{"id":12364,"date":"2026-10-02T17:39:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T17:39:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-participation-politique\/"},"modified":"2026-10-02T17:39:48","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T17:39:48","slug":"echelle-de-participation-politique","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-participation-politique","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de participation politique"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de participation politique<\/strong> (<em>Political Participation Scale<\/em>, PPS), con\u00e7ue en 1982 par le chercheur <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_psychology\">Choichiro Yatani<\/a> \u00e0 l&rsquo;Oregon State University, est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer de mani\u00e8re multidimensionnelle les attitudes \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de la participation politique, de l&rsquo;engagement civique et des comportements sociopolitiques au sein d&rsquo;une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre de recherches portant sur les liens fondamentaux entre attitudes civiques, orientation conventionnelle et propension \u00e0 l&rsquo;action non conventionnelle ou violente, cette \u00e9chelle se compose de 60 items administr\u00e9s selon un format de r\u00e9ponse de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89chelle_de_Likert\">Likert<\/a> en 5 points, allant de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Disagree<\/em>) \u00e0 5 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly Agree<\/em>), avec un point neutre interm\u00e9diaire (3 = \u00ab Ind\u00e9cis \u00bb \/ <em>Undecided<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument explore un large spectre comportemental et attitudinal, englobant la participation \u00e9lectorale institutionnelle, la consommation m\u00e9diatique d&rsquo;informations politiques, les discussions interpersonnelles sur les politiques publiques et la paix mondiale, l&rsquo;exposition et l&rsquo;affichage d&rsquo;opinions partisanes, ainsi que les sentiments d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 civique ou d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation vis-\u00e0-vis des \u00e9lites dirigeantes. Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, les analyses originales men\u00e9es par Yatani ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par la m\u00e9thode du partage (<em>split-half reliability<\/em>) de 0,75 apr\u00e8s correction par la formule proph\u00e9tique de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formule_de_Spearman-Brown\">Spearman-Brown<\/a>, attestant d&rsquo;une consistance interne robuste pour un instrument de cette \u00e9tendue.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle demeure un outil m\u00e9thodologique et conceptuel historique pour les chercheurs en <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_politique\">psychologie politique<\/a>, en sociologie \u00e9lectorale et en sciences de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation civique, offrant un moyen rigoureux d&rsquo;examiner comment la socialisation primaire, le sentiment d&rsquo;agentivit\u00e9 politique et le cynisme institutionnel interagissent pour fa\u00e7onner l&rsquo;implication d\u00e9mocratique individuelle.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Participation politique, engagement civique, comportement \u00e9lectoral, psychologie politique, efficacit\u00e9 politique, ali\u00e9nation politique, socialisation politique, attitudes d\u00e9mocratiques, \u00e9chelle de Likert, psychom\u00e9trie.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique a \u00e9t\u00e9 conceptualis\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par le psychologue et chercheur en sciences sociales <strong>Choichiro Yatani<\/strong> en 1982. Ce travail a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 dans le cadre de son m\u00e9moire de Master of Arts intitul\u00e9 <em>Attitudes Toward Political Participation and Preference for Violence<\/em>, soutenu au D\u00e9partement de Psychologie et d&rsquo;\u00c9tudes Interdisciplinaires de l&rsquo;<strong>Oregon State University<\/strong> (Corvallis, Oregon, \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/p>\n<p>Choichiro Yatani a poursuivi une carri\u00e8re acad\u00e9mique remarqu\u00e9e dans le domaine de la psychologie sociale, de la psychologie politique et des \u00e9tudes interculturelles de la violence, contribuant ult\u00e9rieurement \u00e0 des recherches comparatives sur la l\u00e9gitimation de l&rsquo;agression, l&rsquo;autoritarisme, les mouvements pour la paix et les dynamiques de protestation sociale au sein d&rsquo;institutions universitaires am\u00e9ricaines et japonaises (notamment \u00e0 la State University of New York, Alfred State College).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique (PPS) est d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser et de quantifier la propension subjective et comportementale d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 s&rsquo;investir dans la vie publique et les processus d\u00e9cisionnels de la cit\u00e9. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au tournant des ann\u00e9es 1980 \u2014 une p\u00e9riode marqu\u00e9e par des transformations sociopolitiques majeures, la r\u00e9surgence des tensions de la guerre froide et l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de nouveaux mouvements sociaux pacifistes \u2014, la PPS r\u00e9pondait \u00e0 un imp\u00e9ratif scientifique : d\u00e9terminer pourquoi et comment les citoyens choisissent de s&rsquo;exprimer par les voies institutionnelles l\u00e9gales plut\u00f4t que par l&rsquo;apathie, l&rsquo;abstentionnisme ou le recours \u00e0 la violence politique.