{"id":12017,"date":"2026-10-01T11:21:29","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T11:21:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-stress-racisme-americains-origine-asiatique-aarrsi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T11:21:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T11:21:29","slug":"inventaire-stress-racisme-americains-origine-asiatique-aarrsi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-stress-racisme-americains-origine-asiatique-aarrsi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire de stress li\u00e9 au racisme chez les Am\u00e9ricains d&rsquo;origine asiatique (AARRSI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire de stress li\u00e9 au racisme chez les Am\u00e9ricains d&rsquo;origine asiatique<\/strong> (<em>Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory<\/em>, ou <strong>AARRSI<\/strong>) est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique d&rsquo;auto-\u00e9valuation d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 2004 par Christopher T. H. Liang, Lisa C. Li et Bryan S. K. Kim. Con\u00e7u pour pallier l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;outils adapt\u00e9s aux sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s v\u00e9cues par les populations asiatiques am\u00e9ricaines, l&rsquo;AARRSI mesure l&rsquo;occurrence per\u00e7ue ainsi que la d\u00e9tresse \u00e9motionnelle cons\u00e9cutive aux manifestations de racisme, d&rsquo;oppression et de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Micro-agression\">micro-agressions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;inventaire est compos\u00e9 de <strong>29 items<\/strong> r\u00e9partis selon une structure multidimensionnelle valid\u00e9e \u00e0 trois facteurs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Racisme socio-historique<\/strong> (<em>Socio-historical Racism<\/em>) : capture la d\u00e9tresse li\u00e9e \u00e0 la prise de conscience des violences historiques, des discriminations institutionnelles et de l&rsquo;effacement culturel ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Racisme g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/strong> (<em>General Racism<\/em>) : \u00e9value les manifestations interpersonnelles manifestes et la discrimination directe v\u00e9cue dans la vie quotidienne ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tranger perp\u00e9tuel<\/strong> (<em>Perpetual Foreigner<\/em>) : mesure l&rsquo;impact des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes r\u00e9ducteurs attribuant aux personnes asiatiques une alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 irr\u00e9ductible et une non-appartenance \u00e0 la nation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 est \u00e9valu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse ordinale en 5 points allant de 1 (<em>This has never happened to me or someone I know<\/em>) \u00e0 5 (<em>This event happened and I was extremely upset<\/em>), permettant d&rsquo;appr\u00e9hender \u00e0 la fois la survenue de l&rsquo;incident et son intensit\u00e9 affective sur l&rsquo;individu. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques de l&rsquo;AARRSI d\u00e9montrent une excellente coh\u00e9rence interne (alpha de Cronbach global g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 0,90 ; sous-\u00e9chelles comprises entre 0,77 et 0,88) et une solide validit\u00e9 convergente avec les indices de d\u00e9tresse psychologique, d&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de sympt\u00f4mes d\u00e9pressifs.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Stress li\u00e9 au racisme, AARRSI, Am\u00e9ricains d&rsquo;origine asiatique, psychom\u00e9trie, micro-agressions raciales, \u00e9tranger perp\u00e9tuel, racisme institutionnel, validit\u00e9 factorielle, discrimination per\u00e7ue, sant\u00e9 mentale transculturelle.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s en psychologie du conseil et en \u00e9tudes transculturelles :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Christopher T. H. Liang, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeur au Department of Education and Human Services, College of Education, Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pennsylvanie, \u00c9tats-Unis). Sp\u00e9cialiste du stress li\u00e9 aux minorit\u00e9s, des masculinit\u00e9s et des disparit\u00e9s en sant\u00e9 mentale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lisa C. Li, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Chercheuse et psychologue clinicienne affili\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque de la publication initiale au Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park (Maryland, \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bryan S. K. Kim, Ph.D.