{"id":11920,"date":"2026-10-01T08:21:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T08:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-de-decentration-sociale-sds-2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T08:21:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T08:21:27","slug":"echelle-de-decentration-sociale-sds-2","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-de-decentration-sociale-sds-2","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale (SDS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale<\/strong> (<em>Social Decentering Scale<\/em>, SDS), \u00e9labor\u00e9e initialement par Mark V. Redmond (1989, 1995) et adapt\u00e9e dans divers contextes communicationnels notamment par Redmond et Bunyi (1993), constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence con\u00e7u pour mesurer la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9centration\">d\u00e9centration sociale<\/a>. Ce construit cognitivo-affectif renvoie \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 s&rsquo;extraire de son propre syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9gocentrique afin de d\u00e9duire, reconstruire et anticiper les pens\u00e9es, les sentiments, les motivations et les perspectives d&rsquo;autrui au sein d&rsquo;un contexte situationnel et culturel sp\u00e9cifique. Contrairement aux mesures classiques d&#8217;empathie globale qui privil\u00e9gient souvent la contagion \u00e9motionnelle passive ou la sympathie, la SDS conceptualise la d\u00e9centration comme un processus actif et multidimensionnel de traitement de l&rsquo;information sociale.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se compose de <strong>36 items<\/strong> auto-rapport\u00e9s, \u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide d&rsquo;une \u00e9chelle de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89chelle_de_Likert\">Likert<\/a> en 5 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Almost never true \u00bb \/ \u00ab Presque jamais vrai \u00bb) \u00e0 5 (\u00ab Almost always true \u00bb \/ \u00ab Presque toujours vrai \u00bb). Les analyses factorielles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une structure multidimensionnelle articul\u00e9e autour de la prise de perspective cognitive, de la r\u00e9sonance affective vicariante, de l&rsquo;anticipation comportementale dans les relations interpersonnelles proches, et de la sensibilit\u00e9 aux contextes culturels et situationnels. Sur le plan psychom\u00e9trique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle pr\u00e9sente une consistance interne robuste, avec des coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,85 et 0,91 pour le score global dans les populations \u00e9tudiantes et interculturelles. La validit\u00e9 de construit, d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par des corr\u00e9lations convergentes significatives avec les sous-\u00e9chelles de l&rsquo;<em>Interpersonal Reactivity Index<\/em> (IRI) de Davis et des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives avec l&rsquo;ethnocentrisme et le dogmatisme, confirme son utilit\u00e9 empirique pour la recherche en psychologie sociale, en communication interculturelle et en r\u00e9gulation des conflits.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00e9centration sociale, empathie cognitive, prise de perspective, comp\u00e9tence interculturelle, communication interpersonnelle, cognition sociale, r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle, psychom\u00e9trie, th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;esprit, Mark V. Redmond.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue et formalis\u00e9e principalement par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mark V. Redmond, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite au sein du d\u00e9partement de communication (<em>Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication<\/em>) de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iastate.edu\/\">Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00c9tat de l&rsquo;Iowa<\/a> (Iowa State University), Ames, Iowa, \u00c9tats-Unis. Ses travaux pionniers portent sur les fonctions de l&#8217;empathie, la d\u00e9centration sociale dans les relations humaines et le d\u00e9veloppement de mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la comp\u00e9tence communicationnelle. (Courriel institutionnel : mredmond@iastate.edu).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Judith M. Bunyi, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse et collaboratrice ayant contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;application et \u00e0 la validation empirique de l&rsquo;instrument dans le cadre des \u00e9tudes sur l&rsquo;adaptation interculturelle et la gestion du stress chez les \u00e9tudiants internationaux (Redmond &amp; Bunyi, 1993).