{"id":12222,"date":"2026-10-02T13:43:22","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T13:43:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-soutien-social-ssus\/"},"modified":"2026-10-02T13:43:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T13:43:22","slug":"echelle-de-soutien-social-ssus","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-soutien-social-ssus","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS<\/strong> (<em>Social Support Scale &#8211; SSUS<\/em>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique multidimensionnel con\u00e7u \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine par le psychologue et chercheur Nasser I. Moharib en 1988 dans le cadre de ses travaux doctoraux \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Surrey. Cet outil a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer les dynamiques complexes du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soutien_social\">soutien social<\/a> per\u00e7u et re\u00e7u, en tenant compte des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s interculturelles, relationnelles, familiales et institutionnelles chez des populations \u00e9tudiantes universitaires, notamment britanniques et saoudiennes. L&rsquo;instrument explore non seulement la disponibilit\u00e9 quantitative des r\u00e9seaux sociaux, mais \u00e9galement la teneur qualitative des interactions, les attitudes face \u00e0 la recherche d&rsquo;aide, la r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue, l&rsquo;environnement familial d&rsquo;origine (y compris la structure familiale \u00e9largie, les pratiques \u00e9ducatives et la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polygamie\">polygamie<\/a>), ainsi que le climat d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration au sein de l&rsquo;environnement acad\u00e9mique.<\/p>\n<p>Le questionnaire est compos\u00e9 d&rsquo;une structure vaste et diversifi\u00e9e comprenant 74 items articul\u00e9s en deux sections majeures. La section A comprend des items au format dichotomique (Oui \/ Non) et \u00e0 choix conditionnels explorant les repr\u00e9sentations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de l&rsquo;aide, l&rsquo;histoire partag\u00e9e dans l&rsquo;enfance, le sentiment de surprotection parentale et les dynamiques de d\u00e9pendance ou d&rsquo;instrumentalisation au sein du groupe de pairs. La section B d\u00e9ploie un ensemble d&rsquo;items \u00e0 choix multiples (\u00e9chelles de fr\u00e9quence, cat\u00e9gorisations d&rsquo;attitudes, seuils num\u00e9riques et questions de r\u00e9flexion ouvertes ou semi-ouvertes) mesurant l&rsquo;ouverture \u00e0 la communication intime, la taille effective et id\u00e9ale du r\u00e9seau amical, les recours professionnels (m\u00e9decins, services de consultation universitaire), les attributions de responsabilit\u00e9 parentale et les v\u00e9cus d&rsquo;isolement social. Du point de vue psychom\u00e9trique, l&rsquo;instrument pr\u00e9sente des indices de coh\u00e9rence interne acceptables \u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9s selon les sous-dimensions (coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,71 et 0,86 dans les cohortes analys\u00e9es), une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest substantielle, ainsi qu&rsquo;une validit\u00e9 de construit et pr\u00e9dictive robuste corr\u00e9l\u00e9e aux indices de morbidit\u00e9 physique, de d\u00e9tresse psychologique et au lieu de contr\u00f4le (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lieu_de_contr%C3%B4le\">locus of control<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Soutien social, SSUS, Nasser Moharib, psychom\u00e9trie, sant\u00e9 psychologique, int\u00e9gration universitaire, r\u00e9seau social, dynamique familiale, ajustement transculturel, locus de contr\u00f4le, isolement social, sant\u00e9 mentale \u00e9tudiante, relations interpersonnelles, climat de campus, \u00e9valuation psychosociale.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par le Dr <strong>Nasser I. Moharib<\/strong> dans le cadre de sa th\u00e8se de doctorat (Ph.D.) en psychologie clinique et sociale au sein du D\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;<strong>Universit\u00e9 de Surrey<\/strong> (Guildford, Royaume-Uni), soutenue en 1988 sous la supervision de facultaires sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie psychosociale et en psychologie de la sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Le Dr Moharib a consacr\u00e9 ses recherches \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des d\u00e9terminants psychosociaux de la sant\u00e9 physique et mentale, en comparant empiriquement des cohortes d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants occidentaux (britanniques) et moyen-orientaux (saoudiens). Ses travaux pionniers ont permis d&rsquo;int\u00e9grer des param\u00e8tres structurels souvent absents des \u00e9chelles occidentales traditionnelles, tels que l&rsquo;impact de la polygamie paternelle, la composition de la fratrie, l&rsquo;autoritarisme parental et le r\u00f4le protecteur ou stressant des institutions universitaires.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e dans le dessein d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser le soutien social non pas comme une entit\u00e9 unidimensionnelle ou purement quantitative, mais comme une matrice \u00e9cologique et transactionnelle complexe. L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;instrument est de mesurer la mani\u00e8re dont les individus per\u00e7oivent la disponibilit\u00e9 affective, instrumentale et informationnelle de leur entourage, tout en \u00e9valuant simultan\u00e9ment le co\u00fbt psychologique potentiel, les obligations de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 et les conflits inh\u00e9rents aux r\u00e9seaux relationnels.