{"id":11860,"date":"2026-10-01T06:39:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T06:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/inventaire-des-croyances-sur-les-paradigmes-sociaux-spbi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T06:39:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T06:39:35","slug":"inventaire-des-croyances-sur-les-paradigmes-sociaux-spbi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=inventaire-des-croyances-sur-les-paradigmes-sociaux-spbi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire des Croyances sur les Paradigmes Sociaux (SPBI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire des Croyances sur les Paradigmes Sociaux<\/strong> (<em>Social Paradigm Belief Inventory<\/em>, SPBI), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 initialement par Deirdre A. Kramer et ses collaborateurs (Kramer et al., 1992 ; Kramer &#038; Woodruff, 1986), est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique con\u00e7u pour \u00e9valuer les hypoth\u00e8ses \u00e9pist\u00e9mologiques et ontologiques fondamentales qu&rsquo;un individu entretient \u00e0 propos du monde social. Ancr\u00e9 dans les th\u00e9ories du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9veloppement_cognitif\">d\u00e9veloppement cognitif<\/a> adulte et de la pens\u00e9e post-formelle, le SPBI op\u00e9rationnalise les visions du monde sous-jacentes selon quatre paradigmes philosophiques et m\u00e9tath\u00e9oriques d\u00e9riv\u00e9s des travaux de Stephen C. Pepper : le paradigme <em>formiste<\/em>, le paradigme <em>m\u00e9caniste<\/em>, le paradigme <em>relativiste<\/em> et le paradigme <em>dialectique<\/em>. L&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u selon deux formats compl\u00e9mentaires : une version \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 \u00e0 3 options comprenant 27 triades situationnelles et une version m\u00e9trique de type <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89chelle_de_Likert\">Likert<\/a> compos\u00e9e de 56 items ind\u00e9pendants cot\u00e9s de 1 (\u00ab Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly disagree<\/em>) \u00e0 6 (\u00ab Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord \u00bb \/ <em>Strongly agree<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques du SPBI attestent d&rsquo;une consistance interne robuste dans les populations adultes, avec des coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant de fa\u00e7on caract\u00e9ristique entre 0,60 pour la pens\u00e9e absolue (englobant les sous-\u00e9chelles formiste et m\u00e9caniste selon les regroupements analytiques), 0,83 pour la pens\u00e9e relativiste et 0,84 pour la pens\u00e9e dialectique (Kramer et al., 1992). Les \u00e9tudes de validation crois\u00e9e et factorielle ult\u00e9rieures (notamment Vanier &#038; Searight, 2013) confirment que l&rsquo;instrument capture ad\u00e9quatement la progression d\u00e9veloppementale des structures de raisonnement, de l&rsquo;absolutisme r\u00e9ducteur vers une compr\u00e9hension int\u00e9grative, dynamique et contextuelle des relations humaines, des institutions sociopolitiques et du soi.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>pens\u00e9e post-formelle, d\u00e9veloppement cognitif adulte, \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie personnelle, paradigmes sociaux, pens\u00e9e dialectique, relativisme cognitif, raisonnement moral, vision du monde, psychom\u00e9trie, Deirdre Kramer<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et formalis\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs en psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement cognitif de l&rsquo;adulte et du vieillissement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Deirdre A. Kramer, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Chercheuse et professeure de psychologie, initialement rattach\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Rutgers (New Brunswick, New Jersey, \u00c9tats-Unis), pionni\u00e8re dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des mod\u00e8les de pens\u00e9e dialectique et post-formelle au cours de l&rsquo;avanc\u00e9e en \u00e2ge.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Patricia E. Kahlbaugh, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Co-auteure des travaux initiaux d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnalisation psychom\u00e9trique, affili\u00e9e au D\u00e9partement de Psychologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00c9tat de Southern Connecticut (New Haven, Connecticut, \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Robert B. Goldston, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Collaborateur scientifique sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;analyse quantitative et le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;\u00e9chelles de mesure \u00e9pist\u00e9mique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental du <em>Social Paradigm Belief Inventory<\/em> est de fournir une \u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9e, valide et fid\u00e8le des conceptions implicites que les individus mobilisent pour interpr\u00e9ter les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes du monde social. Alors que la majorit\u00e9 des tests psychom\u00e9triques traditionnels en psychologie cognitive \u00e9valuent l&rsquo;intelligence analytique ou le traitement logico-math\u00e9matique de l&rsquo;information (cadre formel piag\u00e9tien), le SPBI s&rsquo;int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la m\u00e9tath\u00e9orie profane : comment les personnes conceptualisent-elles la stabilit\u00e9 et le changement, la nature des contradictions dans les relations interpersonnelles, le fonctionnement des groupes sociaux et la relativit\u00e9 des perspectives morales ?