{"id":11699,"date":"2026-10-01T02:00:29","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T02:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/philosophie-de-la-nature-humaine\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T02:00:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T02:00:29","slug":"philosophie-de-la-nature-humaine","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=philosophie-de-la-nature-humaine","title":{"rendered":"Philosophie de la nature humaine"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9chelle de la <strong>Philosophie de la nature humaine<\/strong> (<em>Philosophy of Human Nature Scale<\/em>, ou <strong>PHN<\/strong>), \u00e9labor\u00e9e initialement par le psychologue social am\u00e9ricain <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawrence_S._Wrightsman\">Lawrence S. Wrightsman<\/a> en 1964, repr\u00e9sente l&rsquo;un des instruments psychom\u00e9triques les plus influents pour \u00e9valuer les croyances fondamentales, implicites ou explicites, qu&rsquo;un individu entretient au sujet des motivations, de la moralit\u00e9 et du comportement de ses semblables. Constatant que la plupart des conduites interpersonnelles sont modul\u00e9es par la fa\u00e7on dont autrui est per\u00e7u par d\u00e9faut, Wrightsman a op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9 un construit multidimensionnel mesurant si la nature humaine est per\u00e7ue comme fondamentalement bienveillante, digne de confiance, rationnelle et autonome, ou au contraire cynique, hostile, influen\u00e7able et ali\u00e9n\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument standardis\u00e9 est constitu\u00e9 de <strong>84 items<\/strong> r\u00e9partis \u00e9quitablement au sein de <strong>six sous-\u00e9chelles<\/strong> distinctes comportant chacune 14 \u00e9nonc\u00e9s (7 formul\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on positive et 7 de fa\u00e7on invers\u00e9e pour neutraliser le biais d&rsquo;acquiescement) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fiabilit\u00e9 \/ Droiture morale<\/strong> (<em>Trustworthiness<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Altruisme<\/strong> (<em>Altruism<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ind\u00e9pendance<\/strong> (<em>Independence<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Force de volont\u00e9 et rationalit\u00e9<\/strong> (<em>Strength of Will and Rationality<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complexit\u00e9 de la nature humaine<\/strong> (<em>Complexity of Human Nature<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variabilit\u00e9 de la nature humaine<\/strong> (<em>Variability in Human Nature<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le format de r\u00e9ponse mobilise une \u00e9chelle de type Likert en 6 points, s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de <em>\u00ab disagree strongly \u00bb<\/em> (-3) \u00e0 <em>\u00ab agree strongly \u00bb<\/em> (+3), sans point neutre, contraignant le r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 se positionner. Au-del\u00e0 des six dimensions individuelles, l&rsquo;instrument permet d&rsquo;extraire deux scores composites m\u00e9ta-factoriels : un indice global de <em>faisabilit\u00e9 positive de la nature humaine<\/em> (combinat de la confiance, de l&rsquo;altruisme, de l&rsquo;autonomie et de la rationalit\u00e9) et un indice de <em>multiplexit\u00e9<\/em> (complexit\u00e9 et variabilit\u00e9 de la personne). Dot\u00e9e d&rsquo;une consistance interne robuste (coefficients alpha de Cronbach oscillant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre .70 et .85 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles) et d&rsquo;une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest confirm\u00e9e sur des intervalles de plusieurs mois, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle PHN demeure une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence incontournable en psychologie sociale, organisationnelle et politique.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Philosophie de la nature humaine, Lawrence S. Wrightsman, confiance interpersonnelle, altruisme, cynisme social, th\u00e9ories implicites de la personnalit\u00e9, psychom\u00e9trie, ind\u00e9pendance sociale, complexit\u00e9 humaine, \u00e9chelle d&rsquo;attitudes.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue, th\u00e9oris\u00e9e et valid\u00e9e par :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lawrence S. Wrightsman Jr., Ph.D.<\/strong> (1932\u20132019) : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Kansas\">Universit\u00e9 du Kansas<\/a> et pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment chercheur et enseignant au <em>George Peabody College for Teachers<\/em> (int\u00e9gr\u00e9 par la suite \u00e0 l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanderbilt_University\">Universit\u00e9 Vanderbilt<\/a>). Sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu de la psychologie sociale, de la psychologie l\u00e9gale et des attitudes sociopolitiques, Wrightsman a consacr\u00e9 plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherche aux croyances fondamentales sur la moralit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;\u00e9thique humaines.