{"id":11818,"date":"2026-10-01T05:20:28","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T05:20:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-attitude-envers-eglise\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T05:20:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T05:20:28","slug":"echelle-attitude-envers-eglise","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-attitude-envers-eglise","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise<\/strong> (<em>Attitude toward the Church Scale<\/em>), con\u00e7ue en 1929 par le psychologue et psychom\u00e9tricien am\u00e9ricain <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Leon_Thurstone\">Louis Leon Thurstone<\/a> et le th\u00e9ologien <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Chicago\">Ernest J. Chave<\/a> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Chicago, repr\u00e9sente le premier instrument psychom\u00e9trique standardis\u00e9 fond\u00e9 sur la <strong>m\u00e9thode des intervalles apparemment \u00e9gaux<\/strong> (<em>method of equal-appearing intervals<\/em>). Con\u00e7ue pour quantifier scientifiquement l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 et la valence des affects individuels \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de l&rsquo;institution eccl\u00e9siale, cette \u00e9chelle constitue un tournant \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique fondamental dans l&rsquo;histoire des <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychometrics\">sciences sociales et psychologiques<\/a>, en d\u00e9montrant pour la premi\u00e8re fois que des attitudes subjectives complexes peuvent \u00eatre mesur\u00e9es avec une rigueur analogue \u00e0 celle des attributs physiques.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument repose sur une banque initiale de d\u00e9clarations soumises \u00e0 un panel d&rsquo;\u00e9valuateurs (juges) ind\u00e9pendants charg\u00e9s de r\u00e9partir les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s le long d&rsquo;un continuum en 11 points, allant d&rsquo;une hostilit\u00e9 absolue (valeurs proches de 11,0) \u00e0 une d\u00e9votion institutionnelle maximale (valeurs proches de 0,0). La version finale comprend des formes parall\u00e8les int\u00e9grant 45 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s soigneusement calibr\u00e9s, tandis que le corpus de d\u00e9veloppement int\u00e8gre jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 130 items d&rsquo;opinion explorant les multiples facettes du sentiment religieux, institutionnel, \u00e9thique et social. Le r\u00e9pondant coche uniquement les propositions avec lesquelles il est en accord plein et entier. Le score d&rsquo;attitude individuel correspond \u00e0 la <strong>m\u00e9diane<\/strong> (ou \u00e0 la moyenne) des valeurs d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle associ\u00e9es aux items approuv\u00e9s. L&rsquo;outil pr\u00e9sente des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques historiques remarquables, avec une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par formes parall\u00e8les oscillant entre 0,85 et 0,92, et une excellente validit\u00e9 de construit attest\u00e9e par des contrastes syst\u00e9matiques entre groupes affili\u00e9s et non-affili\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle de Thurstone, Louis Leon Thurstone, Ernest J. Chave, attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise, psychom\u00e9trie, m\u00e9thode des intervalles apparemment \u00e9gaux, mesure des attitudes, psychologie de la religion, \u00e9valuation d&rsquo;attitude, \u00e9chelle psychologique, loi du jugement comparatif, sociologie religieuse, histoire de la psychom\u00e9trie.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par une collaboration interdisciplinaire entre un pionnier de la psychom\u00e9trie quantitative et un chercheur en sciences de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation religieuse :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Louis Leon Thurstone, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1887\u20131955) : Professeur de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Chicago\">Universit\u00e9 de Chicago<\/a>, directeur du <em>Psychometric Laboratory<\/em>, fondateur de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique (<em>Psychometric Society<\/em>) et de la revue <em>Psychometrika<\/em>. Consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l&rsquo;un des p\u00e8res fondateurs de l&rsquo;analyse factorielle multiple et de la psychophysique appliqu\u00e9e aux \u00e9tats mentaux.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ernest J. Chave, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur associ\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation religieuse au sein de la <em>Divinity School<\/em> de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Chicago, sp\u00e9cialiste des dynamiques \u00e9ducatives, de la morale et des orientations religieuses des \u00e9tudiants universitaires au d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Affiliation institutionnelle historique :<\/strong> University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contact contemporain et archives :<\/strong> Archives de la <em>Psychometric Society<\/em> et collections sp\u00e9ciales de la biblioth\u00e8que de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Chicago.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise \u00e9tait de r\u00e9soudre une controverse m\u00e9thodologique majeure des ann\u00e9es 1920 : l&rsquo;affirmation selon laquelle les attitudes humaines, \u00e9tant subjectives, qualitatives, fluides et multidimensionnelles, \u00e9chapperaient intrins\u00e8quement \u00e0 toute quantification rigoureuse. Thurstone et Chave ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 cet instrument pour prouver la faisabilit\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et op\u00e9rationnelle de la mesure psychologique d&rsquo;un affect social complexe. L&rsquo;instrument vise \u00e0 positionner un individu sur un continuum lin\u00e9aire d&rsquo;approbation ou de rejet d&rsquo;une institution socioreligieuse majeure, en \u00e9liminant les biais introduits par les pr\u00e9conceptions des exp\u00e9rimentateurs.