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la recherche empirique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue pour surmonter les limites des mesures dichotomiques classiques de la participation (telles que le statut \u00ab votant \u00bb ou \u00ab non-votant \u00bb). Yatani postulait que la participation politique ne se r\u00e9sume pas \u00e0 l&rsquo;acte \u00e9pisodique du vote, mais constitue un continuum attitudinal complexe int\u00e9grant :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 \u00e0 la socialisation politique familiale et amicale ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat actif pour l&rsquo;apprentissage acad\u00e9mique des sciences politiques et civiques ;<\/li>\n<li>La disposition \u00e0 engager ou \u00e0 fuir les d\u00e9bats id\u00e9ologiques dans la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e et publique ;<\/li>\n<li>La croyance dans la r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me d\u00e9mocratique (efficacit\u00e9 externe) face au cynisme suscit\u00e9 par le pouvoir financier et les \u00e9lites dirigeantes ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;acceptation d&rsquo;un co\u00fbt social ou relationnel li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;affirmation publique d&rsquo;opinions partisanes (ex. badges, autocollants, r\u00e9unions \u00e9lectorales).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans les contextes acad\u00e9miques, la PPS sert d&rsquo;instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation diagnostique pour mesurer les effets des programmes d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation civique universitaire, pour sonder la d\u00e9saffection d\u00e9mocratique chez les jeunes adultes, et pour analyser les pr\u00e9dicteurs psychologiques de l&rsquo;activisme contestataire non violent par rapport aux d\u00e9marches conventionnelles de p\u00e9tition et de vote.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;instrument de Yatani repose sur une conception multidimensionnelle de la <strong>participation politique<\/strong>, d\u00e9finie comme l&rsquo;ensemble des attitudes, croyances, motivations et comportements d\u00e9clar\u00e9s par lesquels un citoyen cherche \u00e0 influencer directement ou indirectement les choix des gouvernants, les politiques publiques ou l&rsquo;ordre social \u00e9tabli. Ce construit s&rsquo;articule autour de cinq dimensions fondamentales interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>1. L&rsquo;engagement \u00e9lectoral et le devoir civique<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value l&rsquo;int\u00e9riorisation du vote en tant qu&rsquo;obligation morale, privil\u00e8ge d\u00e9mocratique et levier d&rsquo;action efficace. Les items mesurent la croyance selon laquelle le vote a un impact direct sur la conduite des affaires publiques (par exemple, les items 11, 15, 22 et 58) oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9signation fataliste ou au sentiment d&rsquo;inutilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;acte \u00e9lectoral (items 26, 30 et 39).<\/p>\n<h3>2. L&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 politique vs l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation et le cynisme<\/h3>\n<p>Inspir\u00e9e des travaux classiques sur l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_efficacy\">efficacit\u00e9 politique<\/a>, cette composante jauge la perception qu&rsquo;a le sujet de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 exercer une influence sur les structures gouvernementales (efficacit\u00e9 interne et externe). \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, plusieurs items explorent le cynisme institutionnel, marqu\u00e9 par la croyance que les \u00e9lections sont manipul\u00e9es par de puissants groupes d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eats financiers ou que les \u00e9lites dirigeantes sont imperm\u00e9ables aux volont\u00e9s populaires (items 5, 23, 40, 44, 51 et 54).<\/p>\n<h3>3. La socialisation et la communication interpersonnelle<\/h3>\n<p>La participation politique ne se d\u00e9ploie pas dans un vide social ; elle s&rsquo;enracine dans la communication discursive quotidienne. Cette dimension examine la volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9battre des affaires publiques avec ses pairs, son conjoint ou sa famille, ainsi que l&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage politique parental (items 1, 8, 9, 14, 19, 34, 38 et 59). Elle capture \u00e9galement l&rsquo;inconfort social ou l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement actif des controverses politiques (items 4, 12, 35 et 41).<\/p>\n<h3>4. La visibilit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;activisme partisan<\/h3>\n<p>Cette facette sonde les actions concr\u00e8tes requ\u00e9rant un niveau sup\u00e9rieur d&rsquo;engagement et de visibilit\u00e9 publique. Elle inclut le port d&rsquo;insignes \u00e9lectoraux, l&rsquo;apposition d&rsquo;autocollants sur un v\u00e9hicule personnel, la participation active \u00e0 des rassemblements politiques, le financement de partis et la persuasion active d&rsquo;autrui lors des campagnes \u00e9lectorales (items 7, 10, 17, 18, 24, 25, 46, 56 et 57).<\/p>\n<h3>5. L&rsquo;attention m\u00e9diatique et l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les enjeux mondiaux<\/h3>\n<p>Enfin, le construit englobe la recherche d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e d&rsquo;informations sociopolitiques \u00e0 travers la presse \u00e9crite, les journaux t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s et les magazines d&rsquo;actualit\u00e9, ainsi que la pr\u00e9occupation morale pour les grandes questions universelles telles que le d\u00e9sarmement mondial et la paix internationale (items 2, 13, 16, 21, 27, 48 et 60).