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contributeurs psychom\u00e9triques ult\u00e9rieurs<\/strong> : Des chercheurs comme Fiona Swee-Lin Price (2000) de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Melbourne ont \u00e9tendu l&rsquo;analyse de la validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle aux contextes du contact interculturel et de l&rsquo;\u00e9pist\u00e9mologie de l&rsquo;ethnocentrisme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de la <em>Social Decentering Scale<\/em> (SDS) est d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser et de quantifier la propension d&rsquo;un sujet \u00e0 suspendre d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment son propre ancrage perceptif et axiologique afin de mod\u00e9liser l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience subjective d&rsquo;autrui. La d\u00e9centration sociale transcende la simple \u00ab projection \u00bb (tendance \u00e0 attribuer \u00e0 autrui ses propres \u00e9tats internes) : elle implique un travail m\u00e9tacognitif o\u00f9 le sujet int\u00e8gre les caract\u00e9ristiques uniques d&rsquo;autrui (personnalit\u00e9, histoire de vie, cadre culturel) pour formuler des hypoth\u00e8ses pr\u00e9cises sur son fonctionnement mental et \u00e9motionnel.<\/p>\n<h3>Applications en recherche<\/h3>\n<p>Dans le domaine scientifique, la SDS est largement sollicit\u00e9e dans plusieurs axes fondamentaux :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Communication et comp\u00e9tence interculturelle<\/strong> : \u00c9valuer comment les individus s&rsquo;adaptent \u00e0 des interlocuteurs issus de milieux culturels h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. Les travaux de Redmond et Bunyi (1993) ont mis en \u00e9vidence que les \u00e9tudiants internationaux pr\u00e9sentant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s de d\u00e9centration sociale \u00e9prouvent moins de difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration et g\u00e8rent plus efficacement le stress d&rsquo;acculturation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychologie des relations interpersonnelles<\/strong> : Analyser les m\u00e9canismes de maintien du lien dyadique, la qualit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;intimit\u00e9 relationnelle et la r\u00e9solution coop\u00e9rative des conflits interpersonnels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9pist\u00e9mologie sociale et pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s<\/strong> : Mesurer les corr\u00e9lats de l&rsquo;ouverture d&rsquo;esprit face aux st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes et aux attitudes ethnocentriques (Price, 2000).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Applications cliniques et appliqu\u00e9es<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e initialement pour la recherche fondamentale en communication et en psychologie sociale, la SDS trouve des applications pragmatiques notables :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u00e9diation et gestion des conflits<\/strong> : L&rsquo;outil permet d&rsquo;identifier les d\u00e9ficits de prise de perspective chez les parties prenantes, facilitant la mise en place d&rsquo;interventions cibl\u00e9es sur la reconnaissance r\u00e9ciproque des besoins et des cadres de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e9rapie de couple et familiale<\/strong> : Utilisation comme instrument d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation diagnostique pour mesurer le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9gocentrisme communicationnel ou la capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un partenaire \u00e0 anticiper les r\u00e9actions de l&rsquo;autre sans distorsion cognitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Formation des professionnels de sant\u00e9 et des \u00e9ducateurs<\/strong> : \u00c9valuation des programmes p\u00e9dagogiques visant \u00e0 renforcer l&rsquo;alliance th\u00e9rapeutique, la compr\u00e9hension transculturelle et la sensibilit\u00e9 clinique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit de <strong>d\u00e9centration sociale<\/strong> repose sur une distinction conceptuelle rigoureuse entre l&#8217;empathie en tant qu&rsquo;\u00e9tat affectif passif et la d\u00e9centration en tant qu&rsquo;aptitude socio-cognitive active. Redmond (1989, 1995) d\u00e9finit la d\u00e9centration sociale comme le processus par lequel un individu sort de son propre cadre ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique pour structurer mentalement les pens\u00e9es, les sentiments, les valeurs et les comportements anticip\u00e9s d&rsquo;une autre personne, en utilisant \u00e0 la fois les informations contextuelles et les caract\u00e9ristiques intrins\u00e8ques de cette derni\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<h3>Dimensions constitutives de la SDS<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;examen approfondi des 36 items de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle r\u00e9v\u00e8le l&rsquo;articulation de quatre facettes interd\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La prise de perspective cognitive (Perspective-Taking)<\/strong> : Il