<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la recherche empirique, l&rsquo;instrument vise \u00e0 combler le foss\u00e9 entre la philosophie des sciences et la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologie_du_d%C3%A9veloppement\">psychologie du d\u00e9veloppement<\/a> tout au long de la vie (<em>life-span developmental psychology<\/em>). Il est utilis\u00e9 pour examiner comment le niveau d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, la maturit\u00e9 psychosociale, l&rsquo;expertise professionnelle et le vieillissement chronologique favorisent ou inhibent la transition depuis un raisonnement d\u00e9terministe ou absolutiste vers une pens\u00e9e dialectique capable d&rsquo;int\u00e9grer le paradoxe et l&rsquo;incertitude.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les applications appliqu\u00e9es et cliniques, le SPBI offre un aper\u00e7u diagnostique pr\u00e9cieux des sch\u00e9mas sociocognitifs qui sous-tendent les conflits interpersonnels, la rigidit\u00e9 relationnelle et les difficult\u00e9s d&rsquo;adaptation face aux transitions de vie. En th\u00e9rapie de couple ou m\u00e9diation organisationnelle, un individu pr\u00e9sentant des croyances purement formistes ou m\u00e9canistes aura tendance \u00e0 imputer les dysfonctionnements \u00e0 des d\u00e9faillances intrins\u00e8ques, stables ou unilat\u00e9rales (par exemple : \u00ab cette personne a une mauvaise personnalit\u00e9 \u00bb ou \u00ab il existe une r\u00e8gle absolue qui n&rsquo;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 respect\u00e9e \u00bb). \u00c0 l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion aux croyances dialectiques favorise une approche syst\u00e9mique des probl\u00e8mes, o\u00f9 les tensions sont appr\u00e9hend\u00e9es comme des opportunit\u00e9s de r\u00e9organisation mutuelle.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit mesur\u00e9 par le SPBI repose sur l&rsquo;articulation de quatre syst\u00e8mes conceptuels ou \u00ab paradigmes de croyance sociale \u00bb, qui structurent la mani\u00e8re dont un individu per\u00e7oit la causalit\u00e9, l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;\u00e9volution temporelle des syst\u00e8mes humains :<\/p>\n<h3>Le paradigme formiste (Formistic)<\/h3>\n<p>Le formisme con\u00e7oit la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 sociale \u00e0 travers le prisme de cat\u00e9gories immuables, de traits inh\u00e9rents et d&rsquo;essences stables. La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans l&rsquo;attribution correcte d&rsquo;un individu ou d&rsquo;un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e0 une classe pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9e. Les contradictions sont per\u00e7ues comme de simples erreurs de jugement ou des anomalies logiques. Les postulats formistes postulent que la personnalit\u00e9 est fix\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re inn\u00e9e, que certains types de personnes sont naturellement incompatibles, et que les valeurs traditionnelles absolues constituent le garant unique de l&rsquo;ordre social.<\/p>\n<h3>Le paradigme m\u00e9caniste (Mechanistic)<\/h3>\n<p>Le m\u00e9canisme interpr\u00e8te le monde social comme une vaste machinerie r\u00e9gie par des relations causales lin\u00e9aires et d\u00e9terministes. Les comportements humains sont le produit passif de forces environnementales externes, du conditionnement \u00e9ducatif ou de stimuli socioculturels. Dans ce cadre, le changement n&rsquo;\u00e9merge pas spontan\u00e9ment de l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de l&rsquo;individu mais r\u00e9sulte d&rsquo;interventions directes, de technologies comportementales ou de pressions externes. Les probl\u00e8mes sociaux sont per\u00e7us comme des dysfonctionnements techniques solubles par l&rsquo;application rigoureuse d&rsquo;une m\u00e9thode scientifique instrumentale.<\/p>\n<h3>Le paradigme relativiste (Relativistic)<\/h3>\n<p>Le relativisme marque une rupture avec l&rsquo;absolutisme formiste et m\u00e9caniste. Il reconna\u00eet que la connaissance et la morale d\u00e9pendent enti\u00e8rement du point de vue subjectif de l&rsquo;observateur et du contexte imm\u00e9diat. Toute affirmation est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme valide du point de vue de la personne qui la formule, ce qui engendre un pluralisme radical. Cependant, dans sa forme \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, le relativisme peut d\u00e9boucher sur un scepticisme paralysant, o\u00f9 l&rsquo;absence de crit\u00e8res partag\u00e9s rend impossible la r\u00e9solution int\u00e9grative des d\u00e9saccords : chaque perspective reste juxtapos\u00e9e sans possibilit\u00e9 de synth\u00e8se dynamique.<\/p>\n<h3>Le paradigme dialectique (Dialectical)<\/h3>\n<p>Le paradigme dialectique repr\u00e9sente le niveau d&rsquo;organisation \u00e9pist\u00e9mique le plus avanc\u00e9 au sein du mod\u00e8le de Kramer. Il postule que la contradiction, le changement continuel et l&rsquo;interd\u00e9pendance holistique sont les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s constitutives fondamentales de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 humaine. L&rsquo;individu et son environnement social se co-d\u00e9terminent en permanence dans une boucle r\u00e9cursive. Les contradictions ne sont ni des erreurs logiques \u00e0 \u00e9liminer, ni de simples divergences d&rsquo;opinion irr\u00e9conciliables, mais des moteurs de croissance et de d\u00e9passement qualitatif. Le raisonnement dialectique accepte les compromis imparfaits, valorise la coordination des syst\u00e8mes contradictoires et reconnait les limites inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 toute certitude th\u00e9orique.