<\/strong> \u2014 Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 la University of Hawai\u02bbi at Hilo (Hilo, Hawa\u00ef, \u00c9tats-Unis), autorit\u00e9 reconnue dans l&rsquo;acculturation et les processus de consultation aupr\u00e8s des populations asiatiques am\u00e9ricaines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;AARRSI est de fournir aux chercheurs et aux cliniciens une mesure \u00e9cologiquement et culturellement valide du <strong>stress li\u00e9 au racisme<\/strong> chez les personnes d&rsquo;origine asiatique r\u00e9sidant aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou dans des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s occidentales comparables. Historiquement, la recherche sur la discrimination raciale s&rsquo;est largement focalis\u00e9e sur les dynamiques binaires Blancs\/Noirs. En cons\u00e9quence, les inventaires pr\u00e9existants (tels que l&rsquo;<em>Index of Race-Related Stress<\/em> d&rsquo;Utsey et Ponterotto) ne permettaient pas de saisir les manifestations uniques du racisme anti-asiatique.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tats-unienne, les Am\u00e9ricains d&rsquo;origine asiatique sont fr\u00e9quemment confront\u00e9s au <strong>mythe de la minorit\u00e9 mod\u00e8le<\/strong> (<em>Model Minority Myth<\/em>). Ce st\u00e9r\u00e9otype apparemment valorisant \u2014 qui d\u00e9peint les Asiatiques comme travailleurs, brillants en sciences et passifs face aux injustices \u2014 sert en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 masquer la marginalisation, \u00e0 invalider leurs exp\u00e9riences de discrimination et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des divisions interethniques. De plus, ces individus se voient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement renvoy\u00e9s au st\u00e9r\u00e9otype de l&rsquo;\u00ab \u00e9tranger perp\u00e9tuel \u00bb (<em>Perpetual Foreigner stereotype<\/em>), une construction id\u00e9ologique selon laquelle, quelle que soit leur g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d&rsquo;implantation, ils ne seraient jamais de v\u00e9ritables citoyens l\u00e9gitimes.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;AARRSI r\u00e9pond \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis th\u00e9oriques et pratiques \u00e0 travers plusieurs applications :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Applications en recherche empirique :<\/strong> explorer les liens directs et mod\u00e9rateurs entre le racisme per\u00e7u, l&rsquo;acculturation, l&rsquo;enculturation, l&rsquo;estime de soi raciale et divers troubles psychopathologiques (d\u00e9pression, anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, somatisation, abus de substances) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Applications cliniques et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> aider les praticiens de la sant\u00e9 mentale \u00e0 contextualiser la symptomatologie d&rsquo;un patient asiatique am\u00e9ricain en identifiant si sa souffrance rel\u00e8ve d&rsquo;une \u00e9tiologie intrapsychique ou d&rsquo;une r\u00e9ponse adaptative \u00e0 des stresseurs environnementaux chroniques ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interventions psycho-\u00e9ducatives et institutionnelles :<\/strong> servir d&rsquo;indicateur diagnostique pour mesurer le climat relationnel au sein des universit\u00e9s, des entreprises et des structures de soins, afin de cibler les programmes de sensibilisation \u00e0 la diversit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;AARRSI conceptualise le stress li\u00e9 au racisme non pas comme un \u00e9v\u00e9nement uniforme ou purement individuel, mais comme une r\u00e9action \u00e9motionnelle, cognitive et somatique \u00e0 des transactions hostiles issues de trois dimensions distinctes :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Racisme socio-historique (Socio-historical Racism)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension regroupe les stresseurs associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire collective, aux violences historiques et aux barri\u00e8res structurelles ou institutionnelles. Elle n&rsquo;exige pas que l&rsquo;individu soit la victime directe d&rsquo;un assaut physique, mais s&rsquo;appuie sur le concept de <strong>traumatisme vicariant<\/strong> ou transg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel. L&rsquo;individu ressent une charge \u00e9motionnelle intense lorsqu&rsquo;il prend conscience :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Des meurtres \u00e0 caract\u00e8re raciste perp\u00e9tr\u00e9s contre des membres de sa communaut\u00e9 (ex. item 1) ;<\/li>\n<li>Du plafond de verre privant les Asiatiques de postes de direction (ex. item 2) ;<\/li>\n<li>De l&rsquo;omission d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e des contributions des Asiatiques dans les manuels scolaires et universitaires (ex. item 7) ;<\/li>\n<li>Des injustices l\u00e9gislatives historiques, telles que les lois d&rsquo;exclusion de l&rsquo;immigration (ex. item 13).