s&rsquo;agit de la propension d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 imaginer les \u00e9tats mentaux d&rsquo;autrui dans des situations hypoth\u00e9tiques ou r\u00e9elles (ex. item 3 : <em>\u00ab When I hear about other people&rsquo;s problems that I&rsquo;ve never personally faced, I imagine what my thoughts would be if I were in their situation \u00bb<\/em> ; item 29 : <em>\u00ab I often think about what it would be like for me to be in other people&rsquo;s shoes&#8230; \u00bb<\/em>). Cette dimension sollicite les m\u00e9canismes de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Th%C3%A9orie_de_l%27esprit\">th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;esprit<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle vicariante (Vicarious Emotional Arousal)<\/strong> : La capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 ressentir des affects congruents avec ceux d&rsquo;autrui lors de l&rsquo;observation d&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nements tragiques ou joyeux, qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agisse de proches, d&rsquo;inconnus ou de personnages m\u00e9diatis\u00e9s (ex. item 6 : <em>\u00ab I feel the pain my closest friends feel when they are in trouble \u00bb<\/em> ; item 10 : r\u00e9action \u00e9motionnelle face \u00e0 un enfant en d\u00e9tresse dans un reportage d&rsquo;actualit\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;anticipation relationnelle et interpersonnelle (Relational Second-Guessing &amp; Anticipation)<\/strong> : L&rsquo;effort cognitif d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 pour pr\u00e9dire comment un proche r\u00e9agira \u00e0 des formulations linguistiques sp\u00e9cifiques, \u00e0 des demandes d\u00e9licates ou \u00e0 des controverses id\u00e9ologiques (ex. item 9 : anticiper la r\u00e9action d&rsquo;un ami selon la formulation d&rsquo;un probl\u00e8me ; item 36 : r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la position d&rsquo;un ami intime avant m\u00eame d&rsquo;aborder un sujet litigieux).<\/li>\n<li><strong>La d\u00e9centration contextuelle et transculturelle (Cultural &amp; Contextual Decentering)<\/strong> : La facult\u00e9 d&rsquo;int\u00e9grer l&rsquo;impact de la socialisation, des normes ethniques et des origines g\u00e9ographiques sur la formation des croyances d&rsquo;un tiers (ex. item 21 : prise en compte de l&rsquo;origine culturelle pour comprendre le comportement ; item 24 : capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 imaginer comment ses propres valeurs diff\u00e9reraient si l&rsquo;on avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans une autre culture).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le construit se d\u00e9marque du simple \u00ab partage \u00e9motionnel \u00bb : un sujet hautement d\u00e9centr\u00e9 ne se contente pas de \u00ab souffrir avec \u00bb autrui ; il analyse <em>pourquoi<\/em> et <em>comment<\/em> l&rsquo;autre \u00e9prouve cette d\u00e9tresse, en tenant compte des facteurs d&rsquo;arri\u00e8re-plan qui lui sont propres.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale plonge ses racines conceptuelles dans plusieurs courants majeurs de la psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement, du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sociologie\">socioconstructivisme<\/a> et de la th\u00e9orie de la communication.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage piag\u00e9tien : de l&rsquo;\u00e9gocentrisme \u00e0 la d\u00e9centration<\/h3>\n<p>La notion de d\u00e9centration trouve son origine fondamentale dans les travaux de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Piaget\">Jean Piaget<\/a> sur le d\u00e9veloppement intellectuel de l&rsquo;enfant. Selon Piaget, l&rsquo;enfant passe d&rsquo;un stade initial d&rsquo;\u00e9gocentrisme cognitif \u2014 caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 concevoir qu&rsquo;un objet ou un \u00e9v\u00e9nement puisse \u00eatre per\u00e7u diff\u00e9remment depuis un autre angle spatial ou conceptuel \u2014 \u00e0 un stade de r\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 et de d\u00e9centration op\u00e9ratoire. Redmond transpose ce m\u00e9canisme d\u00e9veloppemental au domaine des interactions sociales adultes : la d\u00e9centration sociale repr\u00e9sente l&rsquo;ach\u00e8vement d&rsquo;une maturit\u00e9 cognitive permettant de s&rsquo;affranchir d&rsquo;un \u00e9gocentrisme relationnel persistant.<\/p>\n<h3>L&rsquo;interactionnisme symbolique de George Herbert Mead<\/h3>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique convoque \u00e9galement la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;interactionnisme symbolique formul\u00e9e par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Herbert_Mead\">George Herbert Mead<\/a> (1934). Mead a th\u00e9oris\u00e9 le processus de \u00ab prise de r\u00f4le \u00bb (<em>role-taking<\/em>), selon lequel la conscience de soi et l&rsquo;ajustement comportemental \u00e9mergent de la capacit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;individu \u00e0 \u00ab adopter l&rsquo;attitude de l&rsquo;autre \u00bb. Dans la conceptualisation de Redmond (1989), la d\u00e9centration sociale constitue l&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation directe de ce m\u00e9canisme de prise de r\u00f4le : pour communiquer efficacement, l&rsquo;\u00e9metteur doit en permanence coder ses messages en anticipant le d\u00e9codage qu&rsquo;en fera le r\u00e9cepteur sur la base des repr\u00e9sentations internes de ce dernier.