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique du SPBI s&rsquo;enracine dans la conjonction des travaux d&rsquo;ontologie philosophique de Stephen C. Pepper (1942) sur les \u00ab hypoth\u00e8ses du monde \u00bb (<em>World Hypotheses<\/em>) et des recherches n\u00e9o-piag\u00e9tiennes sur la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postformal_thought\">pens\u00e9e post-formelle<\/a> (Kramer, 1983 ; Sinnott, 1984 ; Labouvie-Vief, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>Selon Jean Piaget, le stade des op\u00e9rations formelles, atteint \u00e0 l&rsquo;adolescence, constitue l&rsquo;aboutissement du d\u00e9veloppement cognitif, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par la ma\u00eetrise de la logique d\u00e9ductive et du raisonnement hypoth\u00e9tico-d\u00e9ductif abstrait. Toutefois, de nombreux th\u00e9oriciens de la cognition adulte ont soulign\u00e9 que la logique formelle ferm\u00e9e s&rsquo;av\u00e8re inadapt\u00e9e pour traiter les probl\u00e8mes humains dits \u00ab mal d\u00e9finis \u00bb (<em>ill-structured problems<\/em>), marqu\u00e9s par l&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9, la variabilit\u00e9 contextuelle et le paradoxe \u00e9motionnel.<\/p>\n<p>Deirdre Kramer a formalis\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le int\u00e9gratif articulant trois phases successives du d\u00e9veloppement sociocognitif :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>La phase absolutiste<\/strong> (englobant le formisme et le m\u00e9canisme) : pr\u00e9dominance de la logique bivalente (vrai\/faux, bon\/mauvais), croyance en une v\u00e9rit\u00e9 objective unique accessible par l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 ou la m\u00e9thode d&rsquo;analyse s\u00e9quentielle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La phase relativiste<\/strong> : prise de conscience de la multiplicit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de valeurs et des perspectives subjectives, rupture avec l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 dogmatique, mais risque d&rsquo;anomie ou de d\u00e9tachement cognitif.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La phase dialectique<\/strong> : r\u00e9int\u00e9gration des perspectives relativistes au sein d&rsquo;une synth\u00e8se op\u00e9ratoire dynamique, reconnaissance que le soi et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s&rsquo;auto-construisent \u00e0 travers le traitement productif des contradictions inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 l&rsquo;existence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique du SPBI a fait l&rsquo;objet de multiples investigations empiriques document\u00e9es dans la litt\u00e9rature sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 d\u00e9veloppementale :<\/strong> Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Kramer, Kahlbaugh et Goldston (1992), des diff\u00e9rences significatives de scores ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablies en fonction de l&rsquo;\u00e2ge et du niveau de dipl\u00f4me. Les adultes d&rsquo;\u00e2ge moyen et avanc\u00e9 manifestent syst\u00e9matiquement des scores d&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion dialectique sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des jeunes \u00e9tudiants universitaires, ces derniers obtenant des scores significativement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s sur les dimensions formistes et m\u00e9canistes, ce qui corrobore les pr\u00e9dictions du mod\u00e8le de maturation post-formelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 convergente :<\/strong> Les sous-\u00e9chelles relativistes et dialectiques du SPBI corr\u00e8lent positivement avec d&rsquo;autres indices de complexit\u00e9 cognitive et de r\u00e9flexion \u00e9pist\u00e9mique, tels que le <em>Reflective Judgment Interview<\/em> (RJI) de King et Kitchener, ainsi qu&rsquo;avec des mesures d&rsquo;ouverture \u00e0 l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience (<em>Openness to Experience<\/em> du <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NEO_PI-R\">NEO-PI-R<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 discriminante :<\/strong> Le SPBI se distingue nettement des mesures d&rsquo;intelligence fluide brute (comme les matrices progressives de Raven), d\u00e9montrant que la ma\u00eetrise d&rsquo;un paradigme dialectique n&rsquo;est pas r\u00e9ductible \u00e0 la simple efficience logique, mais renvoie \u00e0 une r\u00e9organisation qualitative de la m\u00e9tacognition sociale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive :<\/strong> Les recherches appliqu\u00e9es ont montr\u00e9 que des scores dialectiques \u00e9lev\u00e9s pr\u00e9disent une plus grande empathie cognitive, une capacit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre des conflits de r\u00f4le conjugaux et professionnels, ainsi qu&rsquo;une moindre sensibilit\u00e9 aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s intergroupes et au dogmatisme id\u00e9ologique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;inventaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie par l&rsquo;examen