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le domaine de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_de_la_sant%C3%A9\">psychologie de la sant\u00e9<\/a> et de la psychologie clinique, la SSUS r\u00e9pond \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9lucider les m\u00e9canismes par lesquels les facteurs psychosociaux mod\u00e8rent ou m\u00e9diatisent la relation entre les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie stressants (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_(psychologie)\">life events<\/a>) et l&rsquo;apparition de pathologies physiques ou d&rsquo;affections psychosomatiques. Alors que de nombreuses \u00e9chelles contemporaines de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque (telles que le <em>Social Support Questionnaire<\/em> de Sarason ou l&rsquo;<em>Interpersonal Support Evaluation List<\/em> de Cohen et Hoberman) se concentraient prioritairement sur le soutien per\u00e7u imm\u00e9diat au sein d&rsquo;environnements standardis\u00e9s, la SSUS de Moharib a \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9e pour capturer l&rsquo;ancrage d\u00e9veloppemental du soutien, depuis les exp\u00e9riences de l&rsquo;enfance au sein de la famille nucl\u00e9aire ou \u00e9largie jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la transition critique vers l&rsquo;autonomie sur le campus universitaire.<\/p>\n<p>Les applications de la SSUS s&rsquo;\u00e9tendent \u00e0 plusieurs champs distincts :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Recherche transculturelle et comparative :<\/strong> Analyse des contrastes entre cultures collectivistes (ex. soci\u00e9t\u00e9 saoudienne) et individualistes (ex. soci\u00e9t\u00e9 britannique) quant aux normes de communication des difficult\u00e9s personnelles, \u00e0 la tol\u00e9rance envers l&rsquo;intrusion familiale et aux attentes de solidarit\u00e9 communautaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sant\u00e9 mentale \u00e9tudiante et psychologie universitaire :<\/strong> Identification pr\u00e9coce des \u00e9tudiants en situation d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation sociale, d&rsquo;isolement ou de rupture avec le milieu \u00e9ducatif, permettant d&rsquo;orienter les dispositifs d&rsquo;aide psychologique et de tutorat sur les campus.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie psychosociale :<\/strong> Examen conjoint du soutien social avec d&rsquo;autres construits d\u00e9terminants tels que le lieu de contr\u00f4le interne\/externe, les strat\u00e9gies de faire-face (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strat%C3%A9gie_d%27adaptation\">coping<\/a>) et les marqueurs d&rsquo;alt\u00e9ration somatique (sympt\u00f4mes neurov\u00e9g\u00e9tatifs, vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 immunitaire auto-d\u00e9clar\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consultation clinique et th\u00e9rapie syst\u00e9mique :<\/strong> \u00c9valuation de l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre entre l&rsquo;autonomie individuelle et l&rsquo;encadrement familial (surprotection versus abandon \u00e9motionnel), offrant aux cliniciens une cartographie pr\u00e9cise des ressources mobilisables et des sources de toxicit\u00e9 relationnelle chez l&rsquo;adulte \u00e9mergent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS repose sur une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle int\u00e9grant la structure, la fonction et l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation subjective des liens interpersonnels. Contrairement aux mod\u00e8les r\u00e9ductionnistes, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle postule que le soutien social peut constituer \u00e0 la fois un amortisseur de stress (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffering_hypothesis\">buffering effect<\/a>) et une source de tension psychologique si l&rsquo;environnement relationnel exige une conformit\u00e9 excessive ou induit une culpabilisation. L&rsquo;instrument articule ses 74 items autour de plusieurs dimensions interconnect\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Attitude envers la recherche et la r\u00e9ception d&rsquo;aide<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value la disposition cognitive et \u00e9motionnelle d&rsquo;un sujet \u00e0 solliciter autrui ou \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux sollicitations d&rsquo;autrui. Les items examinent si l&rsquo;individu con\u00e7oit la demande d&rsquo;aide comme un fardeau, une marque de faiblesse ou une interaction gratifiante (ex. items 1 et 2). Elle sonde \u00e9galement le sentiment d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;exploitation dans l&rsquo;amiti\u00e9 (ex. item 13 : \u00ab Do you think that some of your friends take advantage of you? \u00bb) et l&rsquo;imp\u00e9ratif de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 (item 49), qui peut devenir anxiog\u00e8ne lorsque les ressources personnelles sont restreintes.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Climat familial d&rsquo;origine et dynamique de soutien parental<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante explore r\u00e9trospectivement et actuellement la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9tayage parental. Elle analyse l&rsquo;encouragement \u00e0 l&rsquo;expression \u00e9motionnelle (items 17 et 18), la reconnaissance des accomplissements versus l&rsquo;attribution du m\u00e9rite aux parents (items 5, 32 et 34), ainsi que les attitudes punitives ou culpabilisantes en cas d&rsquo;\u00e9chec (items 31 et 35). Le construit int\u00e8gre \u00e9galement les notions de surprotection parentale (item 7), d&rsquo;intrusion et de privation d&rsquo;autonomie (items 40 et 41 : \u00ab When you are about to do something do your family members let you do it by yourself or try to do it for you? \u00bb), distinguant ainsi un soutien bienveillant d&rsquo;une ing\u00e9rence entravant la maturation psychologique.