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan de la recherche fondamentale, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle permet d&rsquo;\u00e9tudier scientifiquement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les variations intra-individuelles et inter-individuelles des croyances et affiliations au cours du cycle de vie, notamment lors de la transition universitaire.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;impact des mutations culturelles, du progr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;instruction scientifique et de l&rsquo;urbanisation sur l&rsquo;attachement aux institutions traditionnelles.<\/li>\n<li>La corr\u00e9lation entre les attitudes eccl\u00e9siales et d&rsquo;autres variables psychosociales telles que l&rsquo;altruisme, le conformisme social, le lib\u00e9ralisme politique ou le conservatisme dogmatique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans les applications \u00e9ducatives et institutionnelles de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a servi \u00e0 \u00e9valuer l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 des programmes de formation th\u00e9ologique, l&rsquo;impact des sermons sur l&rsquo;assembl\u00e9e, et les dynamiques de s\u00e9cularisation observ\u00e9es chez les jeunes adultes am\u00e9ricains. D&rsquo;un point de vue clinique ou de conseil d&rsquo;orientation spirituelle, l&rsquo;instrument fournit une cartographie d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;ali\u00e9nation ou d&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de l&rsquo;individu par rapport aux dogmes, aux liturgies et \u00e0 l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 morale de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique mesur\u00e9 par cette \u00e9chelle est d\u00e9fini par Thurstone comme le degr\u00e9 d&rsquo;affect positif ou n\u00e9gatif global associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9glise en tant qu&rsquo;institution socioreligieuse. Dans la conceptualisation de Thurstone et Chave, l&rsquo;attitude ne se confond ni avec la connaissance th\u00e9ologique objective ni avec les pratiques rituelles effectives (bien qu&rsquo;elle y soit corr\u00e9l\u00e9e), mais repr\u00e9sente une disposition latente, un \u00e9tat mental pr\u00e9paratoire qui oriente les jugements, les r\u00e9actions \u00e9motionnelles et les conduites de l&rsquo;individu face \u00e0 l&rsquo;institution.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que l&rsquo;instrument produise un score scalaire global unidimensionnel, l&rsquo;analyse d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du corpus des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s met en lumi\u00e8re plusieurs composantes sous-jacentes du construit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La perception de la valeur morale et sociale de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise :<\/strong> L&rsquo;institution est-elle per\u00e7ue comme un agent indispensable d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9vation \u00e9thique, de justice sociale et de coh\u00e9sion collective (par exemple : <em>\u00ab I believe the church is a powerful agency for promoting both individual and social righteousness \u00bb<\/em>), ou au contraire comme une force obsol\u00e8te, hypocrite et parasitaire entravant le progr\u00e8s social (par exemple : <em>\u00ab I think the church is a parasite on society \u00bb<\/em>) ?<\/li>\n<li><strong>La compatibilit\u00e9 avec la rationalit\u00e9 et la modernit\u00e9 scientifique :<\/strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle \u00e9value dans quelle mesure le r\u00e9pondant juge l&rsquo;\u00c9glise capable d&rsquo;int\u00e9grer les d\u00e9couvertes scientifiques modernes ou, \u00e0 l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;estime prisonni\u00e8re de dogmes m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux et de superstitions magiques (par exemple : <em>\u00ab I think the organized church is an enemy of science and truth \u00bb<\/em> versus <em>\u00ab I feel that the church is trying to adjust itself to the scientific world and deserves support \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion personnelle et l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience rituelle subjective :<\/strong> Ce domaine explore le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice psychologique direct \u00e9prouv\u00e9 lors de la participation aux offices, la paix int\u00e9rieure, l&rsquo;inspiration morale hebdomadaire et le sens de la communion fraternelle (par exemple : <em>\u00ab I feel the church services give me inspiration and help me to live up to my best during the following week \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;indiff\u00e9rence pragmatique et la d\u00e9sillusion institutionnelle :<\/strong> Les positions centrales du continuum capturent des attitudes caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par le d\u00e9tachement, la tol\u00e9rance passive ou le scepticisme mod\u00e9r\u00e9, o\u00f9 l&rsquo;\u00c9glise est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme inoffensive mais inutile pour l&rsquo;individu moderne instruit (par exemple : <em>\u00ab The churches may be doing good and useful work but they do not interest me \u00bb<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le cadre th\u00e9orique de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise s&rsquo;enracine dans la transposition des principes de la <strong>psychophysique classique<\/strong> (\u00e9labor\u00e9e par Ernst Heinrich Weber et Gustav Fechner) \u00e0 la psychologie sociale et cognitive. Thurstone a formul\u00e9 l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se r\u00e9volutionnaire que les stimuli sociaux (d\u00e9clarations d&rsquo;opinion, \u00e9nonc\u00e9s verbaux) peuvent \u00eatre ordonn\u00e9s sur un continuum psychologique subjectif de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que des stimuli sensoriels (intensit\u00e9 sonore, luminosit\u00e9 ou poids) le sont sur un continuum physique.