<\/li>\n<li>Collaborateurs et chercheurs associ\u00e9s aux r\u00e9visions : <strong>John P. Robinson<\/strong> et <strong>Phillip R. Shaver<\/strong> (1969, 1973) ont largement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;archivage, \u00e0 la diffusion m\u00e9thodologique et \u00e0 la standardisation de l&rsquo;outil dans les r\u00e9pertoires d&rsquo;instruments de mesure des attitudes politiques et socio-psychologiques de l&rsquo;<em>Institute for Social Research<\/em> (ISR) de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 du Michigan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif central de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de la <em>Philosophie de la nature humaine<\/em> est d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer empiriquement les postulats implicites que chaque individu formule vis-\u00e0-vis des autres \u00eatres humains. Dans la vie quotidienne, les individus n&rsquo;interagissent pas avec des repr\u00e9sentations objectives du monde, mais \u00e0 travers des sch\u00e8mes sociocognitifs et des th\u00e9ories intuitives de la personnalit\u00e9. Ces hypoth\u00e8ses sur autrui orientent la fa\u00e7on dont un sujet interpr\u00e8te les comportements ambigus, anticipe les r\u00e9actions d&rsquo;un partenaire, n\u00e9gocie, r\u00e9sout des conflits ou s&rsquo;engage dans des actions coop\u00e9ratives.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan conceptuel et th\u00e9orique, Wrightsman cherchait \u00e0 d\u00e9passer les mesures unidimensionnelles d&rsquo;optimisme ou de cynisme na\u00eff. L&rsquo;instrument permet d&rsquo;explorer syst\u00e9matiquement deux grands axes \u00e9pist\u00e9mologiques :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>La valence morale et motivationnelle de l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9<\/strong> : l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain est-il fondamentalement honn\u00eate ou fourbe ? Solidaire ou \u00e9go\u00efste ? Ma\u00eetre de son destin ou ballot\u00e9 par des d\u00e9terminismes inconscients et sociaux ?<\/li>\n<li><strong>La structure cognitive et dispositionnelle de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain<\/strong> : la nature humaine est-elle simple, uniforme et pr\u00e9visible, ou au contraire complexe, nuanc\u00e9e et hautement variable selon les situations et les trajectoires individuelles ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>En recherche fondamentale, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sert \u00e0 \u00e9lucider l&rsquo;impact des visions du monde sur le bien-\u00eatre subjectif, les biais cognitifs (tels que l&rsquo;erreur fondamentale d&rsquo;attribution), les orientations politiques (conservatisme vs progressisme) et les attitudes institutionnelles (foi dans le syst\u00e8me judiciaire, soutien aux politiques punitives). En psychologie des organisations et du travail, l&rsquo;outil est mobilis\u00e9 pour \u00e9valuer les styles de leadership (ex. leadership transformationnel versus th\u00e9ories manag\u00e9riales bas\u00e9es sur le contr\u00f4le coercitif type Th\u00e9orie X et Th\u00e9orie Y de Douglas McGregor). Dans le champ clinique et de la sant\u00e9 mentale, une philosophie de la nature humaine profond\u00e9ment n\u00e9gative ou cynique s&rsquo;est av\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00eatre un corr\u00e9lat robuste de la d\u00e9tresse psychologique, de l&rsquo;isolement social, de la parano\u00efa subclinique et de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 forger des alliances th\u00e9rapeutiques r\u00e9silientes.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le th\u00e9orique de Wrightsman articule le construit de la \u00ab Philosophie de la nature humaine \u00bb autour de six dimensions interconnect\u00e9es mais conceptuellement autonomes, formant un spectre riche et d\u00e9taill\u00e9 des croyances interpersonnelles :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Fiabilit\u00e9 \/ Droiture morale (Trustworthiness)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure le degr\u00e9 auquel on estime que les individus sont intrins\u00e8quement sinc\u00e8res, honn\u00eates, int\u00e8gres et dignes de confiance. Un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 refl\u00e8te la conviction que la plupart des gens respectent leurs promesses, restituent un trop-per\u00e7u ou refusent de tricher, m\u00eame en l&rsquo;absence de surveillance. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, un score faible d\u00e9note un scepticisme moral prononc\u00e9 : l&rsquo;individu consid\u00e8re que l&rsquo;honn\u00eatet\u00e9 n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;une fa\u00e7ade dict\u00e9e par la crainte d&rsquo;\u00eatre sanctionn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Altruisme (Altruism)<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;altruisme \u00e9value la croyance selon laquelle l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain se soucie sinc\u00e8rement du bien-\u00eatre d&rsquo;autrui et est capable d&rsquo;actes purement d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9s, de compassion et de sacrifice (paradigme du \u00ab Bon Samaritain \u00bb). Les personnes obtenant un score bas sur cette \u00e9chelle adh\u00e8rent \u00e0 un \u00e9go\u00efsme psychologique radical, estimant que tout acte de g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 apparente masque une qu\u00eate d&rsquo;approbation sociale, de gloire personnelle ou de calcul utilitariste.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Ind\u00e9pendance (Independence)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle quantifie la perception de la capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;autrui \u00e0 r\u00e9sister aux pressions du groupe, \u00e0 la conformit\u00e9 sociale et aux injonctions de l&rsquo;opinion publique. Les scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s indiquent une vision de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain capable d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de jugement, de courage moral et d&rsquo;anticonformisme. Les scores faibles sugg\u00e8rent au contraire une vision de masses moutonni\u00e8res, pr\u00eates \u00e0 abdiquer leurs principes \u00e9thiques d\u00e8s lors qu&rsquo;un collectif impose ses normes.