<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de plusieurs grands cadres th\u00e9oriques de la psychologie sociale, de la science politique et de la sociologie comportementale :<\/p>\n<h3>Le mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique de la participation politique de Lester Milbrath<\/h3>\n<p>Dans son ouvrage de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence <em>Political Participation<\/em> (1965), le politologue <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lester_W._Milbrath\">Lester Milbrath<\/a> a propos\u00e9 une typologie hi\u00e9rarchique des comportements politiques selon le co\u00fbt psychologique et temporel qu&rsquo;ils exigent. Il distinguait :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les apathiques<\/strong> (<em>Apathetics<\/em>) : individus d\u00e9sengag\u00e9s, indiff\u00e9rents \u00e0 l&rsquo;information politique et absents des urnes ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les spectateurs<\/strong> (<em>Spectator activities<\/em>) : citoyens accomplissant les actes civiques minimaux (voter, suivre les nouvelles, engager des conversations informelles, porter un badge) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les gladiateurs<\/strong> (<em>Gladiatorial activities<\/em>) : militants actifs qui consacrent du temps, de l&rsquo;argent, s&rsquo;investissent dans des campagnes, participent \u00e0 des r\u00e9unions publiques et sollicitent les \u00e9lus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La PPS op\u00e9rationnalise l&rsquo;ensemble de ces paliers de Milbrath, permettant de situer l&rsquo;individu sur ce continuum comportemental et affectif.<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 politique et de l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation d\u00e9mocratique<\/h3>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique s&rsquo;appuie \u00e9galement sur les mod\u00e8les fondateurs de Campbell, Gurin et Miller (1954) issus des enqu\u00eates de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan (<em>The American Voter<\/em>). Ces auteurs ont d\u00e9fini l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 politique comme le sentiment qu&rsquo;un changement social et politique individuel ou collectif est possible, et que le citoyen individuel est en mesure d&rsquo;y jouer un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, les th\u00e9ories de l&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation politique (notamment d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es par Melvin Seeman et Arthur H. Miller) postulent que le sentiment d&rsquo;impuissance (<em>powerlessness<\/em>), de non-sens (<em>meaninglessness<\/em>) et de m\u00e9fiance envers les institutions conduit in\u00e9vitablement au repli civique ou \u00e0 des formes extr\u00eames de rupture conventionnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;approche de la socialisation politique et de l&rsquo;apprentissage social<\/h3>\n<p>S&rsquo;appuyant sur les travaux de Herbert Hyman (1959) et sur la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social d&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Bandura\">Albert Bandura<\/a>, Yatani a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 l&rsquo;impact du modelage familial et des pairs dans l&rsquo;acquisition des dispositions politiques durables. La transmission interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle des normes civiques au sein du foyer (item 1 et 31) constitue le socle sur lequel se greffent ult\u00e9rieurement les repr\u00e9sentations du r\u00f4le de citoyen.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation psychom\u00e9trique de la validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e lors de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude initiale de Yatani (1982) et corrobor\u00e9e par des travaux ult\u00e9rieurs explorant la cognition sociale et les attitudes pacifiques :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu (Content Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de contenu a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par une revue exhaustive de la litt\u00e9rature de science politique des d\u00e9cennies 1960 et 1970 relative aux inventaires de comportements civiques (notamment les \u00e9chelles de Campbell et al., d&rsquo;Almond et Verba, et de Milbrath). Les 60 items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9s pour couvrir l&rsquo;ensemble des sph\u00e8res d&rsquo;expression civique (institutionnelle, cognitive, interpersonnelle, m\u00e9diatique et activiste), avec un \u00e9quilibre entre formulations positives et n\u00e9gatives afin de limiter les biais d&rsquo;acquiescement.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et convergente (Construct &#038; Convergent Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon initial d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants universitaires de l&rsquo;Oregon State University, les scores globaux de participation politique ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations positives statistiquement significatives avec des mesures standardis\u00e9es d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat politique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, de tol\u00e9rance d\u00e9mocratique et de recherche active d&rsquo;informations civiques. Conform\u00e9ment aux hypoth\u00e8ses th\u00e9oriques de Yatani, les individus pr\u00e9sentant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la PPS manifestaient une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence marqu\u00e9e pour la r\u00e9solution pacifique des conflits sociaux et une r\u00e9ticence significative vis-\u00e0-vis de l&rsquo;usage de la violence politique insurrectionnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante (Discriminant Validity)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une capacit\u00e9 nette \u00e0 discriminer les attitudes conventionnelles de participation des construits de conformisme social ou d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation institutionnelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e. Les analyses indiquent que le scepticisme envers l&rsquo;argent dans les campagnes (item 5, 23) ne corr\u00e8le pas n\u00e9gativement de mani\u00e8re m\u00e9canique avec l&rsquo;acte de voter, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 distinguer un esprit critique constructif d&rsquo;une apathie politique totale.