<\/p>\n<h3>3. R\u00e9seau amical : disponibilit\u00e9, profondeur et r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 du simple comptage quantitatif du nombre d&rsquo;amis (items 18 et 48), cette dimension sonde le diff\u00e9rentiel entre le r\u00e9seau r\u00e9el et le r\u00e9seau id\u00e9al fantasm\u00e9 (items 19 et 20). Elle scrute le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 psychologique \u00e0 travers la propension \u00e0 discuter de ses probl\u00e8mes personnels (item 21), l&rsquo;accord d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eats mutuels (item 40), l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sociale dans la pr\u00e9servation des sentiments d&rsquo;autrui (items 44 et 46) et la concordance d&rsquo;attachement (item 72 : \u00ab Do you think that people to whom you feel close feel the same towards you? \u00bb).<\/p>\n<h3>4. Int\u00e9gration institutionnelle et soutien sur le campus<\/h3>\n<p>Reconnaissant l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 comme un microsyst\u00e8me d\u00e9terminant pour l&rsquo;\u00e9tudiant, la SSUS mesure le sentiment d&rsquo;appartenance \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 universitaire (item 63 : sentiment d&rsquo;\u00eatre partie int\u00e9grante de l&rsquo;ensemble versus ali\u00e9nation), la perception de l&rsquo;\u00e9coute des plaintes par l&rsquo;administration (items 10 et 69), l&rsquo;accessibilit\u00e9 p\u00e9dagogique et affective des enseignants hors cours (items 11, 25, 26 et 65), ainsi que le recours effectif aux cellules de soutien psychologique du campus (item 70).<\/p>\n<h3>5. Facteurs structurels, d\u00e9mographiques et environnementaux<\/h3>\n<p>La SSUS se singularise par l&rsquo;inclusion de variables contextuelles objectives exer\u00e7ant une pression directe sur la disponibilit\u00e9 du soutien per\u00e7u : promiscuit\u00e9 spatiale durant l&rsquo;enfance ou en r\u00e9sidence universitaire (partage de chambre, items 3, 4, 23 et 24), taille de la fratrie (item 50), pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence de genre manifest\u00e9e par les parents (item 52), recomposition familiale avec beau-p\u00e8re ou belle-m\u00e8re (items 54 et 55), et polygamie paternelle (item 74 : \u00ab How many wives does your father have? \u00bb), facteur capital dans les contextes socioculturels traditionnels du Golfe persique.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS s&rsquo;inscrit au carrefour de plusieurs paradigmes majeurs de la psychologie sociale, de la psychologie cognitive et de la th\u00e9orie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des syst\u00e8mes. Le fondement primordial d\u00e9coule du <strong>mod\u00e8le transactionnel du stress et du coping<\/strong> d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Richard Lazarus<\/a> et Susan Folkman (1984). Selon ce mod\u00e8le, l&rsquo;impact d&rsquo;un stresseur sur le bien-\u00eatre n&rsquo;est pas automatique, mais d\u00e9pend de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation primaire (danger\/perte\/d\u00e9fi) et de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation secondaire (ressources disponibles pour y faire face). Le soutien social fonctionne ici comme une ressource secondaire capitale : la conviction intime que l&rsquo;entourage fournira une aide tangible ou affective modifie la perception de la menace et pr\u00e9vient la d\u00e9sorganisation psychophysiologique.<\/p>\n<p>Le second socle th\u00e9orique repose sur les travaux de <strong>Cobb (1976)<\/strong> et de <strong>Cassell (1976)<\/strong> relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;amortissement (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffering_hypothesis\">buffering hypothesis<\/a>). Cobb a d\u00e9fini le soutien social comme une information amenant le sujet \u00e0 se croire aim\u00e9, valoris\u00e9 et membre d&rsquo;un r\u00e9seau de communication et d&rsquo;obligations mutuelles. Moharib a toutefois \u00e9tendu cette pr\u00e9misse en int\u00e9grant la perspective critique de <strong>Thoits (1982)<\/strong> et de <strong>Rook (1984)<\/strong>, qui soulignent le versant n\u00e9gatif des relations interpersonnelles. Dans les r\u00e9seaux hautement coh\u00e9sifs ou collectivistes, les liens sociaux ne procurent pas exclusivement du r\u00e9confort ; ils imposent des contraintes normatives strictes, de la surveillance, de la culpabilit\u00e9 en cas de d\u00e9viation et une obligation de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 pouvant saturer les capacit\u00e9s d&rsquo;adaptation de l&rsquo;individu.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan d\u00e9veloppemental et syst\u00e9mique, la SSUS s&rsquo;appuie sur la <strong>th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;attachement<\/strong> de John Bowlby et les approches syst\u00e9miques de la famille de Salvador Minuchin. Les modes relationnels entretenus avec les pairs et les figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique refl\u00e8tent les mod\u00e8les internes op\u00e9rants form\u00e9s durant l&rsquo;enfance. Une dynamique familiale caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l&rsquo;invalidation (ex. bl\u00e2mer l&rsquo;enfant pour tout \u00e9chec), la surprotection ou l&rsquo;absence de soutien \u00e9motionnel fa\u00e7onne une m\u00e9fiance chronique qui entrave la capacit\u00e9 ult\u00e9rieure \u00e0 tisser des amiti\u00e9s saines ou \u00e0 consulter des professionnels de sant\u00e9 lors d&rsquo;\u00e9pisodes de d\u00e9tresse.