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Racisme g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (General Racism)<\/h3>\n<p>Le racisme g\u00e9n\u00e9ral refl\u00e8te les \u00e9pisodes explicites d&rsquo;oppression interpersonnelle, de partialit\u00e9 institutionnelle dans l&rsquo;espace public et de micro-invalidations. Cette dimension capture les interactions de la vie quotidienne o\u00f9 l&rsquo;individu subit un pr\u00e9judice visible ou se voit d\u00e9nier son statut d&rsquo;\u00eatre humain digne de respect. Les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s illustrent notamment :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le traitement in\u00e9quitable dans les lieux commerciaux, comme \u00eatre d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment ignor\u00e9 au profit de clients blancs arriv\u00e9s apr\u00e8s (ex. item 12) ;<\/li>\n<li>Les insultes et st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes culinaires offensants (ex. item 6, item 18) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;essentialisation d\u00e9shumanisante r\u00e9duisant tous les individus \u00e0 un groupe homog\u00e8ne (\u00ab you people are all the same \u00bb, item 23) ;<\/li>\n<li>Le d\u00e9ni invalidant de l&rsquo;existence m\u00eame du racisme dirig\u00e9 contre les populations asiatiques (ex. item 25).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. \u00c9tranger perp\u00e9tuel (Perpetual Foreigner)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle \u00e9value un m\u00e9canisme central de l&rsquo;oppression anti-asiatique : l&rsquo;attribution constante d&rsquo;extran\u00e9it\u00e9 et la r\u00e9duction \u00e0 des st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes essentialistes. M\u00eame pour des individus de troisi\u00e8me ou quatri\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration ne parlant que l&rsquo;anglais, le groupe dominant pr\u00e9sume une incomp\u00e9tence linguistique, une all\u00e9geance \u00e9trang\u00e8re ou des comp\u00e9tences caricaturales. Cette dimension recouvre :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les remarques d&rsquo;\u00e9tonnement condescendantes sur la ma\u00eetrise de la langue maternelle (\u00ab you speak English so well \u00bb, item 27) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;assignation syst\u00e9matique \u00e0 des origines g\u00e9ographiques ext\u00e9rieures (\u00ab where are you really from \u00bb, item 29) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;invisibilisation affective ou la d\u00e9sexualisation dans les repr\u00e9sentations m\u00e9diatiques (ex. item 5) ;<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;essentialisation intellectuelle ou technique li\u00e9e au mythe de la minorit\u00e9 mod\u00e8le (sollicitations non sollicit\u00e9es pour les math\u00e9matiques ou l&rsquo;informatique, items 15, 16 et 26).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;AARRSI s&rsquo;ancre \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e de plusieurs courants th\u00e9oriques majeurs de la psychologie et de la sociologie critique :<\/p>\n<h3>Le mod\u00e8le transactionnel du stress et du coping (Lazarus &amp; Folkman)<\/h3>\n<p>Selon le cadre d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Lazarus\">Richard Lazarus<\/a> et Susan Folkman (1984), le stress ne r\u00e9side ni exclusivement dans le stimulus environnemental, ni exclusivement dans la r\u00e9ponse physiologique, mais dans la <em>transaction<\/em> dynamique entre la personne et son environnement. L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation cognitive primaire (<em>primary appraisal<\/em>) d\u00e9termine si une situation est per\u00e7ue comme b\u00e9nigne, mena\u00e7ante ou dommageable. L&rsquo;AARRSI op\u00e9rationnalise cette approche en n&rsquo;utilisant pas une simple \u00e9chelle de fr\u00e9quence (\u00ab combien de fois cela est-il arriv\u00e9 ? \u00bb), mais une \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la menace et de la contrari\u00e9t\u00e9 ressentie (allant de \u00ab cela s&rsquo;est produit mais ne m&rsquo;a pas d\u00e9rang\u00e9 \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab j&rsquo;ai \u00e9t\u00e9 extr\u00eamement boulevers\u00e9 \u00bb).<\/p>\n<h3>La conceptualisation du stress li\u00e9 au racisme (Harrell)<\/h3>\n<p>Shelly P. Harrell (2000) a d\u00e9fini le stress li\u00e9 au racisme comme \u00ab les transactions entre les individus et leur environnement qui d\u00e9coulent du racisme et qui mettent \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9preuve ou d\u00e9passent les ressources individuelles et collectives \u00bb. Harrell identifie six manifestations : les micro-agressions quotidiennes, les traumatismes vicariants, les discriminations institutionnelles chroniques, les conflits de r\u00f4les, le racisme int\u00e9rioris\u00e9 et les menaces existentielles. L&rsquo;architecture de l&rsquo;AARRSI refl\u00e8te fid\u00e8lement cette typologie en int\u00e9grant la douleur indirecte (nouvelles de crimes de haine) et les barri\u00e8res syst\u00e9miques aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des offenses directes.<\/p>\n<h3>La th\u00e9orie critique de la race et la typologie des micro-agressions<\/h3>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le s&rsquo;appuie \u00e9galement sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_critique_de_la_race\">Critical Race Theory<\/a> appliqu\u00e9e aux minorit\u00e9s asiatiques (Takaki, 1998 ; Tuan, 1998) et anticipe les travaux de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Derald_Wing_Sue\">Derald Wing Sue<\/a> sur les micro-agressions raciales. Le st\u00e9r\u00e9otype de l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger perp\u00e9tuel fonctionne comme une micro-invalidation continue qui attaque l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 citoyenne des individus. L&rsquo;AARRSI est l&rsquo;un des premiers instruments psychom\u00e9triques \u00e0 avoir traduit empiriquement cette marginalisation subtile mais toxique.