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Force de volont\u00e9 et rationalit\u00e9 (Strength of Will and Rationality)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle porte sur l&rsquo;autonomie agentique et le contr\u00f4le volontaire. Elle explore si les individus sont vus comme des agents rationnels, dou\u00e9s d&rsquo;introspection et ma\u00eetres de leur destin (locus de contr\u00f4le interne), ou comme des entit\u00e9s impuissantes, gouvern\u00e9es par des pulsions inconscientes, le hasard ou des contraintes environnementales insurmontables. Les \u00e9nonc\u00e9s interrogent la lucidit\u00e9 cognitive des citoyens lors de choix d\u00e9mocratiques ou la possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9viter les guerres par la seule volont\u00e9 collective.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Complexit\u00e9 de la nature humaine (Complexity of Human Nature)<\/h3>\n<p>Contrairement aux quatre premi\u00e8res \u00e9chelles qui mesurent la valence (positive vs n\u00e9gative), cette dimension et la suivante \u00e9valuent la complexit\u00e9 cognitive attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 la psych\u00e9 humaine. La sous-\u00e9chelle de complexit\u00e9 \u00e9value si l&rsquo;individu per\u00e7oit autrui comme un syst\u00e8me psychique profond, subtil et difficile \u00e0 appr\u00e9hender, ou s&rsquo;il pense que quelques mots ou une br\u00e8ve impression suffisent \u00e0 cat\u00e9goriser une personnalit\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re infaillible.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Variabilit\u00e9 de la nature humaine (Variability in Human Nature)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette composante examine si la nature humaine est per\u00e7ue comme polymorphe et dynamique (forte variabilit\u00e9 interindividuelle et intra-individuelle selon les contextes temporels et situationnels) ou au contraire monolithique, immuable et universelle. Une personne obtenant un score \u00e9lev\u00e9 insiste sur le caract\u00e8re unique de chaque trajectoire de vie et sur la plasticit\u00e9 comportementale, tandis qu&rsquo;un score faible d\u00e9peint des \u00eatres humains fondamentalement semblables dans leurs besoins et invariables dans le temps.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9laboration de la PHN s&rsquo;enracine au croisement de la philosophie morale classique, de la psychologie sociale cognitive naissante des ann\u00e9es 1960 et des mod\u00e8les de la personnalit\u00e9 humaniste. Elle op\u00e9rationnalise une tension philosophique s\u00e9culaire opposant la tradition hobb\u00e9sienne \u00e0 la tradition rousseauiste.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la perspective de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Hobbes\">Thomas Hobbes<\/a> (<em>L\u00e9viathan<\/em>), l&rsquo;\u00e9tat de nature est d\u00e9peint comme brutal, \u00e9go\u00efste et m\u00fb par la peur, postulant que les hommes n&rsquo;agissent moralement que sous l&#8217;empire de la loi et de la coercition \u00e9tatique. \u00c0 l&rsquo;oppos\u00e9, la vision inspir\u00e9e de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau\">Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/a> soutient la bont\u00e9 originelle de l&rsquo;homme, corrompu ult\u00e9rieurement par les structures sociales in\u00e9quitables. Wrightsman soutient que chaque individu int\u00e9riorise, sous forme d&rsquo;attitude sociale stable, une position philosophique personnelle situ\u00e9e quelque part sur ce continuum.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan psychologique, l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;articule directement avec :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La th\u00e9orie des postulats implicites de la personnalit\u00e9 (Implicit Personality Theory)<\/strong> formalis\u00e9e par Jerome Bruner et Renato Tagiuri : les individus construisent des r\u00e9seaux sch\u00e9matiques de traits et d&rsquo;attentes comportementales pour inf\u00e9rer les caract\u00e9ristiques invisibles d&rsquo;un tiers \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;indices partiels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La th\u00e9orie de l&rsquo;apprentissage social et la confiance interpersonnelle<\/strong> de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_Rotter\">Julian Rotter<\/a> : Rotter a d\u00e9fini la confiance interpersonnelle comme une attente g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e selon laquelle la parole ou la promesse d&rsquo;un individu ou d&rsquo;un groupe peut \u00eatre crue. La dimension <em>Trustworthiness<\/em> de Wrightsman partage cette assise conceptuelle tout en la contextualisant dans un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;attitudes plus vaste.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les th\u00e9ories du soi et de l&rsquo;agentivit\u00e9 de Gordon Allport et Carl Rogers<\/strong> : l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de la sous-\u00e9chelle <em>Strength of Will and Rationality<\/em> refl\u00e8te le d\u00e9bat contemporain entre le b\u00e9haviorisme m\u00e9caniste \/ le d\u00e9terminisme freudien et la psychologie humaniste de la troisi\u00e8me force, postulant l&rsquo;auto-d\u00e9termination et la capacit\u00e9 de choix conscient.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les th\u00e9ories organisationnelles de Douglas McGregor (Th\u00e9ories X et Y)<\/strong> : McGregor a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les postulats des dirigeants fa\u00e7onnent directement la dynamique manag\u00e9riale. La th\u00e9orie X postule la paresse intrins\u00e8que et le besoin de coercition (faible confiance, faible rationalit\u00e9), tandis que la th\u00e9orie Y valorise l&rsquo;initiative, la responsabilit\u00e9 et la dignit\u00e9 humaine. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle PHN fournit la mesure psychom\u00e9trique id\u00e9ale pour valider empiriquement ce paradigme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Wrightsman a fait l&rsquo;objet de multiples programmes de validation psychom\u00e9trique, confirmant des qualit\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques remarquables dans des \u00e9chantillons universitaires, professionnels et cliniques.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et convergente<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes originales de Wrightsman (1964) ainsi que les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures ont mis en lumi\u00e8re des corr\u00e9lations fortes et hautement significatives :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de confiance interpersonnelle de Rotter (Interpersonal Trust Scale &#8211; ITS)<\/strong> : Les dimensions <em>Trustworthiness<\/em> et <em>Altruism<\/em> corr\u00e8lent positivement et vigoureusement avec l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de Rotter (coefficients de corr\u00e9lation <em>r<\/em> compris entre .55 et .70, <em>p<\/em> &lt; .001), validant l&rsquo;axe de prosocialit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Machiav\u00e9lisme (\u00c9chelle Mach IV de Christie et Geis)<\/strong> : Les sous-\u00e9chelles de <em>Trustworthiness<\/em>, <em>Altruism<\/em> et <em>Independence<\/em> pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives robustes avec le machiav\u00e9lisme (coefficients <em>r<\/em> variant de -.45 \u00e0 -.65), d\u00e9montrant qu&rsquo;une vue cynique de la nature humaine est l&rsquo;antichambre d&rsquo;une disposition \u00e0 manipuler autrui.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de personnalit\u00e9 autoritaire (F-Scale d&rsquo;Adorno et al.)<\/strong> : Des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives mod\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 fortes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 syst\u00e9matiquement relev\u00e9es entre l&rsquo;autoritarisme de droite et les dimensions de rationalit\u00e9, de tol\u00e9rance et de variabilit\u00e9, les individus autoritaires percevant l&rsquo;humain comme rigide, dangereux et moralement d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;est av\u00e9r\u00e9e distincte des mesures d&rsquo;intelligence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (QI) et de d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale. Wrightsman a administr\u00e9 concurremment l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;approbation sociale de Marlowe-Crowne : les corr\u00e9lations entre la d\u00e9sirabilit\u00e9 sociale et les six sous-\u00e9chelles de la PHN demeurent modestes (typiquement comprises entre .10 et .25), indiquant que les r\u00e9ponses refl\u00e8tent de v\u00e9ritables convictions philosophiques plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;une simple tentative d&rsquo;appara\u00eetre sous un jour socialement acceptable.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive et \u00e9cologique<\/h3>\n<p>Dans des contextes exp\u00e9rimentaux (dilemmes sociaux, jeux du dilemme du prisonnier r\u00e9it\u00e9r\u00e9), les participants affichant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s en <em>Trustworthiness<\/em> et <em>Altruism<\/em> initient significativement plus d&rsquo;actions coop\u00e9ratives au premier tour et pardonnent plus volontiers une trahison isol\u00e9e de leur partenaire. En psychologie de l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation, les enseignants poss\u00e9dant des scores \u00e9lev\u00e9s de confiance et de rationalit\u00e9 favorisent des m\u00e9thodes p\u00e9dagogiques ouvertes et autonomisantes, tandis que les enseignants cyniques recourent davantage \u00e0 la discipline punitive.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle PHN a \u00e9t\u00e9 quantifi\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de m\u00e9thodes de coh\u00e9rence interne (alpha de Cronbach, split-half de Spearman-Brown) et de protocoles de test-retest longitudinaux.<\/p>\n<h3>Consistance interne<\/h3>\n<p>Dans les cohortes normatives de Wrightsman (1964, 1974) englobant plus de 1 200 participants, les coefficients de consistance interne se r\u00e9partissent comme suit :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fiabilit\u00e9 (Trustworthiness)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .76 \u00e0 .83 ; fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 bissection (split-half corrig\u00e9e) = .81<\/li>\n<li><strong>Altruisme (Altruism)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .74 \u00e0 .81 ; split-half = .78<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ind\u00e9pendance (Independence)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .68 \u00e0 .75 ; split-half = .72<\/li>\n<li><strong>Force de volont\u00e9 et rationalit\u00e9 (Strength of Will and Rationality)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .70 \u00e0 .78 ; split-half = .74<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complexit\u00e9 (Complexity)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .65 \u00e0 .73 ; split-half = .70<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variabilit\u00e9 (Variability)<\/strong> : \u03b1 = .67 \u00e0 .74 ; split-half = .69<\/li>\n<li><strong>Score composite de valence positive<\/strong> : \u03b1 &gt; .88<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (Test-Retest)<\/h3>\n<p>Des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s sur plusieurs p\u00e9riodes de temps :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sur un intervalle de <strong>trois mois<\/strong>, les corr\u00e9lations oscillent entre <strong>r = .74 et r = .85<\/strong> pour l&rsquo;ensemble des sous-\u00e9chelles.