de la consistance interne et de la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Dans les travaux initiaux de Kramer, Kahlbaugh et Goldston (1992), les coefficients <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha_de_Cronbach\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> rapport\u00e9s pour la version m\u00e9trique Likert attestent d&rsquo;une bonne homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des construits : <em>\u03b1<\/em> = 0,60 pour la pens\u00e9e absolue (mesures formiste et m\u00e9caniste combin\u00e9es selon les protocoles de r\u00e9duction), <em>\u03b1<\/em> = 0,83 pour la sous-\u00e9chelle de pens\u00e9e relativiste, et <em>\u03b1<\/em> = 0,84 pour la sous-\u00e9chelle de pens\u00e9e dialectique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Les coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle \u00e9valu\u00e9s sur un intervalle de quatre \u00e0 six semaines aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;adultes se situent dans des intervalles satisfaisants (<em>r<\/em> variant entre 0,72 et 0,81 selon les dimensions), confirmant que l&rsquo;outil \u00e9value des paradigmes cognitifs stables et non de simples \u00e9tats d&rsquo;humeur fluctuants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle du SPBI a \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois par des analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) :<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales initiale avec rotation orthogonale (Varimax) et oblique (Oblimin) men\u00e9e par Kramer et ses coll\u00e8gues a mis en \u00e9vidence trois facteurs majeurs \u00e9mergeant des intercorr\u00e9lations entre les affirmations du monde social : un facteur d&rsquo;<em>Absolutisme \/ D\u00e9terminisme<\/em> (regroupant les items formul\u00e9s sous les angles formiste et m\u00e9caniste), un facteur de <em>Relativisme<\/em>, et un facteur d&rsquo;<em>Int\u00e9gration Dialectique<\/em>. Cette organisation refl\u00e8te empiriquement la proximit\u00e9 structurelle entre le formisme et le m\u00e9canisme, tous deux fond\u00e9s sur une vision d\u00e9terministe et stable de la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 naturelle.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une \u00e9tude factorielle ind\u00e9pendante men\u00e9e par Vanier et Searight (2013) sur la version Likert \u00e0 56 items, l&rsquo;analyse factorielle confirmatoire a valid\u00e9 le bien-fond\u00e9 du d\u00e9coupage th\u00e9orique \u00e0 quatre sous-\u00e9chelles (Formiste, M\u00e9caniste, Relativiste, Dialectique), tout en soulignant l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative mod\u00e9r\u00e9e entre l&rsquo;orientation dialectique et les orientations absolutistes. Les saturations factorielles des items sur leurs facteurs th\u00e9oriques respectifs d\u00e9passent pour la grande majorit\u00e9 le seuil psychom\u00e9trique de 0,35, attestant de la clart\u00e9 factorielle de l&rsquo;instrument.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>Le SPBI se pr\u00e9sente sous deux formats m\u00e9thodologiques standardis\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Version \u00e0 choix forc\u00e9 \u00e0 3 options (Forced-Choice Version) :<\/strong> Compos\u00e9e de 27 triades situationnelles couvrant des domaines vari\u00e9s (relations interpersonnelles, fonctionnement sociopolitique, d\u00e9veloppement de la personnalit\u00e9, changement moral). Pour chaque situation, le sujet choisit l&rsquo;affirmation philosophique qui correspond le plus \u00e9troitement \u00e0 sa perspective personnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Version m\u00e9trique de type Likert (Likert Version) :<\/strong> Compos\u00e9e de 56 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s ind\u00e9pendants \u00e9valuant l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion du r\u00e9pondant sur une \u00e9chelle ordinale en 6 points :\n<ul>\n<li><strong>1<\/strong> = Strongly disagree (Pas du tout d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>2<\/strong> = Moderately disagree (Mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>3<\/strong> = Slightly disagree (L\u00e9g\u00e8rement en d\u00e9saccord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>4<\/strong> = Slightly agree (L\u00e9g\u00e8rement d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>5<\/strong> = Moderately agree (Mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<li><strong>6<\/strong> = Strongly agree (Tout \u00e0 fait d&rsquo;accord)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9partition des 56 items par sous-\u00e9chelle :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Formisme (14 items) :<\/em> 6, 8, 13, 14, 25, 27, 34, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 51, 54<\/li>\n<li><em>M\u00e9canisme (14 items) :<\/em> 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 37, 39, 43, 44, 55<\/li>\n<li><em>Relativisme (14 items) :<\/em> 10, 17, 19, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 33, 47, 48, 50, 53, 56<\/li>\n<li><em>Dialectique (14 items) :<\/em> 1, 2, 3, 7, 16, 20, 24, 29, 32, 35, 36, 42, 49, 52<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation :<\/strong> Les scores de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle sont obtenus en effectuant la somme arithm\u00e9tique ou la moyenne des points attribu\u00e9s aux items correspondants (score oscillant entre 14 et 84 points par dimension). Un profil cognitif individuel est ensuite dress\u00e9 pour identifier le paradigme pr\u00e9dominant ou le degr\u00e9 de coexistence entre les