<\/p>\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le repose sur la <strong>Loi du jugement comparatif<\/strong> (<em>Law of Comparative Judgment<\/em>), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Thurstone en 1927. Selon cette th\u00e9orie, la r\u00e9action d&rsquo;un individu \u00e0 un \u00e9nonc\u00e9 d&rsquo;attitude active un <em>processus discriminatif<\/em> modal associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une dispersion normale autour d&rsquo;une valeur moyenne sur le continuum psychologique. Pour construire l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise, Thurstone et Chave ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 la <em>m\u00e9thode des intervalles apparemment \u00e9gaux<\/em> :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un vaste ensemble d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s (plusieurs centaines au d\u00e9part, r\u00e9duits \u00e0 130 propositions vari\u00e9es) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9uni pour couvrir l&rsquo;ensemble du spectre d&rsquo;opinion envisageable.<\/li>\n<li>Un panel de 300 juges ind\u00e9pendants a \u00e9t\u00e9 sollicit\u00e9 pour trier ces \u00e9nonc\u00e9s dans 11 cat\u00e9gories discr\u00e8tes (marqu\u00e9es de A \u00e0 K), con\u00e7ues pour repr\u00e9senter des intervalles per\u00e7us comme subjectivement \u00e9quidistants, allant de l&rsquo;attitude la plus favorable (A = 0\u20131) \u00e0 l&rsquo;attitude la plus d\u00e9favorable (K = 10\u201311).<\/li>\n<li>Pour chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9, la distribution des jugements a permis de calculer sa <strong>valeur d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle<\/strong> (la m\u00e9diane de sa distribution cumulative, not\u00e9e <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"S\">$S$<\/span>) et son <strong>indice d&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9<\/strong> ou dispersion semi-interquartile (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"Q = Q_3 - Q_1\">$Q = Q_3 &#8211; Q_1$<\/span>). Les items caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par une dispersion <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"Q\">$Q$<\/span> excessive (indiquant un d\u00e9saccord majeur entre les juges sur la signification de l&rsquo;item) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9limin\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Les items finaux retenus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 choisis pour leur faible ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 et leur espacement r\u00e9gulier le long du continuum de 0 \u00e0 11, garantissant une m\u00e9trique \u00e0 intervalles constants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un postulat crucial de Thurstone \u00e9tait que l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s par les juges devait \u00eatre ind\u00e9pendante de leur propre attitude personnelle. Bien que ce postulat d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance des juges ait ult\u00e9rieurement fait l&rsquo;objet de r\u00e9visions critiques (notamment par Sherif et Hovland dans le cadre de la th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;assimilation et du contraste), les travaux de Thurstone et Chave ont pos\u00e9 les fondations formelles de la psychom\u00e9trie des attitudes.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise a \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9e empiriquement d\u00e8s sa publication princeps en 1929, puis corrobor\u00e9e par des r\u00e9plications successives au cours des d\u00e9cennies suivantes.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de contenu et de construction<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de contenu a \u00e9t\u00e9 garantie par le recensement exhaustif des opinions circulant dans la litt\u00e9rature, les discours publics, les enqu\u00eates aupr\u00e8s d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants et les d\u00e9bats soci\u00e9taux de l&rsquo;\u00e9poque. Le protocole rigoureux de calibrage par 300 juges a permis d&rsquo;\u00e9liminer les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s polys\u00e9miques, non discriminants ou non pertinents pour le construit d&rsquo;attitude institutionnelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et de groupes connus (crit\u00e8re externe)<\/h3>\n<p>Thurstone et Chave ont administr\u00e9 l&rsquo;instrument \u00e0 divers groupes cibles dont les attitudes envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise \u00e9taient pr\u00e9visibles en raison de leurs engagements comportementaux r\u00e9els :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les \u00e9tudiants inscrits en s\u00e9minaire de th\u00e9ologie (<em>Divinity School<\/em>) ont obtenu des scores m\u00e9dians compris entre 1,0 et 2,5, indiquant une attitude extr\u00eamement favorable.<\/li>\n<li>Les membres actifs des paroisses et des associations chr\u00e9tiennes ont obtenu des scores moyens syst\u00e9matiquement situ\u00e9s sous la barre des 3,5.