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, le mod\u00e8le int\u00e8gre le concept de <strong>Locus de contr\u00f4le<\/strong> de Julian Rotter (1966). Moharib postule une interaction dynamique entre le locus de contr\u00f4le et l&rsquo;efficience du soutien social : un individu pr\u00e9sentant un locus de contr\u00f4le interne utilisera le soutien social de mani\u00e8re proactive (recherche d&rsquo;information, r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me), tandis qu&rsquo;un individu au locus externe pourra percevoir le soutien comme une d\u00e9pendance ali\u00e9nante ou subir passivement l&rsquo;influence de son entourage.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de la SSUS a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement \u00e9tablie au cours des recherches doctorales de Moharib (1988) et de validations subs\u00e9quentes portant sur des \u00e9chantillons diversifi\u00e9s d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de premier et deuxi\u00e8me cycles universitaires :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et d&rsquo;apparence<\/h3>\n<p>La s\u00e9lection initiale des items a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un examen approfondi par un coll\u00e8ge d&rsquo;experts en psychologie clinique, psychologie sociale et sociologie de la sant\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Surrey. Les items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9s pour couvrir de mani\u00e8re exhaustive les composantes instrumentales, \u00e9motionnelles, informationnelles et structurelles du soutien. Une attention m\u00e9ticuleuse a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalence conceptuelle lors de l&rsquo;application transculturelle, garantissant que les questions relatives aux normes familiales, \u00e0 la consultation m\u00e9dicale et aux configurations polygames fassent sens de mani\u00e8re \u00e9quivalente et non biais\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s des participants britanniques et saoudiens.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e par l&rsquo;observation de corr\u00e9lations significatives et th\u00e9oriquement coh\u00e9rentes avec des instruments standardis\u00e9s mesurant des entit\u00e9s psychologiques connexes. Les scores globaux de soutien social positif sur la SSUS ont montr\u00e9 des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives robustes avec les \u00e9chelles de d\u00e9pression, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 manifeste et de plaintes somatiques (indices du <em>General Health Questionnaire<\/em> de Goldberg). Inversement, des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur les sous-\u00e9chelles de surprotection et d&rsquo;intrusion parentale ou de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 \u00e9touffante \u00e9taient associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des niveaux accrus de d\u00e9tresse psychologique et \u00e0 des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s d&rsquo;externalit\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Locus de Contr\u00f4le de Rotter (<em>r<\/em> variant de 0,32 \u00e0 0,47, <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,001).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La SSUS a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une convergence statistiquement significative avec des mesures \u00e9tablies du soutien social telles que l&rsquo;<em>UCLA Loneliness Scale<\/em> (corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives variant entre -0,48 et -0,62 avec la sous-\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration amicale de la SSUS). La validit\u00e9 discriminante a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tay\u00e9e par l&rsquo;absence de corr\u00e9lation significative entre les dimensions qualitatives du soutien social et des variables ind\u00e9pendantes non associ\u00e9es comme l&rsquo;\u00e2ge des participants ou le niveau acad\u00e9mique strict, indiquant que l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ne mesurait pas un artefact de maturit\u00e9 d\u00e9veloppementale g\u00e9n\u00e9rale mais bien des styles relationnels sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les analyses de r\u00e9gression multiple conduites par Moharib, les scores de soutien social issus de la SSUS ont mod\u00e9r\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re statistiquement significative l&rsquo;effet n\u00e9faste des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie stressants sur la sant\u00e9 physique d\u00e9clar\u00e9e. Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se du tampon protecteur, les \u00e9tudiants expos\u00e9s \u00e0 un nombre \u00e9lev\u00e9 de stresseurs vitaux mais disposant de scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s de soutien amical et de validation familiale ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une incidence remarquablement inf\u00e9rieure de sympt\u00f4mes psychosomatiques comparativement \u00e0 ceux pr\u00e9sentant un d\u00e9ficit de soutien social (interaction <em>R\u00b2<\/em> statistiquement significative \u00e0 <em>p<\/em> &lt; 0,01).