sch\u00e9mas de pens\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p>Le test a \u00e9t\u00e9 diffus\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1992 sous sa forme m\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9e dans le cadre d&rsquo;un article de recherche scientifique paru dans le <em>Journal of Gerontology<\/em> (Kramer, Kahlbaugh, &#038; Goldston, 1992). L&rsquo;instrument rel\u00e8ve de l&rsquo;usage acad\u00e9mique et scientifique ouvert (<em>open research access<\/em>) : son utilisation \u00e0 des fins d&rsquo;enseignement universitaire, de recherche clinique ou de th\u00e8ses doctorales est libre de droits d&rsquo;auteur sous r\u00e9serve de citer scrupuleusement les publications originales des auteurs. Les utilisations commerciales, interventions en entreprise \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle ou int\u00e9grations dans des progiciels payants requi\u00e8rent l&rsquo;autorisation expresse des d\u00e9tenteurs des droits.<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Kramer, D. A. (1983). Post-formal operations? A need for further conceptualization. <em>Human Development<\/em>, 26(2), 91\u2013105. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000272873\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000272873<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kramer, D. A., &#038; Woodruff, D. S. (1986). Relativistic and dialectical thought in three adult age-groups. <em>Human Development<\/em>, 29(5), 280\u2013290. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000273064\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000273064<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kramer, D. A., Kahlbaugh, P. E., &#038; Goldston, R. B. (1992). A measure of paradigm beliefs about the social world. <em>Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences<\/em>, 47(3), P180\u2013P189. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/47.3.p180\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/47.3.p180<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Modes of knowledge and the organization of development. Dans M. L. Commons, C. Armon, L. Kohlberg, F. A. Richards, T. A. Grotzer, &#038; J. D. Sinnott (\u00c9ds.), <em>Adult development: Vol. 2. Models and methods in the study of adolescent and adult thought<\/em> (pp. 43\u201377). Praeger.<\/p>\n<p>Pepper, S. C. (1942). <em>World hypotheses: A study in evidence<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/p>\n<p>Sinnott, J. D. (1984). Postformal reasoning: The relativistic stage. Dans M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, &#038; C. Armon (\u00c9ds.), <em>Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development<\/em> (pp. 298\u2013325). Praeger.<\/p>\n<p>Vanier, D., &#038; Searight, H. R. (2013). The Social Paradigm Belief Inventory (SPBI): A factor analytic study. <em>Modern Behavioral Science<\/em>, 1(1), 49\u201356.<\/p>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Choice forced choice version<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men and women may find change difficult. This is because they were socialized into certain roles as children\u201a and it takes a lot of push from the outside to overcome them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Experience tells you whether you can work with someone. This is because over time you&#039;ll discover whether your work experiences with that person are rewarding or not.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personality determines whether you can work with someone. This is because there are certain types of personalities which are innately compatible and you know immediately whether you can work with such a person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When someone is not doing a good job\u201a this can be changed. This is because he or she probably has a related strength which is not being utilized.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is possible to predict whether a marriage will last. This is because marriage involves finding the right person\u201a and when two people who are right for each other get married\u201a it should be a success.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most powerful countries have the right to use their power. This is because the world operates by survival of the fittest and if the strong do not maintain their power their existence is threatened.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our country sometimes does not do what&#039;s right. This is because questionable actions are sometimes necessary to bring about needed results.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dissension is a dangerous thing. This is because surrendering to dissenters places you at the mercy of anyone who wants to impose his or her ideas on society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our country generally does what Is right. This is because it has learned from past experience what is best\u201a and we use this experience to solve world problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our country generally does what&#039;s right. This is because we have moral imperative on our side when we make political and economic decisions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is a right person for everyone. This is because some people just belong together since they have the same type of personality and as a result are perfectly compatible.