<\/li>\n<li>Les groupes d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants non affili\u00e9s, agnostiques ou engag\u00e9s dans des mouvements rationalistes ou la\u00efques ont enregistr\u00e9 des scores m\u00e9dians variant de 7,5 \u00e0 9,8, t\u00e9moignant d&rsquo;une hostilit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;un scepticisme marqu\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Les scores d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une forte corr\u00e9lation positive avec la fr\u00e9quence effective de fr\u00e9quentation du culte (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r &gt; 0,65\">$r > 0,65$<\/span>), apportant une preuve tangible de validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive comportementale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations men\u00e9es par Robinson et Shaver (1969) ainsi que par Zazeckis (1981) ont confirm\u00e9 que l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle distingue ad\u00e9quatement l&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;institution eccl\u00e9siale des attitudes envers des concepts connexes mais distincts, tels que la foi en Dieu (spiritualit\u00e9 personnelle d\u00e9connect\u00e9e de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise) ou les orientations politiques g\u00e9n\u00e9rales, d\u00e9montrant la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 du construit institutionnel mesur\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>Dans la perspective psychom\u00e9trique thurstonienne, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9e au moyen de la m\u00e9thode des formes parall\u00e8les et de la coh\u00e9rence interne des s\u00e9lections d&rsquo;items :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 par formes parall\u00e8les (Forme A et Forme B) :<\/strong> Les 45 items de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appari\u00e9s deux \u00e0 deux selon leurs valeurs d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle et leurs indices d&rsquo;ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 pour constituer deux formes alternatives \u00e9quivalentes. L&rsquo;administration simultan\u00e9e ou diff\u00e9r\u00e9e de ces formes parall\u00e8les aupr\u00e8s de larges cohortes d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Chicago a produit des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation oscillant entre <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,85\">$r = 0,85$<\/span><\/strong> et <strong><span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,92\">$r = 0,92$<\/span><\/strong>, attestant d&rsquo;une stabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9trique remarquable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest :<\/strong> Les r\u00e9\u00e9valuations longitudinales r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 plusieurs semaines d&rsquo;intervalle chez des populations stables ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des coefficients de stabilit\u00e9 temporelle sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 <strong>0,80<\/strong>, d\u00e9montrant la robustesse de la mesure face aux fluctuations de l&rsquo;humeur passag\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consistance interne :<\/strong> Bien que les indices modernes tels que l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronbach%27s_alpha\">alpha de Cronbach<\/a> soient sp\u00e9cifiquement adapt\u00e9s aux \u00e9chelles additives de type Likert, les r\u00e9tro-analyses factorielles et les calculs de coh\u00e9rence interne appliqu\u00e9s aux sous-ensembles d&rsquo;items approuv\u00e9s indiquent une consistance interne globale estim\u00e9e entre <strong>0,86<\/strong> et <strong>0,89<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Bien que Thurstone ait d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 cette \u00e9chelle sous l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se op\u00e9rationnelle d&rsquo;un continuum unidimensionnel d&rsquo;attitude (favorable versus d\u00e9favorable), les r\u00e9analyses factorielles modernes (exploratoires et confirmatoires) conduites sur les donn\u00e9es de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise ont \u00e9clair\u00e9 la structure latente complexe du questionnaire.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Les extractions en composantes principales suivies de rotations obliques (Promax ou Oblimin) men\u00e9es sur les banques d&rsquo;items r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une dominance \u00e9vidente d&rsquo;un <strong>facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation affective<\/strong> (repr\u00e9sentant plus de 40 % de la variance totale expliqu\u00e9e), justifiant le calcul d&rsquo;un score composite global. N\u00e9anmoins, trois \u00e0 quatre facteurs de second ordre \u00e9mergent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Facteur 1 : Utilit\u00e9 morale et soci\u00e9tale<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 3, 11, 22, 33, 44, avec des charges factorielles <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda &gt; 0,60\">$lambda > 0,60$<\/span>) refl\u00e9tant la croyance en la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise pour la vertu publique et l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 civique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 2 : Dogmatisme et obscurantisme per\u00e7us<\/strong> (saturations \u00e9lev\u00e9es sur les items 10, 17, 34, 37, 40, 41, avec <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda &gt; 0,65\">$lambda > 0,65$<\/span>) capturant le rejet des croyances archa\u00efques, de l&rsquo;hypocrisie et de l&rsquo;opposition \u00e0 la science.