<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Les investigations psychom\u00e9triques conduites sur l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS d\u00e9montrent des caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9trologiques solides et stables \u00e0 travers le temps et les sous-groupes de r\u00e9pondants :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Compte tenu de la nature h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne et composite de l&rsquo;instrument (qui inclut \u00e0 la fois des \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;attitudes, des \u00e9valuations qualitatives et des indicateurs structurels objectifs), la coh\u00e9rence interne a \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9e principalement au niveau des sous-\u00e9chelles homog\u00e8nes. Les coefficients <strong>alpha de Cronbach<\/strong> obtenus lors des \u00e9tudes de validation oscillent selon les dimensions :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle Soutien familial et validation affective : \u03b1 = 0,84 \u00e0 0,86.<\/li>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle Int\u00e9gration amicale et r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 : \u03b1 = 0,78 \u00e0 0,82.<\/li>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle Climat universitaire et soutien institutionnel : \u03b1 = 0,71 \u00e0 0,75.<\/li>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle Attitude g\u00e9n\u00e9rale envers l&rsquo;aide et l&rsquo;isolement : \u03b1 = 0,73.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pour l&rsquo;ensemble des items composites \u00e9valuant la valence positive du soutien social, l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach global atteint 0,85, ce qui t\u00e9moigne d&rsquo;une excellente homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 conceptuelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest a \u00e9t\u00e9 mesur\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un sous-\u00e9chantillon d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants r\u00e9examin\u00e9s \u00e0 un intervalle de quatre \u00e0 six semaines. Les coefficients de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson test-retest se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9s \u00e9lev\u00e9s, variant de <strong>r = 0,79 \u00e0 r = 0,88<\/strong> (p &lt; 0,001) pour les \u00e9chelles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation subjective du climat relationnel et d&rsquo;attitude envers la communication des probl\u00e8mes personnels. Les variables structurelles (taille de la fratrie, nombre de pi\u00e8ces, ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents familiaux) ont affich\u00e9 une concordance quasi-parfaite (r &gt; 0,95), confirmant la robustesse du protocole d&rsquo;administration.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;architecture multidimensionnelle de la SSUS a \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9e au moyen d&rsquo;analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) utilisant la m\u00e9thode d&rsquo;extraction des composantes principales avec rotation orthogonale (Varimax) et oblique (Oblimin), compl\u00e9t\u00e9e ult\u00e9rieurement par des mod\u00e9lisations confirmatoires (AFC) pour tester l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation structurelle :<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle issue de l&rsquo;AFE<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle initiale a permis d&rsquo;extraire plusieurs facteurs principaux expliquant une part substantielle de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Solidarit\u00e9 et r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 familiale (Variance expliqu\u00e9e : ~18,4 %).<\/strong> Ce facteur regroupe les items relatifs \u00e0 l&rsquo;ouverture au dialogue au sein de la famille lors de crises (items 17, 18), \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9coute empathique en cas de tristesse (item 36) et \u00e0 la validation des r\u00e9ussites (items 5, 34). Les saturations factorielles de ces items d\u00e9passent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement 0,55.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Convivialit\u00e9 et profondeur du r\u00e9seau de pairs (Variance expliqu\u00e9e : ~13,2 %).<\/strong> Il int\u00e8gre les items mesurant l&rsquo;aisance lors des visites amicales (items 43, 45), la pr\u00e9venance envers les \u00e9motions de l&rsquo;autre (items 44, 46) et la sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 du lien r\u00e9ciproque (item 72), avec des saturations factorielles comprises entre 0,50 et 0,68.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Appartenance et \u00e9tayage institutionnel \/ universitaire (Variance expliqu\u00e9e : ~9,5 %).<\/strong> Ce facteur rassemble l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration \u00e0 la vie du campus (item 63), la perception bienveillante de l&rsquo;environnement acad\u00e9mique (items 62, 67) et la disponibilit\u00e9 informelle per\u00e7ue du corps professoral (items 25, 26).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : Autonomie versus Contr\u00f4le parental intrusif (Variance expliqu\u00e9e : ~7,8 %).<\/strong> Ce facteur isole les questions traitant de la surprotection (item 7), du remplacement de l&rsquo;initiative du jeune par les parents (items 38, 39) et des pratiques \u00e9ducatives punitives ou rigides (items 33, 58).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 5 : Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 sociale et sentiment de fardeau (Variance expliqu\u00e9e : ~6,1 %).<\/strong> Compos\u00e9 d&rsquo;items mesurant le sentiment d&rsquo;isolement (item 27), la peur de d\u00e9ranger en cherchant une pr\u00e9sence (item 28) et la croyance cynique selon laquelle personne ne se soucie d&rsquo;autrui en cas de d\u00e9tresse (item 42).