<\/li>\n<li>Sur un intervalle de <strong>douze mois<\/strong> chez des \u00e9tudiants de premier cycle, les corr\u00e9lations se maintiennent entre <strong>r = .65 et r = .78<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces indices empiriques attestent que la philosophie de la nature humaine fonctionne comme un trait d&rsquo;attitude structural et relativement stable \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e2ge adulte, tout en demeurant perm\u00e9able \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de vie majeurs (traumatismes, d\u00e9sillusion politique, conversion religieuse ou th\u00e9rapie approfondie).<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) initialement conduites par Wrightsman, compl\u00e9t\u00e9es par les analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC) modernes men\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons \u00e9largis, confirment la structure bidirectionnelle du mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure factorielle de premier ordre<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse en composantes principales avec rotation varimax et oblimin isole nettement les 6 facteurs th\u00e9oriques pr\u00e9vus, chaque sous-ensemble d&rsquo;items saturant principalement sur son facteur cible (saturations factorielles typiquement comprises entre .40 et .72) avec de faibles saturations crois\u00e9es (&lt; .25). La distribution \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e d&rsquo;items positifs et invers\u00e9s (7 items cot\u00e9s positivement et 7 items cot\u00e9s n\u00e9gativement au sein de chaque sous-\u00e9chelle de 14 items) pr\u00e9vient l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence d&rsquo;artefacts factoriels li\u00e9s \u00e0 la polarit\u00e9 linguistique.<\/p>\n<h3>Structure de second ordre : Les m\u00e9ta-dimensions<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;analyse factorielle de second ordre extrait de fa\u00e7on consistante deux m\u00e9ta-facteurs dominants qui expliquent ensemble une part substantielle de la variance totale (~45 \u00e0 55 %) :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Le facteur \u00ab \u00c9valuation substantive de la nature humaine \u00bb (Positive vs. Negative Human Nature)<\/strong> : Ce macro-facteur regroupe sous une forte saturation commune les dimensions <em>Trustworthiness<\/em> (.82), <em>Altruism<\/em> (.80), <em>Independence<\/em> (.61) et <em>Strength of Will \/ Rationality<\/em> (.58). Il mesure l&rsquo;orientation globale du regard port\u00e9 sur la valeur morale, l&rsquo;autonomie et la bienveillance des \u00eatres humains.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le facteur \u00ab Multiplexit\u00e9 cognitive \u00bb (Multiplexity of Human Nature)<\/strong> : Ce second macro-facteur r\u00e9unit les dimensions <em>Complexity<\/em> (.74) et <em>Variability<\/em> (.71). Il est virtuellement orthogonal (ind\u00e9pendant) du premier macro-facteur, indiquant qu&rsquo;un individu peut avoir une vision extr\u00eamement n\u00e9gative mais hautement complexe de l&rsquo;\u00eatre humain, ou inversement une vision positive mais na\u00efvement simpliste.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument de mesure standardis\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente les sp\u00e9cifications techniques suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nom complet<\/strong> : Philosophy of Human Nature Scale (PHN).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format d&rsquo;administration<\/strong> : Auto-questionnaire papier-crayon ou informatis\u00e9. Passation individuelle ou collective.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items<\/strong> : 84 items originaux formul\u00e9s sous forme d&rsquo;assertions d\u00e9claratives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelles (14 items chacune)<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li><em>Trustworthiness<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 2, 7, 12, 18, 23, 58, 75) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 28, 34, 40, 46, 52, 67, 80).<\/li>\n<li><em>Altruism<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 4, 9, 14, 19, 60, 64, 77) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 69, 82).<\/li>\n<li><em>Independence<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 29, 35, 41, 47, 53, 68, 81) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 3, 8, 13, 24, 59, 63, 76).<\/li>\n<li><em>Strength of Will and Rationality<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 27, 33, 39, 45, 51, 66, 72) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 1, 6, 17, 22, 57, 62, 74).<\/li>\n<li><em>Complexity of Human Nature<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 32, 38, 44, 50, 56, 71, 79) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 5, 11, 16, 21, 26, 65, 84).<\/li>\n<li><em>Variability in Human Nature<\/em> : 7 items positifs (items 10, 15, 20, 25, 61, 73, 78) et 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (items 31, 37, 43, 49, 55, 70, 83).