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 3 : \u00c9panouissement et inspiration personnelle<\/strong> (saturations sur les items 2, 4, 5, 29, 45, avec <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"lambda &gt; 0,55\">$lambda > 0,55$<\/span>) mesurant le r\u00e9confort \u00e9motionnel, l&rsquo;appr\u00e9ciation du rituel et le sentiment d&rsquo;appartenance communautaire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur 4 : D\u00e9tachement et d\u00e9su\u00e9tude institutionnelle<\/strong> (saturations sur les items 7, 8, 21, 25, 36) caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par le sentiment que l&rsquo;\u00c9glise est d\u00e9pass\u00e9e par la modernit\u00e9 sans \u00eatre n\u00e9cessairement nocive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces structures factorielles corroborent la richesse multidimensionnelle des \u00e9nonc\u00e9s tout en validant la coh\u00e9rence de leur projection sur un axe \u00e9valuatif bipolaire unifi\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise est un instrument psychom\u00e9trique auto-administr\u00e9 fond\u00e9 sur la technique des intervalles apparemment \u00e9gaux. Voici ses caract\u00e9ristiques techniques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type de passation :<\/strong> Auto-questionnaire individuel ou collectif, sur support papier-crayon ou format num\u00e9rique informatis\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Population cible :<\/strong> Adolescents et adultes (d\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e2ge de 15 ans), de tous niveaux d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation et de toutes confessions ou convictions philosophiques.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e de passation :<\/strong> Environ 10 \u00e0 15 minutes pour une forme standard de 45 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Structure de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> Une liste d&rsquo;\u00e9nonc\u00e9s d&rsquo;opinion calibr\u00e9s couvrant l&rsquo;ensemble du continuum (de l&rsquo;extr\u00eame approbation \u00e0 l&rsquo;extr\u00eame r\u00e9probation). La banque compl\u00e8te originale comprend 130 items document\u00e9s, tandis que les versions standardis\u00e9es d&rsquo;application (Formes A et B) comportent 45 items chacune.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Approbation binaire s\u00e9lective (cocher la case correspondant aux affirmations avec lesquelles le r\u00e9pondant est en accord, laisser vide les affirmations rejet\u00e9es ou indiff\u00e9rentes). Aucun format Likert forc\u00e9 n&rsquo;est impos\u00e9 dans le protocole thurstonien originel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation (Scoring) :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c0 chaque \u00e9nonc\u00e9 est associ\u00e9e une <strong>valeur d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle<\/strong> \u00e9talonn\u00e9e (valeur m\u00e9diane <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"S\">$S$<\/span> calcul\u00e9e historiquement par les juges, comprise th\u00e9oriquement entre 0,0 et 11,0).<\/li>\n<li>Pour obtenir le score du sujet, l&rsquo;examinateur rel\u00e8ve les valeurs d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de tous les items coch\u00e9s par le participant.<\/li>\n<li>Le score global d&rsquo;attitude correspond \u00e0 la <strong>m\u00e9diane<\/strong> (ou arithm\u00e9tiquement \u00e0 la moyenne) de ces valeurs d&rsquo;\u00e9chelle retenues.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Interpr\u00e9tation des scores :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0,0 \u00e0 3,4 :<\/strong> Attitude fortement favorable \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9glise, attachement institutionnel et d\u00e9votion marqu\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>3,5 \u00e0 5,4 :<\/strong> Attitude mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment favorable, soutien critique ou appr\u00e9ciation s\u00e9lective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>5,5 \u00e0 6,5 :<\/strong> Attitude neutre, indiff\u00e9rence, ambivalence ou agnosticisme pragmatique.<\/li>\n<li><strong>6,6 \u00e0 8,5 :<\/strong> Attitude mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment d\u00e9favorable, scepticisme, critique de l&rsquo;inutilit\u00e9 ou de la rigidit\u00e9 institutionnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>8,6 \u00e0 11,0 :<\/strong> Attitude fortement hostile, anticl\u00e9ricalisme affirm\u00e9, rejet absolu per\u00e7u comme nuisible \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1929 (University of Chicago Press).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statut juridique et droits d&rsquo;auteur :<\/strong> En raison de son anciennet\u00e9 (publication ant\u00e9rieure au 1er janvier 1930) et de son int\u00e9gration dans des rapports scientifiques du domaine public universitaire, l&rsquo;instrument original de Thurstone et Chave rel\u00e8ve d\u00e9sormais du <strong>domaine public<\/strong> international (<em>Public Domain<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tarifs et frais d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> Libre de droits et gratuit pour toute utilisation acad\u00e9mique, p\u00e9dagogique, clinique ou de recherche. Aucune redevance commerciale n&rsquo;est exig\u00e9e pour son administration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation :<\/strong> La citation formelle des publications historiques de L. L. Thurstone et E. J. Chave (1929) est requise dans toute publication scientifique utilisant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle ou ses d\u00e9riv\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les sources acad\u00e9miques et monographies de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour cet instrument comprennent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &#038; Shaver, P. R. (1969). <em>Measures of Political Attitudes<\/em>. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/\">https:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. <em>Psychological Review<\/em>, 34(4), 273\u2013286. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0070288\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0070288<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thurstone, L. L. (1928). Attitudes can be measured. <em>American Journal of Sociology<\/em>, 33(4), 529\u2013554. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214483\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214483<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thurstone, L. L. (1929). Theory of attitude measurement. <em>Psychological Review<\/em>, 36(3), 222\u2013241. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0071143\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0071143<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Thurstone, L. L., &#038; Chave, E. J. (1929). <em>The measurement of attitude: A psychophysical method and some experiments with a scale for measuring attitude toward the church<\/em>. University of Chicago Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11574-000\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11574-000<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Zazeckis, T. M. (1981). <em>The effect of variant attitudes on the standardization of Thurstone&rsquo;s scale of attitude toward the church<\/em> (Master&rsquo;s thesis, The University of Arizona). University of Arizona Libraries. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10150\/557704\">http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10150\/557704<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire \/ Scale Items<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n  Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; font-family:sans-serif;\">\n<ol>\n<li>I think the teaching of the church is altogether too superficial to have much social significance. (8.3)<\/li>\n<li>I feel the church services give me inspiration and help me to live up to my best during the following week. (1.7)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church keeps business and politics up to a higher standard than they would otherwise tend to maintain. (2.6)<\/li>\n<li>I find the services of the church both restful and inspiring. (2.3)<\/li>\n<li>When I go to church I enjoy a fine ritual service with good music. (4.0)<\/li>\n<li>I believe in what the church teaches but with mental reservations. (4.5)<\/li>\n<li>I do not receive any benefit from attending church services but I think it helps some people. (5.7)<\/li>\n<li>I believe in religion but I seldom go to church. (5.4)<\/li>\n<li>I am careless about religion and church relationships but I would not like to see my attitude become general. (4.7)<\/li>\n<li>I regard the church as a static\u201a crystallized institution and as such it is unwholesome and detrimental to society and the individual. (10.5)<\/li>\n<li>I believe church membership is almost essential to living life at its best. (1.5)<\/li>\n<li>I do not understand the dogmas or creeds of the church but I find that the church helps me to be more honest and creditable. (3.1)<\/li>\n<li>The paternal and benevolent attitude of the church is quite distasteful to me. (8.2)<\/li>\n<li>I feel church attendance is a fair index of the nation&rsquo;s morality. (2.6)<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes I feel that the church and religion are necessary and some-times I doubt it. (5.6)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is fundamentally sound but some of its adherents have given it a bad name. (309)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a parasite on society. (11.0)<\/li>\n<li>I feel the need for religion but do not find what I want in any one church. (6.1)<\/li>\n<li>I think too much money is being spent on the church for the benefit that is being derived. (7.5)<\/li>\n<li>I believe in the church and its teachings because I have been accustomed to them since I was a child. (4.0)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is hundreds of years behind the times and cannot make a dent of modern life. (9.5)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church has grown up with the primary purpose of perpetuating the spirit and teachings of Jesus and deserves loyal support. (1.0)<\/li>\n<li>I feel the church perpetuates the values which man puts highest in his philosophy of life. (0.8)<\/li>\n<li>I feel I can worship God better out of doors than in the church and I get more inspiration there. (6.9)<\/li>\n<li>My experience is that the church is hopelessly out of date. (9.1)<\/li>\n<li>I feel the church is petty\u201a always quarreling over matters that have no interest or importance. (8.6)<\/li>\n<li>I do not believe in any brand of religion or in any particular church but I have never given the subject serious thought. (5.9)<\/li>\n<li>I respect any church-member&rsquo;s beliefs but I think it is all \u00ab\u00a0bunk.\u00a0\u00bb (8.8)<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy my church because there is a spirit of friendliness there. (3.3)<\/li>\n<li>I think the country would be better off if the churches were closed and ministers set to some useful work. (10.5)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is the greatest institution in America today. (0.2)<\/li>\n<li>I believe in sincerity and goodness without any church ceremonies. (6.7)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is the greatest influence for good government and right living. (0.4)<\/li>\n<li>I think the organized church is an enemy of science and truth. (10.7)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is losing ground as education advances. (7.4)<\/li>\n<li>The churches may be doing good and useful work but they do not interest me. (5.9)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a hindrance