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de la PPS a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;estimations rigoureuses lors de sa publication princeps en 1982 :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne (Split-Half Reliability) :<\/strong> La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par bipartition (m\u00e9thode de partage pair-impair) a produit un coefficient de corr\u00e9lation initialement calcul\u00e9 sur les moiti\u00e9s de test, qui, une fois r\u00e9ajust\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;ensemble du test de 60 items par la formule proph\u00e9tique de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Formule_de_Spearman-Brown\">Spearman-Brown<\/a>, s&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e8ve exactement \u00e0 <strong>r = 0,75<\/strong>. Ce niveau de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme tr\u00e8s satisfaisant pour un instrument multidimensionnel explorant des facettes attitudinales et comportementales h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle :<\/strong> Les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es en milieu universitaire sur des sous-\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants ont rapport\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations test-retest oscillant entre 0,72 et 0,81 sur un intervalle de quatre \u00e0 six semaines en p\u00e9riode de stabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle (en l&rsquo;absence de scrutins \u00e9lectoraux nationaux majeurs au cours de l&rsquo;intervalle).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) appliqu\u00e9es aux 60 items de la PPS mettent en lumi\u00e8re une structure factorielle de second ordre structur\u00e9e autour de plusieurs composantes principales :<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle multidimensionnelle<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Primaut\u00e9 et valorisation de l&rsquo;acte \u00e9lectoral<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur regroupe les items \u00e0 fortes saturations positives concernant l&rsquo;importance du vote, l&rsquo;obligation civique et l&rsquo;impact direct des scrutins sur les d\u00e9cisions gouvernementales (ex. items 11, 15, 22, 29, 36, 58), et des saturations n\u00e9gatives sur les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s d\u00e9sabus\u00e9s (items 26, 30, 50).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Engagement discursif et relationnel<\/strong> \u2014 Satur\u00e9 par les affirmations \u00e9valuant le plaisir et la propension \u00e0 discuter de politique avec ses amis, son partenaire ou au sein des groupes d&rsquo;apprentissage (items 8, 19, 34, 42, 59), tout en opposant l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement conversationnel (items 4, 12, 14, 41).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Activisme partisan public et visibilit\u00e9<\/strong> \u2014 Ce facteur isole les comportements d&rsquo;affirmation publique : port d&rsquo;insignes \u00e9lectoraux, autocollants de pare-chocs, assistance \u00e0 des rassemblements et r\u00e9unions militantes (items 7, 10, 17, 18, 25, 28, 46, 56).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Ali\u00e9nation politique et cynisme institutionnel<\/strong> \u2014 Regroupe les items refl\u00e9tant le sentiment d&rsquo;impuissance face aux \u00e9lites oligarchiques et la conviction que le syst\u00e8me politique est corrompu par les donateurs de campagne (items 5, 23, 40, 44, 51, 54).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 5 : Int\u00e9r\u00eat cognitif et ouverture internationale<\/strong> \u2014 Caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00e9coute des allocutions officielles, la lecture de p\u00e9riodiques politiques et la sensibilit\u00e9 aux d\u00e9bats sur le d\u00e9sarmement mondial et la paix (items 2, 3, 13, 20, 48, 53, 60).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation psychologique et sociologique (auto-rapport\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 60 items formul\u00e9s sous la forme d&rsquo;affirmations attitudinales et comportementales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format et \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert \u00e0 5 degr\u00e9s :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>5<\/strong> = Strongly Agree (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = Agree (D&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Undecided (Ind\u00e9cis \/ Neutre)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = Disagree (Pas d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Strongly Disagree (Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modalit\u00e9s de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Les items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re positive (orient\u00e9s vers la valorisation de la participation politique, l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat civique et l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9) sont cot\u00e9s directement de 1 \u00e0 5.<\/li>\n<li>Les items formul\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re n\u00e9gative ou exprimant l&rsquo;\u00e9vitement, l&rsquo;apathie, le d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat et le cynisme politique (par exemple, les items 2, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54) doivent faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une inversion de cotation (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1) avant le calcul du score global.