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong> : \u00c9chelle de Likert \u00e0 6 points sans point neutre :\n<ul>\n<li><em>agree strongly<\/em> (+3)<\/li>\n<li><em>agree somewhat<\/em> (+2)<\/li>\n<li><em>agree slightly<\/em> (+1)<\/li>\n<li><em>disagree slightly<\/em> (-1)<\/li>\n<li><em>disagree somewhat<\/em> (-2)<\/li>\n<li><em>disagree strongly<\/em> (-3)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dur\u00e9e de passation<\/strong> : Environ 15 \u00e0 25 minutes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proc\u00e9dure de cotation (Scoring)<\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Pour chaque sous-\u00e9chelle, les items n\u00e9gatifs (revers\u00e9s) sont invers\u00e9s en multipliant leur score par -1 (ou en convertissant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle sur une base 1 \u00e0 6).<\/li>\n<li>Le score brut d&rsquo;une sous-\u00e9chelle s&rsquo;\u00e9tend th\u00e9oriquement de -42 \u00e0 +42 (ou de 14 \u00e0 84 en codage standardis\u00e9 1-6).<\/li>\n<li>Un score composite de \u00ab Faisabilit\u00e9 \/ Valence positive \u00bb est obtenu en sommant les scores des quatre premi\u00e8res dimensions (Trustworthiness + Altruism + Independence + Strength of Will), s&rsquo;\u00e9tendant de -168 \u00e0 +168.<\/li>\n<li>Un score de \u00ab Multiplexit\u00e9 \u00bb est calcul\u00e9 par la somme de Complexity et de Variability (plage de -84 \u00e0 +84).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ann\u00e9e de conception originale<\/strong> : 1964 (d\u00e9veloppements compl\u00e9mentaires et r\u00e9visions en 1974 et 1992).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et droits<\/strong> : L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de la <em>Philosophy of Human Nature<\/em> rel\u00e8ve du domaine de la recherche acad\u00e9mique fondamentale. Lawrence S. Wrightsman a publi\u00e9 la structure int\u00e9grale de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle afin d&rsquo;encourager son utilisation par la communaut\u00e9 scientifique internationale. Les items ont \u00e9t\u00e9 reproduits en acc\u00e8s libre dans des ouvrages m\u00e9thodologiques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence du domaine public ou sous licence de recherche institutionnelle (notamment l&rsquo;anthologie de John P. Robinson et Phillip R. Shaver publi\u00e9e par l&rsquo;<em>Institute for Social Research<\/em> en 1969 et 1973).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tarification<\/strong> : L&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;instrument est gratuite pour la recherche universitaire, les th\u00e8ses doctorales, les \u00e9tudes \u00e0 but non lucratif et l&rsquo;enseignement sup\u00e9rieur. Pour toute application commerciale, int\u00e9gration logicielle propri\u00e9taire ou usage en conseil d&rsquo;entreprise, les autorisations doivent \u00eatre sollicit\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s des ayants droit ou des \u00e9diteurs acad\u00e9miques d\u00e9tenant les droits de reproduction (notamment Sage Publications pour l&rsquo;ouvrage de synth\u00e8se de 1992).<\/p>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Christie, R., &amp; Geis, F. L. (1970). <em>Studies in Machiavellianism<\/em>. Academic Press. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2013-0-10497-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/C2013-0-10497-6<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Robinson, J. P., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1969). <em>Measures of Political Attitudes<\/em>. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42\/100067\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42\/100067<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. <em>Journal of Personality<\/em>, 35(4), 651-665. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wrightsman, L. S. (1964). Measurement of philosophies of human nature. <em>Psychological Reports<\/em>, 14(3), 743-751. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1964.14.3.743\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1964.14.3.743<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wrightsman, L. S. (1974). <em>Assumptions About Human Nature: A Social-Psychological Analysis<\/em>. Brooks\/Cole Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Wrightsman, L. S. (1992). <em>Assumptions About Human Nature<\/em> (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781483325774\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781483325774<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Great successes in life\u201a like great artists and inventors\u201a are usually motivated by forces they are unaware of.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most students will tell the instructor when he has made a mistake in adding up their score\u201a even if he had given them more points than they deserved.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people will change the opinion they express as a result of an onslaught of criticism\u201a even though they really don&#039;t change the way they feel.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people try to apply the Golden Rule even in today&#039;s complex society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find that my first impression of a person is usually correct.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Our success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our own control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you give the average person a job to do and leave him to do it\u201a he will finish it successfully.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nowadays many people won&#039;t make a move until they find out what other people think.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people do not hesitate to go out of their way to help someone in trouble.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A person&#039;s reaction to things differs from one situation to another.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People can be described accurately by one term\u201a such as &quot;introverted\u201a&quot; or &quot;moral\u201a&quot; or&quot; sociable.