to true religion for it still depends upon magic\u201a superstition\u201a and myth. (9.6)<\/li>\n<li>The church is needed to develop religion which has always been concerned with man&rsquo;s deepest feelings and greatest values. (1.4)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the churches are too much divided by factions and denominations to be a strong force for righteousness. (7.2)<\/li>\n<li>The church represents shallowness\u201a hypocrisy\u201a and prejudice. (10.4)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church seeks to impose a lot of worn-out dogmas and medieval superstitions. (9.2)<\/li>\n<li>I think the church allows denominational differences to appear larger than true religion. (7.2)<\/li>\n<li>I like the ceremonies of my church but do not miss them much when I stay away. (5.1)<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is a powerful agency for promoting both individual and social righteousness. (1.2)<\/li>\n<li>I like to go to church for I get something worthwhile to think about and it keeps my mind filled with right thoughts. (2.2)<\/li>\n<li>I do not think the church is essential to Christianity.<\/li>\n<li>I like our church for it gives young people a chance to have some fun and yet it is religious.<\/li>\n<li>The church represents shallowness\u201a hypocrisy\u201a and prejudice.<\/li>\n<li>I do not think one has to belong to the church to be religious.<\/li>\n<li>I feel the church services give me inspiration and help me to live up to my best during the following week.<\/li>\n<li>I feel I can worship God better out of doors than in the church and I get more inspiration there.<\/li>\n<li>I believe interest in the church is more emotional than rational.<\/li>\n<li>I feel that the church is rapidly coming to apply scientific methods to its thinking and its promotion of religion.<\/li>\n<li>When I go to church I enjoy a fine ritual service with good music.<\/li>\n<li>I believe that if young people are not interested in the church it is the fault of either their parents or the church leaders.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is losing ground as education advances.<\/li>\n<li>The church has not helped me to any satisfactory ideas of God or the future. I have had to work out my own ideas.<\/li>\n<li>I think one church is about as good as another but some camouflage better than others.<\/li>\n<li>I go to church occasionally but have no specific attitude toward it.<\/li>\n<li>I believe orthodox religion is all right but radicals upset the influence of the church.<\/li>\n<li>I go to church because I find the sermon usually interesting.<\/li>\n<li>I am interested in the church because of its work for moral and social reform in which I desire to share.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church would be all right if it kept close to the teachings of Jesus but it does not and so fails.<\/li>\n<li>I feel the need for religion but do not find what I want in any one church.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a parasite on society.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a place for religious instruction of young and old and is essential in every community.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is after money all the time and I am tired of hearing of it.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church and organized religion is necessary for the superstitious and uneducated but it should become less and less important.<\/li>\n<li>I am careless about religion and church relationships but I would not like to see my attitude become general.<\/li>\n<li>I like the opportunity in the young people&rsquo;s society for discussion and self-expression.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is valuable for creating ideals and for setting a person right morally.<\/li>\n<li>I think the organized church is an enemy of science and truth.<\/li>\n<li>I like to go to church for I get something worth while to think about and it keeps my mind filled with right thoughts.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy my church because there is a spirit of friendliness there.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is the greatest influence for good government and right living.<\/li>\n<li>The church is to me primarily a place to commune with God.<\/li>\n<li>I do not receive any benefit from attending church services but I think it helps some people.<\/li>\n<li>I give my money to support the church but I keep out of it because there is so much petty jangling.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church leaders are afraid to stand up and say what is true and right. The church is weak.<\/li>\n<li>I enjoy a good church service but do not take much stock in the teachings.<\/li>\n<li>If I were picking a man for a responsible job I would give the preference to a regular church-member.<\/li>\n<li>The church does not interest me now but sometime I expect I shall find it worth while to join.<\/li>\n<li>I am attracted to the church by its courageous attack on what is commonly called impossible.<\/li>\n<li>I find the social life of the church too slow and uninteresting and that is all I care about.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church has done and can do far more for society than any organization of science.<\/li>\n<li>My belief is that the church is more spiritual and a greater force for good than it was a hundred years ago. It is increasing in value.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is hundreds of years behind the times and cannot make a dent of modern life.<\/li>\n<li>I like church occasionally but do not feel that one should get too ardent about worship or church-going.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church has grown up with the primary purpose of perpetuating the spirit and teachings of Jesus and deserves loyal support.