<\/p>\n<h3>Le mod\u00e8le int\u00e9gratif de l&#8217;empathie de Mark V. Redmond<\/h3>\n<p>Dans son article s\u00e9minal de 1989, <em>\u00ab The Functions of Empathy (Decentering) in Human Relations \u00bb<\/em>, Redmond propose une clarification \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique cruciale. Il postule que le terme \u00ab empathie \u00bb a souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 galvaud\u00e9 par des d\u00e9finitions contradictoires (tant\u00f4t purement affectives, tant\u00f4t purement cognitives). Il pr\u00e9conise l&rsquo;utilisation du concept de <strong>d\u00e9centration<\/strong> pour englober la s\u00e9quence fonctionnelle compl\u00e8te :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>La suspension temporaire du jugement personnel.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;acquisition et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration des indices verbaux et non-verbaux de l&rsquo;interlocuteur.<\/li>\n<li>La construction d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le mental de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 subjective de l&rsquo;autre.<\/li>\n<li>La r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle congruente.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;adaptation strat\u00e9gique du comportement communicationnel.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de la SDS a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de multiples investigations empiriques men\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons diversifi\u00e9s (\u00e9tudiants universitaires, populations multiculturelles, professionnels de la communication).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et convergente<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude fondatrice de Redmond (1995), la validit\u00e9 convergente de la SDS a \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e en la comparant avec les \u00e9chelles de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence mesurant l&#8217;empathie et les aptitudes interpersonnelles, notamment l&rsquo;<em>Interpersonal Reactivity Index<\/em> (IRI) de Mark Davis (1983) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prise de perspective (IRI-PT)<\/strong> : Corr\u00e9lations positives \u00e9lev\u00e9es et statistiquement significatives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,55\">$r = 0,55$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,68\">$r = 0,68$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>), attestant que la SDS mesure rigoureusement la tendance cognitive \u00e0 adopter le point de vue d&rsquo;autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9occupation empathique (IRI-EC)<\/strong> : Corr\u00e9lations mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,42\">$r = 0,42$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,56\">$r = 0,56$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>), confirmant la composante de sollicitude affective vicariante.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tresse personnelle (IRI-PD)<\/strong> : Corr\u00e9lations faibles ou non significatives (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = -0,08\">$r = -0,08$<\/span> \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,12\">$r = 0,12$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &gt; 0,05\">$p &gt; 0,05$<\/span>), ce qui d\u00e9montre que la d\u00e9centration sociale n&rsquo;est pas synonyme d&rsquo;une anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 personnelle d\u00e9sadaptative face \u00e0 la souffrance d&rsquo;autrui.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>La SDS se distingue nettement des mesures de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale (\u00e9valu\u00e9e par exemple via l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Marlowe-Crowne), avec des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gligeables (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &lt; 0,15\">$r &lt; 0,15$<\/span>), prouvant que les r\u00e9ponses ne refl\u00e8tent pas une simple qu\u00eate de conformit\u00e9 sociale ou d&rsquo;image valorisante. Par ailleurs, Price (2000) a mis en \u00e9vidence des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives significatives entre le score global de la SDS et les \u00e9chelles mesurant l&rsquo;<strong>ethnocentrisme<\/strong> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = -0,38\">$r = -0,38$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,01\">$p &lt; 0,01$<\/span>) et le <strong>dogmatisme<\/strong>, confirmant que l&rsquo;aptitude \u00e0 se d\u00e9centrer inhibe le rejet st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9 de l&rsquo;alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 culturelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et \u00e9cologique<\/h3>\n<p>Sur le plan pr\u00e9dictif, Redmond et Bunyi (1993) ont \u00e9tabli que les scores \u00e0 la SDS pr\u00e9disent significativement la comp\u00e9tence communicationnelle per\u00e7ue (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"R^2 = 0,24\">$R^2 = 0,24$<\/span>, <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>) et sont associ\u00e9s \u00e0 une r\u00e9duction notable du stress d&rsquo;adaptation chez les \u00e9tudiants \u00e9trangers. Les individus pr\u00e9sentant une d\u00e9centration \u00e9lev\u00e9e d\u00e9montrent une pr\u00e9cision accrue dans le d\u00e9codage des intentions d&rsquo;autrui lors de t\u00e2ches d&rsquo;interaction dyadique film\u00e9es en laboratoire.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9prouv\u00e9es selon plusieurs m\u00e9thodes de calcul standardis\u00e9es, d\u00e9montrant une excellente pr\u00e9cision de mesure.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses de consistance interne rapport\u00e9es dans les publications de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence mettent en lumi\u00e8re une homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e des items :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon princeps de validation (Redmond, 1995 ; <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"N = 348\">$N = 348$<\/span>), le coefficient <strong>alpha de Cronbach<\/strong> global de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de 36 items a atteint <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,89\">$\\alpha = 0,89$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Dans la recherche interculturelle de Redmond et Bunyi (1993 ; <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"N = 166\">$N = 166$<\/span>), l&rsquo;alpha de Cronbach rapport\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;instrument s&rsquo;\u00e9levait \u00e0 <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,86\">$\\alpha = 0,86$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Les \u00e9tudes ult\u00e9rieures (ex. Price, 2000) ont confirm\u00e9 cette robustesse avec des valeurs d&rsquo;alpha se situant constamment dans l&rsquo;intervalle <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"[0,85 ; 0,91]\">$[0,85 ; 0,91]$<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Les corr\u00e9lations item-total corrig\u00e9es s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent majoritairement entre 0,30 et 0,65, aucun item ne d\u00e9gradant la fiabilit\u00e9 globale du test lorsqu&rsquo;il est omis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest a \u00e9t\u00e9 administr\u00e9e sur un sous-\u00e9chantillon d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants \u00e0 un intervalle de quatre semaines (Redmond, 1995). Le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson obtenu \u00e9tait de <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r_{tt} = 0,83\">$r_{tt} = 0,83$<\/span> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"p &lt; 0,001\">$p &lt; 0,001$<\/span>), indiquant une stabilit\u00e9 temporelle satisfaisante du trait de d\u00e9centration sociale, tout en laissant subsister une marge de sensibilit\u00e9 aux apprentissages et aux interventions \u00e9ducatives.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle de la SDS a \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9e par des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de l&rsquo;extraction en composantes principales suivie de rotations obliques (Promax \/ Direct Oblimin), compte tenu de l&rsquo;interd\u00e9pendance th\u00e9orique des facettes de la d\u00e9centration.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle exploratoire<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse initiale de Redmond (1995) a fait ressortir plusieurs facteurs coh\u00e9rents expliquant plus de 42 % de la variance totale :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : R\u00e9sonance et contagion \u00e9motionnelle vicariante<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 1, 6, 7, 10, 16, 20, 22, 26, 31 ; saturations factorielles entre 0,48 et 0,74). Ce facteur regroupe les r\u00e9actions affectives directes face \u00e0 la d\u00e9tresse ou \u00e0 la joie d&rsquo;autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Prise de perspective et projection imaginative<\/strong> (saturations sur les items 3, 5, 8, 17, 28, 29 ; saturations entre 0,42 et 0,68). Il refl\u00e8te la mise en \u0153uvre de simulations mentales (\u00ab se mettre \u00e0 la place de l&rsquo;autre \u00bb).