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There may someday be a perfect society. This is because with the development of technology and the social sciences we should be able to rid the world of its medical\u201a psychological and economic problems.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most powerful countries do not have the right to use their power. This is because we&#039;re all interrelated and will sink or swim together\u201a so countries have got to be understanding and cooperative.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is no one right person for anyone. This is because relationships form on the basis of who&#039;s there at the time; whether these people want a relationship\u201a and can make it work.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personality is molded in childhood\u201a this is because it&#039;s influenced by one&#039;s parents\u201a peers\u201a teachers\u201a etc. and once it\u2019s formed in this way\u201a it&#039;s set.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most powerful countries do not have the right to use their power. This is because what one country views as right and just\u201a another may see as unfair and unjust.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There can never be a perfect society. This is because every feature of a society carries with it advantages and disadvantages\u201a so that no society has only good points.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When someone is not doing a good job\u201a he or she can be made to change. This is because with the right feedback and encouragement form the boss he or she can learn to do a better job.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There can never be a perfect society. This is because everyone has a different conception of what such a society would be like\u201a and there can never be enough consensus on what to work toward.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person&#039;s behavior is basically inconsistent. This because each person is a unique\u201a random mix of behaviors\u201a so that he or she can be generous one moment and stingy the next.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dissension is a healthy sign. This is because if you oppress others unnecessarily you might destroy yourself in the process and become Inhuman.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dissension is a dangerous thing. This is because dissenters threaten the stability and moral fabric of a culture\u201a endangering its future success.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personality is not molded in childhood. This is because it continually changes to fit the immediate environment\u201a in order to adapt and obtain what&#039;s needed to get along in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There can be a perfect society. This is because there is a right order to things; however\u201a it is our task to discover what this order is and put it into action.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person&#039;s behavior is essentially consistent. This is because a person is socialized to behave according to the expectations of his or her culture\u201a and can do so with little problem.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Problem solving is a question of developing new perspectives. This is because a good decision maker is able to see may sides of a problem and encourage a dialogue in which everyone will be heard and contribute to each other&#039;s thinking.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are essentially contradictory. This is because people are simply full of contradictions in how they act\u201a and we cannot hope to understand these contradictions\u201a no matter how hard we try.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Dissension is not necessarily dangerous. This is because you can never say for sure that giving in to dissenters will cause problems later because life is unpredictable.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is difficult to predict whether a marriage will last. This is because marriage depends on the active commitment of the partners\u201a and if the commitment is there\u201a existing differences can be appreciated and worked out.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Frame of mind sets the stage for whether you can work with someone. This is because if you like someone and expect to work well with him or her you probably will\u201a but if you have a bad attitude you may not.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When someone is not doing a good job it&#039;s unlikely that he or she will change. This is because people stay essentially the same and either have the ability to do the job or lack it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person&#039;s behavior is generally consistent. This is because each person works to make sense of him or herself and act in a manner consistent with this image; Inconsistencies that arise are used to develop this sense of self further.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are essentially contradictory. This is because people are always changing and becoming someone new\u201a which contradicts the old self.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is possible to predict whether a marriage will last. This is because ha\u200eving enough information about the person you&#039;re going to marry allows you to predict how he or she will react to different situations\u201a and to prepare accordingly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The most powerful countries have the right to use their power. This is because they got to be powerful by following important ideals\u201a and strive to do what&#039;s best for the world.