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes initiales men\u00e9es par Liang, Li et Kim (2004), suivies de multiples r\u00e9plications ind\u00e9pendantes, fournissent des preuves solides de la validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;AARRSI sur plusieurs plans :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et d&rsquo;apparence<\/h3>\n<p>Le pool initial de 45 items a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;entretiens qualitatifs, d&rsquo;une revue exhaustive de la litt\u00e9rature sociologique et des t\u00e9moignages de personnes d&rsquo;origine asiatique. Un panel d&rsquo;experts en psychologie transculturelle a examin\u00e9 chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 pour s&rsquo;assurer de sa pertinence culturelle, de son intelligibilit\u00e9 et de sa repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 des micro-agressions v\u00e9cues.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;AARRSI pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations statistiquement significatives et positives avec plusieurs mesures de d\u00e9tresse psychologique :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9es avec le <em>Brief Symptom Inventory<\/em> (BSI), notamment les indices de d\u00e9pression (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r \\approx 0{,}34\">$r \\approx 0{,}34$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}42\">$0{,}42$<\/span>, $p < 0{,}001$) et d'anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 globale ;<\/li>\n<li>Association positive avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9pression \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique CES-D (<em>Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li>Convergence forte avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles de racisme per\u00e7u, telles que la <em>Schedule of Racist Events<\/em> (SRE) adapt\u00e9e ou l&rsquo;<em>Index of Race-Related Stress<\/em> (IRRS), confirmant que l&rsquo;outil capte bien les r\u00e9percussions du racisme syst\u00e9mique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses ont confirm\u00e9 que le stress li\u00e9 au racisme mesur\u00e9 par l&rsquo;AARRSI ne se confond pas avec le stress quotidien ordinaire (<em>daily hassles<\/em>) ni avec le n\u00e9vrosisme ou l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9-trait g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Lorsqu&rsquo;on contr\u00f4le statistiquement les stresseurs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de la vie \u00e9tudiante ou professionnelle, l&rsquo;AARRSI explique une part de variance incr\u00e9mentielle unique dans la pr\u00e9diction de la d\u00e9tresse psychologique.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et de crit\u00e8re<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument d\u00e9montre sa sensibilit\u00e9 aux diff\u00e9rences de genre et de statut g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel. Les \u00e9tudes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les hommes et les femmes asiatiques am\u00e9ricains peuvent exp\u00e9rimenter diff\u00e9remment les facettes de l&rsquo;AARRSI : les hommes rapportent fr\u00e9quemment des niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s de stress face aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes de passivit\u00e9 et de d\u00e9sexualisation (Cartier, 2009), tandis que les individus de premi\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations suivantes r\u00e9agissent diff\u00e9remment aux micro-agressions linguistiques.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;AARRSI a \u00e9t\u00e9 document\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re rigoureuse dans les publications empiriques fondatrices et ult\u00e9rieures :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon de validation originale de Liang et al. (2004) compos\u00e9 de 317 \u00e9tudiants et adultes asiatiques am\u00e9ricains, les coefficients d&rsquo;<strong>alpha de Cronbach<\/strong> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha\">$\\alpha$<\/span>) ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle totale (29 items) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}91\">$\\alpha = 0{,}91$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}93\">$0{,}93$<\/span> selon les \u00e9chantillons ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Racisme socio-historique (7 items) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}84\">$\\alpha = 0{,}84$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Racisme g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (10 items) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}81\">$\\alpha = 0{,}81$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9tranger perp\u00e9tuel (12 items) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0{,}86\">$\\alpha = 0{,}86$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les corr\u00e9lations inter-items au sein de chaque dimension oscillent entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}25\">$0{,}25$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}60\">$0{,}60$<\/span>, ce qui indique une redondance minimale entre les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s tout en pr\u00e9servant la coh\u00e9rence conceptuelle du construit.