2019\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre de recherches acad\u00e9miques universitaires soutenues par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Columbia et document\u00e9e par l\u2019<em>Institute for Social Research<\/em> (ISR) de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan. L&rsquo;instrument est tomb\u00e9 dans le <strong>domaine public acad\u00e9mique<\/strong> et est libre de droits pour l&rsquo;enseignement, la recherche scientifique et les applications non commerciales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Gratuit (aucun co\u00fbt d&rsquo;acquisition de licence ni redevance commerciale). Les chercheurs souhaitant administrer l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sont encourag\u00e9s \u00e0 citer rigoureusement les publications originales de Christie, Friedman et Ross (1969) ainsi que le recueil m\u00e9thodologique de Robinson et Shaver (1969).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Christie, R., Friedman, L. N., &amp; Ross, A. (1969). The New Left and its ideology: An exploratory study. <em>Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 4(Pt. 1), 293\u2013294. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1969-14068-001\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1969-14068-001<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Christie, R., Friedman, L., &amp; Ross, A. (1969). <em>The New Left and its ideology<\/em>. Document de recherche non publi\u00e9, D\u00e9partement de psychologie sociale, Universit\u00e9 Columbia, New York.<\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1969). <em>Measures of Political Attitudes<\/em>. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/infoserv\/isrpub\/pdf\/Measuresofsocialpsychologicalattitudes_2928_.PDF\">https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/infoserv\/isrpub\/pdf\/Measuresofsocialpsychologicalattitudes_2928_.PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., &amp; Sanford, R. N. (1950). <em>The Authoritarian Personality<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Authoritarian_Personality\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Authoritarian_Personality<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Marcuse, H. (1964). <em>One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society<\/em>. Beacon Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%27Homme_unidimensionnel\">https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%27Homme_unidimensionnel<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rokeach, M. (1960). <em>The Open and Closed Mind: Investigations into the Nature of Belief Systems and Personality Systems<\/em>. Basic Books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">&quot;The Establishment&quot; unfairly controls every aspect of our lives; we can never be free until we are rid of it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can never achieve freedom within the framework of contemporary American society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The United States needs a complete restructuring of its basic institutions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A mass revolutionary party should be cr\u200eeated.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Authorities must be put in an intolerable position so they will be forced to respond with repression and thus show their illegitimacy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The solutions for contemporary problems lie in striking at their roots\u201a no matter how much destruction might occur.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Disruption is preferable to dialogue for changing our society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Even though institutions have worked well in the past\u201a they must be destroyed if they are not effective now.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The structure of our society is such that self- alienation is inevitable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sexual behavior should be bound by mutual feelings\u201a not by formal and legal ties.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A problem with most older people is that they have learned to accept society as it is\u201a not as it should be.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The bureaucracy of American society makes it impossible to live and work spontaneously.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Radicals of the left are as much a threat to the rights of the individual as are the radicals of the right.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">While man has great potential for good\u201a society brings out primarily the worst in him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The processes of rebuilding society are of less immediate importance than the processes of destroying it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The political structure of the Soviet un\u200eion is more like that of the United States than that of Red China.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The streets are a more appropriate medium for change in our society than printing presses.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Competition encourages excellence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Marriage unfairly restricts one\u2019s personal freedom.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The right to private property is sacred.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">No one should be punished for violating a law which he feels is immoral.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are legitimate channels for reform which must be exhausted before attempting disruption.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You learn more from ten minutes in a political protest than ten hours of research in a library.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Although our society has to be changed\u201a violence is not a justified means.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Society needs some legally based authority in order to prevent chaos.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Representative democracy can respond effectively to the needs of the people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Police should not hesitate to use force to maintain order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Real participatory democracy should be the basis for a new society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If people worked hard at their jobs\u201a they would reap the full benefits of our society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Groups with a formal structure tend to stifle creativity among their members.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A social scientist should not separate his political responsibilities from his professional role.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should not do research which can be used in ways which are contrary to the social good.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Abrupt reforms in society usually lead to such a severe backlash that they will be self-defeating.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Traditions serve a useful social function by providing stability and continuity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The very existence of our long-standing social norms demonstrates their value.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If the structure of our society becomes non-repressive\u201a people will be happy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The distinction between public and private life is unnecessary.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Compromise is essential for progress.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Extensive reform in society only serves to perpetuate the evils; it will never solve problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting must be a pragmatic rather than moral decision.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Anyone who violates the law for reasons of conscience should be willing to accept the legal consequences.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is possible to modify our institutions so that the blacks can be incorporated on an equal basis in to our contemporary society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Although men are intrinsically good\u201a they have developed institution s which force them to act in opposition to their basic nature.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Educational institution s should espouse political doctrines.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Change in our society should be based primarily on popular elections.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A minority must never be allowed to impose its will on the majority.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Spontaneity is often an excuse for irresponsibility.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">An Individual can find his true identity only by detaching himself from formal ideologies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Being put in positions of leadership brings out the best in men.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Political factions cannot cooperate with each other without sacrificing their integrity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is more important that people be involved in the present rather than concerned with the past or the future.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A commitment to action is more social l y relevant than a commitment to any specific philosophy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Commitment to a meaningful career is a very important part of a man&#039;s life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One&#039;s personal life can be kept separate from one&#039;s political life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A group without a clear-cut pattern of leadership cannot function effectively.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Freedom of expression should be denied to racist and neo-fascistic movements.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Provocation of the police should only be a by-product\u201a not a goal\u201a of mass action.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A liberal society is more conducive to revolutionary change than is a fascistic one.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We must strive for the democratization of decision making bodies within the existing government.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The only way to combat violence is to use violent means.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You should always be candid with your friends even though you may hurt their feelings.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de la Nouvelle Gauche (New Left Scale, NLS) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1969 par Richard Christie et ses collaborateurs pour mesurer l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion id\u00e9ologique aux valeurs de contestation, d&rsquo;anti-bureaucratisme et d&rsquo;action directe de la Nouvelle Gauche.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[155,2027,2],"tags":[17985,16396,17984,17982,2032,17847,17983],"class_list":["post-12408","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-dattitudes","category-psychologie-politique","category-psychometrie","tag-activisme","tag-attitudes-politiques","tag-mouvements-sociaux","tag-new-left-scale","tag-psychologie-politique","tag-radicalisme","tag-richard-christie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12408"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12408\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}