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People usually tell the truth\u201a even when they know they would be better off by lying.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The important thing in being successful nowadays is not how hard you work\u201a but how well you fit in with the crowd.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people will act as &quot;Good Samaritans&quot; if given the opportunity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Different people react to the same situation in different ways.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s not hard to understand what really is important to a person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Attempts to understand ourselves are usually futile.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most students do not cheat when taking an exam.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">&quot;Do unto others as you would have them do unto you&quot; is a motto most people follow.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Each person&#039;s personality is different from the personality of every other person.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think I get a good idea of a person&#039;s basic nature after a brief conversation with him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">There&#039;s little one can do to alter his fate in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people are basically honest.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The typical student will cheat on a test when everybody else does\u201a even though he has a set of ethical standards.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are quite different in their basic interests.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I could ask a person three questions about himself (and assuming he would answer them honestly)\u201a I would know a great deal about him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a person tries hard enough\u201a he will usually reach his goals in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People claim they have ethical standards regarding honesty and morality\u201a but few people stick to them when the chips are down.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people have the courage of their convictions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average person is conceited.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are pretty much a like in their basic interests.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I find that my first impressions of people are frequently wrong.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average person has an accurate understanding of the reasons for his behavior.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you want people to do a job right\u201a you should explain things to them in great detail and supervise them closely.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people can make their own decisions \u201a uninfluenced by public opinion.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It&#039;s only a rare person who would risk his own life and limb to help someone else .<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are basically similar in their personalities.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Some people are too complicated for me to figure out.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If people try hard enough\u201a wars can be prevented in the future.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If most people could get in to a movie without paying and be sure they were not seen\u201a they would do it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is achievement\u201a rather than popularity with others\u201a that gets you ahead nowadays.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s pathetic to see an unselfish person in today&#039;s world because so many people take advantage of him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you have a good idea about how several people will react to a certain situation\u201a you can expect most other people to r e act the same way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I think you can never really understand the feeling of other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average person is largely the ma\u200ester of his own fate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people are not really honest for a desirable reason; they&#039;re afraid of getting caught.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average person will stick to his opinion if he thinks he&#039;s right\u201a even if others disagree.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People pretend to care more about one another than they really do.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people are consistent from situation to situation in the way they react to things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can&#039;t accurately describe a person in just a few words.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">In a local or national election\u201a most people se\u200elect a candidate rationally and logically.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people would tell a lie if they could gain by it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If a student does not believe in cheating\u201a he will avoid it even if he sees many others doing it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people inwardly dislike putting themselves out to help other people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A child who is popular will be popular as an adult\u201a too.