<\/p>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Des sous-\u00e9chantillons r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9s sur un intervalle de 2 \u00e0 4 semaines ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest compris entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}78\">$0{,}78$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}85\">$0{,}85$<\/span>, confirmant que la mesure \u00e9value une propension stable \u00e0 vivre et \u00e9valuer le stress racial, tout en restant suffisamment flexible pour enregistrer les variations contextuelles aigu\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;AARRSI a suivi une m\u00e9thodologie en deux \u00e9tapes combinant analyse exploratoire et confirmatoire sur des \u00e9chantillons ind\u00e9pendants :<\/p>\n<h3>Analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Sur un premier \u00e9chantillon de d\u00e9veloppement, les 45 items exp\u00e9rimentaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 une analyse en composantes principales et \u00e0 une analyse factorielle par extraction des axes principaux (<em>Principal Axis Factoring<\/em>) avec une rotation oblique (<em>Promax<\/em>), en raison de l&rsquo;intercorr\u00e9lation th\u00e9orique attendue entre les dimensions du racisme. Les crit\u00e8res de r\u00e9tention \u00e9taient les suivants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Valeurs propres sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 1 (crit\u00e8re de Kaiser) et examen du diagramme de s\u00e9dimentation (<em>scree plot<\/em> de Cattell) ;<\/li>\n<li>Saturations factorielles primaires <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"ge 0{,}40\">$ge 0{,}40$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li>Saturations crois\u00e9es (<em>cross-loadings<\/em>) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"le 0{,}30\">$le 0{,}30$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce processus a \u00e9limin\u00e9 16 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s redondants ou \u00e9quivoques, stabilisant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle \u00e0 29 items r\u00e9partis sur les 3 facteurs d\u00e9crits pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyse factorielle confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Une AFC men\u00e9e sur un second \u00e9chantillon ind\u00e9pendant a test\u00e9 l&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation du mod\u00e8le trifactoriel oblique par rapport \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le unidimensionnel (o\u00f9 tous les items satureraient un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de racisme). Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement ont attest\u00e9 de la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 trois dimensions corr\u00e9l\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chi-deux norm\u00e9 :<\/strong> $\\chi^2 \/ dl < 2{,}2$ ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comparative Fit Index (CFI) :<\/strong> <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"&gt; 0{,}92\">$> 0{,}92$<\/span> ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) :<\/strong> compris entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}048\">$0{,}048$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}058\">$0{,}058$<\/span> (intervalle de confiance \u00e0 90 % inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 0,08) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) :<\/strong> $< 0{,}06$.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les intercorr\u00e9lations entre les trois facteurs oscillent entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}45\">$0{,}45$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"0{,}65\">$0{,}65$<\/span>, d\u00e9montrant que les sous-\u00e9chelles partagent un tronc commun de stress racial tout en mesurant des facettes ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologiquement distinctes.