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : Anticipation cognitive et compr\u00e9hension relationnelle dyadique<\/strong> (items 9, 13, 19, 23, 25, 30, 34, 36 ; saturations entre 0,45 et 0,71). Ce facteur capture l&rsquo;effort d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 pour analyser les motifs d&rsquo;un ami proche ou d&rsquo;un interlocuteur sp\u00e9cifique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : D\u00e9centration socioculturelle et \u00e9pist\u00e9mique<\/strong> (items 4, 12, 21, 24, 27 ; saturations entre 0,40 et 0,65). Il traduit l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la diversit\u00e9 culturelle et historique dans la lecture des conduites humaines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 factorielle confirmatoire (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Bien que certains auteurs utilisent la SDS comme un score unitaire de second ordre refl\u00e9tant une \u00ab propension g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e0 la d\u00e9centration \u00bb, les mod\u00e8les confirmatoires hi\u00e9rarchiques \u00e0 quatre facteurs de premier ordre subordonn\u00e9s \u00e0 un facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de d\u00e9centration pr\u00e9sentent de bons indices d&rsquo;ajustement empirique : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\chi^2\/df &lt; 2,3\">$\\chi^2\/df &lt; 2,3$<\/span>, <em>Comparative Fit Index<\/em> (CFI) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\approx 0,91\">$\\approx 0,91$<\/span>, <em>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation<\/em> (RMSEA) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\approx 0,054\">$\\approx 0,054$<\/span> (Price, 2000). Les saturations standardis\u00e9es sur le facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sont toutes sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 0,35, ce qui justifie pleinement l&rsquo;utilisation clinique et empirique du score total somm\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale (SDS) est un questionnaire auto-administr\u00e9 con\u00e7u pour une passation rapide et standardis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3>Caract\u00e9ristiques techniques<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items<\/strong> : 36 items r\u00e9dig\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;affirmations comportementales et cognitives \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re personne.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temps de passation<\/strong> : Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> : \u00c9chelle de type Likert en 5 points :<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Almost never true (Presque jamais vrai)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = Infrequently true (Rarement vrai)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Sometimes true (Parfois vrai)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = Frequently true (Fr\u00e9quemment vrai)<\/li>\n<li><strong>5<\/strong> = Almost always true (Presque toujours vrai)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><strong>Cotation et calcul des scores<\/strong> :<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li>Le score total s&rsquo;obtient en additionnant l&rsquo;ensemble des points attribu\u00e9s aux 36 items (\u00e0 l&rsquo;exception des consignes d&rsquo;inversion m\u00e9thodologique \u00e9ventuelles selon les versions ; dans la version originale standard, la majorit\u00e9 des items sont libell\u00e9s dans le sens direct du construit).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;item 15 (<em>\u00ab The way I think and behave serves as my general basis for understanding how people in general think and behave \u00bb<\/em>) refl\u00e8te une ancre \u00e9gocentrique et n\u00e9cessite une attention particuli\u00e8re lors de l&rsquo;analyse des sous-dimensions (parfois exclu ou invers\u00e9 selon le protocole de codage sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude).<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;amplitude des scores th\u00e9oriques s&rsquo;\u00e9tend de 36 \u00e0 180 points. Des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s traduisent une grande capacit\u00e9 et propension habituelle \u00e0 la d\u00e9centration sociale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9veloppement initial<\/strong> : 1989 (formalisation conceptuelle) ; 1993 (publication empirique interculturelle avec Bunyi) ; 1995 (validation psychom\u00e9trique formelle de la SDS par Mark V. Redmond).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut du droit d&rsquo;auteur (Copyright)<\/strong> : Les droits scientifiques originaux sont d\u00e9tenus par l&rsquo;auteur (Mark V. Redmond) et les \u00e9diteurs acad\u00e9miques respectifs (Elsevier pour le <em>Journal of Research in Personality<\/em> et l&rsquo;<em>International Journal of Intercultural Relations<\/em> ; SAGE pour <em>Human Relations<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et tarifs<\/strong> : L&rsquo;instrument est accessible gratuitement \u00e0 des fins de recherche acad\u00e9mique, scientifique et p\u00e9dagogique non commerciale. Les chercheurs sont tenus de citer rigoureusement les publications princeps de Redmond (1989, 1995) et Redmond &amp; Bunyi (1993). Toute exploitation commerciale, int\u00e9gration dans des plateformes logicielles payantes ou utilisation en conseil d&rsquo;entreprise requiert l&rsquo;autorisation formelle expresse de l&rsquo;auteur principal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n<p>Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 44(1), 113\u2013126. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mead, G. H. (1934). <em>Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist<\/em>. University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n<p>Piaget, J. (1932). <em>Le jugement moral chez l&rsquo;enfant<\/em>. F\u00e9lix Alcan.<\/p>\n<p>Price, F. S.-L. (2000). <em>Intercultural contact, ethnocentrism and the mediating role of epistemology<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne). Minerva Access Institutional Repository. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au\/bitstream\/handle\/11343\/42255\/PRICE_F.pdf?sequence=1\">https:\/\/minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au\/bitstream\/handle\/11343\/42255\/PRICE_F.pdf?sequence=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Redmond, M. V. (1989). The functions of empathy (decentering) in human relations. <em>Human Relations<\/em>, 42(7), 593\u2013605. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872678904200703\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872678904200703<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Redmond, M. V. (1995). A multidimensional theory and measure of social decentering. <em>Journal of Research in Personality<\/em>, 29(1), 35\u201358. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1003<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Redmond, M. V., &amp; Bunyi, J. M. (1993). The relationship of intercultural communication competence with stress and the handling of stress by international students. <em>International Journal of Intercultural Relations<\/em>, 17(2), 235\u2013254. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0147-1767(93)90027-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0147-1767(93)90027-6<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I get emotional over anyone\u2019s crisis.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would be likely to feel a rush of excitement and enthusiasm while trying to guess what was making someone I didn\u2019t know shout with joy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I hear about other people\u2019s problems that I\u2019ve never personally faced\u201a I imagine what my thoughts would be if I were in their situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have wondered what people in some foreign countries think about various world problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes when I daydream about situations I\u2019ve never experienced before\u201a my daydreams evoke strong emotional reactions in me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I feel the pain my closest friends feel when they are in trouble.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There are times when I become quite emotional while watching TV.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes when I\u2019m considering how to react to a person\u201a I plan out what to do\u201a and then imagine how I would feel if someone acted towards me the way I was planning to act.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">(Think of a particular close friend) I try to anticipate and \u201csecond guess\u201d what my friend will say in reaction to alternate ways I might phrase a problem I want to discuss with them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I watch a news story where a child has just suffered the tragic loss of his\/her parents\u201a I feel some of the same feelings the child is probably ha\u200eving.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Sometimes I can understand what others are thinking by recalling the thoughts I have had when I experienced a similar situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I thought about it\u201a I could guess what people one hundred years from now will think about various major events that are occurring now.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I am likely to carefully consider what I know about a friend when planning on how to best approach them for something they might be reluctant to give or lend to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would feel some of the same feelings as a close friend (think of a particular friend) if both his\/her parents were killed in an automobile accident; my friend would probably have some feelings I would not feel\u201a as well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The way I think and behave serves as my general basis for understanding how people in general think and behave.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I would feel some of the feelings that a senior citizen I was talking to might have upon learning of the death of their spouse of fifty years.