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are not essentially contradictory. This Is because\u201a generally speaking\u201a people learn how to behave in ways that are consistent with the actions and expectations of others in the society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Solving problems requires quickly coming up with the best solution. This is because there is a correct way of doing things\u201a and a good decision maker\u201a recognizing this\u201a decisively wastes no time putting it into action.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are not essentially contradictory. This is because you see contradictions in another&#039;s actions only if you are thinking in a faulty manner\u201a or in other words\u201a if you are making an error.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It&#039;s difficult to tell what influences whether you can work with someone. This is because feeling uncomfortable with a new person can generate a vicious cycle of feelings between you\u201a with neither knowing how these came about.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Solving problems requires a thorough consideration of all the information. This is because a good decision maker needs to be knowledgeable about the basic facts in order to make a sound judgement.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should be discouraged from acting deviantly. This is because people operate according to their own self-interest\u201a and it is society&#039;s job to keep this self-interest within reasonable bounds.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men and women are not likely to change. This is because it is in the nature of things that people are content with the way things are\u201a so men will continue to perform some roles and women others.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person&#039;s behavior is basically consistent. This is because certain types of behaviors are always together\u201a so that a person wouldn&#039;t be generous one moment and stingy the next.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men and women constantly change. This is because people are always changing and trying out whatever new roles happen to be facing them at the time\u201a and there is no real order to this process.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should be allowed to act deviantly under some circumstances. This is because you can&#039;t judge another&#039;s actions unless you know about his or her home life\u201a education\u201a philosophy\u201a etc.\u201a and how he or she saw the situation at the time.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should be allowed to act deviantly under some circumstances. This is because rules are useful guides\u201a but only when used flexibly; you have to consider the specifics of the situation and try to fit the rule to it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is not possible to predict whether a marriage will last. This is because the se\u200election of a spouse and the success of a marriage has a lot to do with factors beyond your control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People should never be allowed to act deviantly. This is because norms of behavior are good for society and must be respected if we are to have order.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Men and women periodically change. This is because people seek change and growth and express more parts of themselves as they get older.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When somebody is not doing a good job\u201a he or she can change. This is because all that&#039;s needed to do a good job is to put your heart into it and then you can do just about anything.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Personality is not molded in childhood. This is because a person is born with certain temperaments which\u201a because they are present at birth\u201a persist despite environmental influences<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There is a right person for everyone. This is because through experiences dating and the process of trial and error\u201a you can discover who best satisfies your needs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Solving problems requires realizing that there is no right solution. This is because there are many different sides of a problem and depending on what side you look at\u201a a good decision maker needs to recognize that there are different solutions.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyse psychom\u00e9trique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l&rsquo;Inventaire des Croyances sur les Paradigmes Sociaux (SPBI) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Kramer, Kahlbaugh et Goldston : th\u00e9orie, validit\u00e9, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et items originaux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[10462,127,2],"tags":[1222,4707,9482,16670,16669,16668,16667],"class_list":["post-11860","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluations-cognitives","category-psychologie-du-developpement","category-psychometrie","tag-cognition-sociale","tag-developpement-adulte","tag-epistemologie-personnelle","tag-kramer","tag-pensee-dialectique","tag-pensee-post-formelle","tag-spbi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11860"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11860\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}