<\/li>\n<li>I like the ceremonies of my church but do not miss them much when I stay away.<\/li>\n<li>I regard the church as the institution for the development of spiritual life individually and socially.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is far removed from the essentials of Christian love and brotherly kindness.<\/li>\n<li>I believe church-membership is almost essential to living life at its best.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is as necessary as the school for our social life.<\/li>\n<li>I do not believe in any brand of religion or in any particular church but I have never given the subject serious thought.<\/li>\n<li>I regard the church as a static\u201a crystallized institution\u201a and as such it is unwholesome and detrimental to society and the individual.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is learning more and more how to correlate science and religion for the good of humanity.<\/li>\n<li>No one attempts to live up to the ideals of the church but it serves as a good stimulator.<\/li>\n<li>To me the church is more or less boring.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is a powerful agency for promoting both individual and social righteousness.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is the greatest institution in America today.<\/li>\n<li>I have no desire to attend\u201a join\u201a or have anything to do with any church I know.<\/li>\n<li>I find the services of the church both restful and inspiring.<\/li>\n<li>I find more satisfaction in doing church work than in anything else I do.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is more controlled by magic than by reason.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the average of the morals of church-members is considerably higher than the average of non-church-members in the same social status.<\/li>\n<li>The church is needed to develop religion which has always been concerned with man&rsquo;s deepest feelings and greatest values.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is full of hypocrites and have no use for it.<\/li>\n<li>I never want to miss church for I always get an inspiration from a good church service.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church keeps business and politics up to a higher standard than they would otherwise tend to maintain.<\/li>\n<li>I think the average church has a deadening influence and prevents true religion.<\/li>\n<li>I believe in the ideals of the church but I am tired of denominationalism.<\/li>\n<li>I feel the church perpetuates the values which man puts highest in his philosophy of life.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is fundamentally sound but some of its adherents have given it a bad name.<\/li>\n<li>I cannot think through the mysteries of religion but like to get the assurances of reality\u201a of God\u201a and immortality that the church gives and stands for.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the majority of church-members are shameless hypocrites. They do not practice what they pretend to do and do not care.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is working steadily for the application of the principles of Jesus to all personal-social relationships.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is an excellent character-building institution for children.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a hindrance to true religion for it still depends upon magic\u201a superstition\u201a and myth.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is a divine institution and deserves the highest respect and loyalty.<\/li>\n<li>I believe churches are as essential to religion as schools are to education.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is cursed by a narrow-minded\u201a selfish lot of people.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church is necessary but it puts its emphasis on the wrong things.<\/li>\n<li>I support the church because I think it is the most unselfish and idealistic institution in society.<\/li>\n<li>I respect any church-member&rsquo;s beliefs but I think it is all \u00ab\u00a0bunk.\u00a0\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church develops friendships and ideals that help one to reject low and evil purposes and acts.<\/li>\n<li>I think the church seeks to impose a lot of worn-out dogmas and medieval superstitions.<\/li>\n<li>My experience is that the church is hopelessly out of date.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is doing a good work but will have to work on a seven-day-a-week program if it is going to keep up with the job.<\/li>\n<li>I believe the church is a changing human institution but it has divine realities behind it. The spirit of God moves through it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle d&rsquo;attitude envers l&rsquo;\u00c9glise (Thurstone &amp; Chave, 1929) est le premier instrument psychom\u00e9trique historique fond\u00e9 sur la m\u00e9thode des intervalles apparemment \u00e9gaux pour mesurer les attitudes socioreligieuses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[5,154,2],"tags":[16537,16536,16538,16539,11123,15953,16,16097],"class_list":["post-11818","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-evaluation-psychologique","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-attitude-envers-leglise","tag-echelle-de-thurstone","tag-ernest-j-chave","tag-intervalles-apparemment-egaux","tag-louis-leon-thurstone","tag-psychologie-de-la-religion","tag-psychometrie","tag-sociologie-religieuse"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11818"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11818\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11818"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}