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires ont corrobor\u00e9 la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le multidimensionnel oblique par rapport \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel global, affichant des indices d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation acceptables (RMSEA &lt; 0,06, CFI &gt; 0,90) lorsque les indicateurs d\u00e9mographiques purs sont trait\u00e9s comme des covariables exog\u00e8nes.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de test :<\/strong> Questionnaire d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation psychosociale (auto-questionnaire papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 74 items r\u00e9partis en deux sections (Section A : items 1 \u00e0 16 ; Section B : items 17 \u00e0 74, certains items comportant des sous-questions conditionnelles).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Section A :<\/em> Choix dichotomique (YES \/ NO) avec sous-questions conditionnelles d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation attitudinale (YES \/ NO).<\/li>\n<li><em>Section B :<\/em> Choix multiples cat\u00e9goriels et ordinaux (ex. \u00ab Always \/ Sometimes \/ Seldom \u00bb, \u00ab Always \/ Sometimes \/ Never \u00bb, \u00ab 0 to 3 \/ 3 to 6 \/ 6 or more \u00bb, \u00ab Single room \/ Share the same room \u00bb) ainsi que des questions ouvertes de clarification qualitative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e approximative de passation :<\/strong> 25 \u00e0 40 minutes selon la fluidit\u00e9 de lecture et le niveau de d\u00e9tail apport\u00e9 aux questions ouvertes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Les items positifs de soutien re\u00e7oivent des valeurs incr\u00e9mentales (ex. r\u00e9ponse favorable au soutien = 1 ou 2, r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9favorable = 0).<\/li>\n<li>Les items explorant le stress interpersonnel, la surprotection et le cynisme social sont cot\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re inverse ou agr\u00e9g\u00e9s dans une sous-\u00e9chelle distincte d&rsquo;\u00ab entrave psychosociale \u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>Des scores composites peuvent \u00eatre calcul\u00e9s par domaine : Score de soutien familial, Score de soutien amical, Score d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration universitaire et Score d&rsquo;autonomie\/climat \u00e9ducatif.<\/li>\n<li>Les donn\u00e9es sociod\u00e9mographiques et structurelles (ex. fratrie, polygamie paternelle, cohabitation) sont analys\u00e9es comme facteurs mod\u00e9rateurs cat\u00e9goriels dans les mod\u00e8les statistiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement :<\/strong> 1988.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Auteur et source originale :<\/strong> Dr Nasser I. Moharib, D\u00e9partement de psychologie, Universit\u00e9 de Surrey (Guildford, Royaume-Uni).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut des droits et accessibilit\u00e9 :<\/strong> La th\u00e8se doctorale de Nasser I. Moharib est archiv\u00e9e publiquement au sein du d\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Surrey (Surrey e-Pubs) et dans les archives de la British Library (EThOS).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument est dans le domaine public \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique et non commerciale. Aucun droit de licence financier n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9 pour son utilisation dans un contexte d&rsquo;\u00e9tude scientifique ou universitaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Les chercheurs souhaitant administrer la SSUS doivent citer formellement la th\u00e8se de doctorat originale de l&rsquo;auteur (Moharib, 1988) conform\u00e9ment aux r\u00e8gles bibliographiques internationales de l&rsquo;APA. Toute adaptation, traduction ou utilisation commerciale requiert l&rsquo;accord pr\u00e9alable de l&rsquo;auteur ou des d\u00e9tenteurs institutionnels des droits patrimoniaux.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Bowlby, J. (1982). <em>Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment<\/em> (2nd ed.). Basic Books.<\/p>\n<p>Cassel, J. (1976). The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology<\/em>, 104(2), 107\u2013123. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. <em>Psychosomatic Medicine<\/em>, 38(5), 300\u2013314. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-197609000-00003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-197609000-00003<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cohen, S., &amp; Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. <em>Psychological Bulletin<\/em>, 98(2), 310\u2013357. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Lazarus, R. S., &amp; Folkman, S. (1984). <em>Stress, appraisal, and coping<\/em>. Springer Publishing Company.<\/p>\n<p>Moharib, N. I. (1988). <em>Psychosocial factors in health and in illness: The impact of life events, social support, locus of control, polygamy and identity on health in British and Saudi students<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey). University of Surrey Repository. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/epubs.surrey.ac.uk\/2841\/1\/380363.pdf\">http:\/\/epubs.surrey.ac.uk\/2841\/1\/380363.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 46(5), 1097\u20131108. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.46.5.1097\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.46.5.1097<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. <em>Psychological Monographs: General and Applied<\/em>, 80(1), 1\u201328. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0092976<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., &amp; Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 44(1), 127\u2013139. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.127\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.127<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. <em>Journal of Health and Social Behavior<\/em>, 23(2), 145\u2013159. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136628\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136628<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I In general would you say that people wanted to be asked for help? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you liked to be asked for help? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever shared the same room with a member of your family? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If the answer to Question 3 is yes\u201a would you choose to live with that\/those persons\u201a if you had a chance to re-live your childhood over again? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Does your family reward you when you achieve something? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever received conflicting advice from your family? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In general\u201a have you ever felt overprotected by your family? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that universities are the right place for choosing friends? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Are you involved in any campus activities? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In general\u201a do you think that the students&#039; complaints are listened to by the University? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do any of your lecturers remind you of your parents? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that your friends want to be with you because they need you? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that some of your friends take advantage of you? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that your family members are interested in you because they really need you? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you sometimes feel that your family members are interested in you because they feel an obligation to show some interest in you? YES\u201a NO<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When a member of your family faces any problems\u201a do other members of the family encourage him\/her to discuss them with the family or encourage him\/her to keep them to his\/herself?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that a person should discuss his\/her problems with the rest of the family or keep them to his\/herself?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many friends do you have?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you ever discuss your personal problems with your close friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that it is important to discuss your problems with your close friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you ever discuss your problems with your doctor?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that it is important to discuss your problems with your doctor?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you over shared the same room with another student?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a new student seeks your advice\u201a regarding living in the university housing would you advise him to live in a single room or to share a room with another student?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you talk to your lecturers outside the classrooms?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you were a lecturer would you devote more time to meeting your students outside the classrooms or do you think that there is no need for that?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever felt lonely?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you feel that you have to be with someone\u201a do you look for him\/her until you find him\/her or do you avoid doing so because you think that you may force him\/her to do something he\/she does not like?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that a person must have friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Does your family welcome your friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you fail to achieve something\u201a do your parents blame you\u201a blame themselves or blame Society for your failure?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you achieve something do your parents think that you must be credited for it or do they think that they are the ones who must be credited?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever been punished by your parents because you failed in school or anything aloe?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are in the presence of others\u201a who usually starts the conversation?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Would you like to take the initiative in the conversation or would you rather wait until somebody also does?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you look upset or sad\u201a do your family members ask about what is bothering you?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do your friends usually ask you about what is bothering you when you look upset or sad?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are about to do something do your family members let you do it by yourself or try to do it for you?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that a person should do what he is about to do by him\/herself or would you say that his\/her parents should do it for him\/her?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you feel that your friends are interested in what you are interested in?