<\/li>\n<li>Le score total s&rsquo;obtient en sommant l&rsquo;ensemble des 60 items apr\u00e8s inversion. Un score total \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te un haut niveau d&rsquo;engagement civique, d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue et de participation d\u00e9mocratique active, tandis qu&rsquo;un score faible indique un d\u00e9sengagement, une apathie ou une ali\u00e9nation politique marqu\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e moyenne de passation :<\/strong> Environ 15 \u00e0 20 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication originale :<\/strong> 1982.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Statut l\u00e9gal et droits d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique a \u00e9t\u00e9 diffus\u00e9e publiquement dans le cadre de la th\u00e8se de Master de Choichiro Yatani \u00e0 l&rsquo;Oregon State University. Le document original est archiv\u00e9 et accessible en libre acc\u00e8s acad\u00e9mique (<em>Open Access<\/em>) au sein du d\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l&rsquo;Oregon State University (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/41865\">ScholarsArchive@OSU<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tarif :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation de cet instrument dans le cadre de la recherche scientifique non commerciale, de l&rsquo;enseignement universitaire et des travaux acad\u00e9miques est <strong>enti\u00e8rement gratuite<\/strong>. Aucune redevance n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9e. Les chercheurs utilisant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sont tenus de citer la th\u00e8se de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Choichiro Yatani (1982) dans leurs publications.<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Almond, G. A., &#038; Verba, S. (1963). <em>The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations<\/em>. Princeton University Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400874569\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400874569<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Campbell, A., Gurin, G., &#038; Miller, W. E. (1954). <em>The Voter Decides<\/em>. Row, Peterson and Co.<\/p>\n<p>Easton, D. (1965). <em>A Systems Analysis of Political Life<\/em>. John Wiley &#038; Sons.<\/p>\n<p>Milbrath, L. W. (1965). <em>Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics?<\/em> Rand McNally &#038; Company.<\/p>\n<p>Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964\u20131970. <em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, 68(3), 951\u2013972. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1959140\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1959140<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 24(6), 783\u2013791. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088565\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2088565<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Yatani, C. (1982). <em>Attitudes Toward Political Participation and Preference for Violence<\/em> (Master&rsquo;s thesis, Oregon State University). ScholarsArchive@OSU. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/41865\">http:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/41865<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My parent frequently talked about politics.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not like to be asked what to do about world peace.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I want to take at least one political science course before I graduate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I will cut a class if I am assigned to initiate a discussion on political issues.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A monetary contribution to a political candidate is one of the main sources of corruption.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We should frequently make contact with our government to check its arbitrary decision.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I will wear a button to support my candidate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is kind of fun to involve others in a discussion for world peace policies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My friends seldom talk about politics.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I dislike a political rally.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think voting in a presidential election is one of the most important duties of a citizen.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have no interest in initiating a discussion on politics.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Reading TIME or Newsweek is not boring.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I avoid socializing with those who initiate political discussion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting makes a difference in how the government runs things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I get a newspaper\u201a I usually read sports articles first.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I approve seeing stickers on the cars of my friends supporting political candidates.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Attending political meetings is an important action for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some of my friends talk to me about political issues.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would choose a geography course rather than a political science course if they were offered as an elective.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">TV news programs are so boring that I seldom watch them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is very important to me to exercise the right to vote in a presidential election.