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">You can&#039;t classify everyone as good or bad.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people have little influence over the things that happen to them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If you act in good faith with people\u201a almost all of them will reciprocate with fairness toward you.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It\u2019s a rare person who will go against the crowd.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The typical person is sincerely concerned about the problems of others.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are pretty different from one another in what &quot;makes them tick.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people have an unrealistically favorable view of their own capabilities.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people have to rely on someone else to make their important decision s for them.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people with a fallout shelter would let their neighbors stay in it during a nuclear attack.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When I meet a person\u201a I look for one basic ch\u200earacteristic through which I try to understand him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most persons have a lot of control over what happens to them in life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">67<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people would cheat on their income tax\u201a if they had a chance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">68<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The person with novel ideas is respected in our society.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">69<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people exaggerate their troubles in order to get sympathy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">70<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">If I can see how a person reacts to one situation\u201a I have a good idea of how he will react to other situations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">71<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are too complex to ever be understood fully.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">72<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people have a good idea of what their strengths and weaknesses are.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">73<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Often a person&#039;s basic personality is altered by such things as a religious conversion\u201a psycho-therapy\u201a or a ch\u200earm course.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">74<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people vote for a political candidate on the basis of unimportant ch\u200earacteristics such as his appearance or name\u201a rather than because of his stand on the issues.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">75<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people lead clean\u201a decent lives.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">76<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">The average person will rarely express his opinion in a group when he sees the others disagree with him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">77<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people would stop and help a person whose car is disabled.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">78<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are unpredictable in how they&#039;ll act from one situation to another.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">79<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are so complex it is hard to know what &quot;makes them tick.&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">80<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Nowadays people commit a lot of crimes and sins that no one else ever hears about.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">81<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Most people will speak out for what they believe in.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">82<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">People are usually out for their own good.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">83<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">When you get right down to it\u201a people are quite a like in their emotional makeup.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">84<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Give me a few fact s about a person and I&#039;ll have a good idea of whether I&#039;ll like him or not.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9couvrez l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de la Philosophie de la nature humaine (PHN) de Wrightsman (1964) : analyse psychom\u00e9trique compl\u00e8te, 6 dimensions, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9, validit\u00e9 et items int\u00e9graux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[73,154,2],"tags":[1709,755,2282,63,11955,1163,16,16239],"class_list":["post-11699","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-de-personnalite","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-altruisme","tag-confiance-interpersonnelle","tag-cynisme","tag-evaluation-psychologique","tag-nature-humaine","tag-personnalite","tag-psychometrie","tag-wrightsman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11699","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11699"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11699\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}