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think about how I would handle situations that I hear or read about when confronting other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I hear about a person\u2019s problem that is similar to a problem I\u2019ve experienced\u201a I usually recall what I thought and did about my problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I usually get as excited as my best friend (think of a particular friend) when I find out something exciting has happened to him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I get emotionally involved in news stories about the tragedies and joys of other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I take into consideration both the situation and a person\u2019s cultural and ethnic background when I\u2019m trying to understand the behaviour of someone I don\u2019t know very well.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My emotions are easily aroused when I am imagining myself in another person\u2019s predicament.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">(Think of a particular friendship that you have recently developed). I have tried to understand how this person thinks by considering their background\u201a personality\u201a maturity\u201a etc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can imagine how some of my attitudes\u201a beliefs\u201a and values might be different from the way they are if I had been raised in a different country\u2019s culture.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I know my closest friend (think of a particular friend) so well that I even know how s\/he thinks most of the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My emotional state sometimes seems determined by my best friend\u2019s emotional state; when they\u2019re down\u201a I become down\u201a when they\u2019re up I become up.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I know some of the values\u201a attitudes and thoughts associated with different cultural and ethnic groups.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have learned about some of my feelings and emotional reactions by putting myself in situations confronting ch\u200earacters in movies and books\u201a and other people in general.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I often think about what it would be like for me to be in other people\u2019s shoes; what I would say and what I would think.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">My closest friend and I would probably experience some of the same feelings in reaction to the news that s\/he had suddenly come into a large sum of money though my feelings would be different in a few ways.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I tend to feel some of the pain a parent must feel about the accidental death of one of their children when I read about such a tragedy in the news.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">(Think of a close friend who has never been in trouble with the law). This friend and I would probably have the same emotional reaction to being mistakenly arrested.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can tell a lot about a stranger\u2019s attitudes\u201a beliefs and values\u201a after talking to him\/her for just a minute or two.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I pay attention to the things I learn about acquaintances as we become closer\u201a so that I can better understand how they think.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I try to guess what the circumstances might be surrounding a stranger\u2019s emotional outburst (crying\u201a cheering\u201a etc.) and my speculations would arouse an emotional reaction in me similar to the stranger\u2019s reaction.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I sometimes think about how my closest friend will think about a controversial subject even before we start to discuss it.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle de d\u00e9centration sociale (Social Decentering Scale, SDS) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Mark V. Redmond \u00e9value la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 s&rsquo;extraire de son propre cadre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour comprendre et anticiper les pens\u00e9es, \u00e9motions et comportements d&rsquo;autrui au sein de contextes relationnels et interculturels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1389,154,2],"tags":[1222,16842,16678,8,16680,1217,3092,16843],"class_list":["post-11920","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-dempathie","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-cognition-sociale","tag-competence-interculturelle","tag-decentration-sociale","tag-empathie-cognitive","tag-mark-v-redmond","tag-prise-de-perspective","tag-relations-interpersonnelles","tag-sds"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11920"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11920\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}