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Campaign contributors discourage me to vote because I feel they are buyers purchasing future political favors.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am not interested in persuading others to vote for the candidate I support.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not like to see someone with a button supporting a political idea.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting does not do any good.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I usually read a newspaper from the first page to the last page.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not want to date my boyfriend\/girlfriend when he\/she wears a button expressing a political idea.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Not to vote in a congressional election is to give up a major responsibility to our society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is waste of time to vote in a presidential election.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not remember my parent talking to me about world peace.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would hesitate to put a sticker on my car for anti-war appeal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is useless to write to a congressman to voice disagreement.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I like to socialize with those who have special concerns about policies of our government.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I do not want my boyfriend\/girlfriend to talk to me about international political problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting is the best way to express my opinion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would like to encourage others to exercise the right to vote.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel guilty by not participating in discussions about government policies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would not vote even if I was asked to do so by my intimate friends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">One of the reasons why I do not try to write to a government official is because I feel I have no influence on the political structure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel uncomfortable when I am around people who are debating national policies.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If my boyfriend\/girlfriend brought up political issues in our conversation\u201a I would welcome them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am not interested in presidential elections.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting cannot stop the irresponsibility of the power elite.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I respect a person who has strong political ideas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is exicting to participate in the political process through exhorting others to vote for a certain candidate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel urged to write to the White House when I disagree with its decision.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am interested in watching programs like &quot;60 Minutes&quot; or &quot;World News Tonight&quot; on TV.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel it is almost impossible to live without being involved in political issues.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My voting has no influence on a presidential election.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel the decision making of the President is unaffected by the outcome of elections.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would feel uncomfortable to initiate a class discussion on world disarmament.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have no interest in watching the President&#039;s address on TV.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A small group of powerful and selfish individuals misuse my vote in presidential elections.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel a very close relationship with our government through voting.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I recommend others to vote for my candidate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel that it is a necessary political activity to contribute money to a political party.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Voting is my obligation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I find an interesting political article in a newspaper\u201a I feel urged to discuss it with my friends.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is sad to see many people are not concerned about world disarmament.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de participation politique (Political Participation Scale &#8211; PPS), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Choichiro Yatani en 1982, est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de 60 items \u00e9valuant les attitudes des citoyens envers le vote, le d\u00e9bat public, l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 politique et le militantisme civique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[5,2027,2],"tags":[17891,17892,16146,157,16147,15888,17890,2032],"class_list":["post-12364","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-psychologique","category-psychologie-politique","category-psychometrie","tag-alienation-politique","tag-choichiro-yatani","tag-comportement-electoral","tag-echelle-de-likert","tag-efficacite-politique","tag-engagement-civique","tag-participation-politique","tag-psychologie-politique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12364"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12364\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}