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Inventaire auto-administr\u00e9 (questionnaire papier ou num\u00e9rique) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Personnes d&rsquo;origine asiatique r\u00e9sidant aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou dans d&rsquo;autres soci\u00e9t\u00e9s multiculturelles occidentales, \u00e2g\u00e9es de 18 ans et plus ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 29 items r\u00e9dig\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s situationnels \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me personne du singulier (\u00ab You&#8230; \u00bb ou \u00ab Someone&#8230; \u00bb) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle de Likert ordinale en 5 points combinant occurrence et r\u00e9action \u00e9motionnelle :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = <em>This has never happened to me or someone I know<\/em> (Cela ne m&rsquo;est jamais arriv\u00e9, ni \u00e0 une de mes connaissances)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = <em>This event happened but did not bother me<\/em> (Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement s&rsquo;est produit mais ne m&rsquo;a pas d\u00e9rang\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = <em>This event happened and I was slightly bothered<\/em> (Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement s&rsquo;est produit et j&rsquo;ai \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9g\u00e8rement contrari\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = <em>This event happened and I was upset<\/em> (Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement s&rsquo;est produit et j&rsquo;ai \u00e9t\u00e9 contrari\u00e9\/troubl\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><strong>5<\/strong> = <em>This event happened and I was extremely upset<\/em> (Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement s&rsquo;est produit et j&rsquo;ai \u00e9t\u00e9 extr\u00eamement boulevers\u00e9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Score total :<\/strong> Somme ou moyenne des 29 items (allant de 29 \u00e0 145 en score brut, ou de 1,00 \u00e0 5,00 en score moyen). Un score plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique un niveau plus grand de d\u00e9tresse li\u00e9e au racisme ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Racisme socio-historique :<\/strong> Moyenne ou somme des 7 items sp\u00e9cifiques (1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle Racisme g\u00e9n\u00e9ral :<\/strong> Moyenne ou somme des 10 items sp\u00e9cifiques (3, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle \u00c9tranger perp\u00e9tuel :<\/strong> Moyenne ou somme des 12 items sp\u00e9cifiques (4, 5, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 2004 (dans le <em>Journal of Counseling Psychology<\/em>) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Droits d&rsquo;auteur et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle :<\/strong> D\u00e9tenus par l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\">American Psychological Association (APA)<\/a> et les auteurs (Christopher T. H. Liang, Lisa C. Li, Bryan S. K. Kim) ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarification :<\/strong> L&rsquo;acc\u00e8s au questionnaire \u00e0 des fins de recherche universitaire \u00e0 but non lucratif et d&rsquo;enseignement est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement libre et gratuit. L&rsquo;article source fournit la liste int\u00e9grale des items ;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Les chercheurs et cliniciens souhaitant employer l&rsquo;instrument dans le cadre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes publi\u00e9es ou d&rsquo;essais cliniques sont invit\u00e9s \u00e0 obtenir une autorisation d&rsquo;usage aupr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;auteur correspondant (Dr Christopher Liang) ou via le centre de droits de l&rsquo;APA (RightsLink \/ Copyright Clearance Center).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences suivantes documentent le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;AARRSI et les cadres th\u00e9oriques connexes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cartier, C. R. (2009). <em>Asian American Men\u2019s Gender Role Conflict: An Investigation of Racism-Related Stress<\/em> (Master&rsquo;s thesis). University of Wisconsin-Stout. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.uwstout.edu\/content\/lib\/thesis\/2009\/2009cartierc.pdf\">http:\/\/www2.uwstout.edu\/content\/lib\/thesis\/2009\/2009cartierc.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. <em>American Journal of Orthopsychiatry<\/em>, 70(1), 42\u201357. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0087722\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0087722<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lazarus, R. S., &amp; Folkman, S. (1984). <em>Stress, appraisal, and coping<\/em>. Springer Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Liang, C. T. H., Li, L. C., &amp; Kim, B. S. K. (2004). The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. <em>Journal of Counseling Psychology<\/em>, 51(1), 103\u2013114. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.51.1.103\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.51.1.103<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., &amp; Torino, G. C. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. <em>Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology<\/em>, 13(1), 72\u201381. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1099-9809.13.1.72\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1099-9809.13.1.72<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Takaki, R. (1998). <em>Strangers from a different shore: A history of Asian Americans<\/em> (Rev. ed.). Little, Brown and Company.