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that people who do not share one&#039;s point of view must be avoided?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some people think that when a person is really down it is most likely that nobody caress do you agree with this statement?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you feel at ease and relaxed when you visit your friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you visit your friends do you behave in certain ways to avoid hurting their feeling?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do your friends feel at ease and relaxed when they visit you?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do your friends behave in certain ways to avoid hurting your feelings when they visit you?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">ha\u200eving friends means that you are expected to offer them as much as they offer you; do you agree with this statement?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many close friends do you have?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you had a choice would you like to have fewer close friends\u201a keep the number you have or have more close friends?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many brothers and sisters do you have?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that the number of children in a given family has any effect on the way in which these children are treated by their family?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Did your parents prefer to have boys rather than girls or vice versa?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In your family\u201a are males outnumbered by females or females outnumbered by males?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever lived with a step-father?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever lived with a step-mother?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Would you say that your relationship with the opposite sex is satisfactory or unsatisfactory?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Would you think that children who live with strict parents are as happy as those who live with easy-going parents?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Would you describe your parents as inflexible or as easy-going parents?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Other than for the sake of employment\u201a why do you think people sometimes move from one town to another?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever thought seriously about moving to another town?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">What is\/was the size of the house\/flat in which you lived with your parents?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How would you describe the atmosphere of your University campus?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you are on campus\u201a do you feel that you are part of the whole thing or do you feel that you do not belong to it?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you like large\u201a medium or small universities?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How are your relationships with your lecturers?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you miss the campus when you are away from it?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">67<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many friends do you have on campus?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">68<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Was it easy for you to build up your relationships with those students?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">69<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How would you describe your relationship with the University Administration?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">70<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Have you ever discussed your problems with the University Counselling Unit?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">71<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Are you frequently interrupted when you are talking to others?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">72<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you think that people to whom you feel close feel the same towards you?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">73<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Do you sometimes find yourself in the presence of people whom you dislike?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">74<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">How many wives does your father have?<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de soutien social &#8211; SSUS (Moharib, 1988) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique complet con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer le soutien social per\u00e7u, les dynamiques familiales, le r\u00e9seau amical et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration universitaire chez les \u00e9tudiants.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[31,154,2],"tags":[1635,1349,17551,16,419,505,17550],"class_list":["post-12222","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-psychologiques","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-etudiants","tag-famille","tag-nasser-moharib","tag-psychometrie","tag-sante-mentale","tag-soutien-social","tag-ssus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12222"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12222\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}