<\/li>\n<li>Tuan, M. (1998). <em>Forever foreigners or honorary whites? The Asian ethnic experience today<\/em>. Rutgers University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You hear about a racially motivated murder of an Asian American man.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You hear that Asian Americans are not significantly represented in management positions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You are told that Asians have assertiveness problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You notice that Asian ch\u200earacters in American TV shows either speak bad or heavily accented English.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You notice that in American movies\u201a male Asian leading ch\u200earacters never engage in physical contact (kissing\u201a etc.) with leading female ch\u200earacters even when the plot would seem to call for it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that the kitchens of Asian families smell and are dirty.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You notice that U.S. history books offer no information of the contributions<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You see a TV commercial in which an Asian ch\u200earacter speaks bad English and acts subservient to non-Asian ch\u200earacters.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You hear about an Asian American government scientist held in solitaryconfinement for mishandling government documents when his non-Asian coworkers were not punished for the same offence<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You learn that Asian Americans historically were targets of racist actions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You learn that most non-Asian Americans are ignorant of the oppression and racial prejudice Asian Americans have endured in the U.S.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">At a restaurant you notice that a White couple who came in after you is served before you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You learn that\u201a while immigration quotas on Asian peoples were severely restricted until the latter half of the 1900s\u201a quotas for European immigrants were not.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that it&#039;s the Blacks that are the problem\u201a not the Asians.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A student you do not know asks you for help in math.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that they heard that there is a gene that makes Asians smart.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone asks you if you know his or her Asian friend! coworker! classmate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone assumes that they serve dog meat in Asian restaurants.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that your Asian American female friend looks just like Connie Chung.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone you do not know speaks slow and loud at you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone asks you if all your friends are Asian Americans.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone asks you if you can teach him\/her karate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that &quot;you people are all the same.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that all Asian people look alike.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone tells you that Asian Americans are not targets of racism.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone you do not know asks you to help him\/her fix his\/her computer.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You are told that &quot;you speak English so well.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Someone asks you what your real name is.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You are asked where you are really from.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;Inventaire de stress li\u00e9 au racisme chez les Am\u00e9ricains d&rsquo;origine asiatique (AARRSI), cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 2004 par Liang, Li et Kim. Analyse d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du construit, de ses 3 dimensions factorielles, de sa validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique et \u00e9chelle int\u00e9grale en 29 items.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[14778,6102,2],"tags":[17076,17078,2045,17079,63,16770,83,17077],"class_list":["post-12017","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-de-stress","category-psychologie-transculturelle","category-psychometrie","tag-aarrsi","tag-americains-dorigine-asiatique","tag-discrimination","tag-etranger-perpetuel","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-micro-agressions","tag-psychologie-clinique","tag-stress-lie-au-racisme"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12017"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/12017\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}