{"id":11252,"date":"2026-09-30T13:13:28","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T13:13:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/interpersonal-power-inventory-ipi\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T13:13:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T13:13:28","slug":"interpersonal-power-inventory-ipi","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=interpersonal-power-inventory-ipi","title":{"rendered":"Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel (IPI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel<\/strong> (<em>Interpersonal Power Inventory<\/em>, IPI), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bertram_Raven\">Bertram H. Raven<\/a>, Joseph Schwarzwald et Meni Koslowsky (1998), constitue un instrument psychom\u00e9trique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation multidimensionnelle des bases du pouvoir social et des strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;influence interpersonnelle. \u00c9labor\u00e9 dans le prolongement direct de la taxonomie originelle de French et Raven (1959) et du mod\u00e8le \u00e9largi d&rsquo;interaction du pouvoir (Raven, 1992, 1993), l&rsquo;IPI raffine les cinq bases initiales (r\u00e9compense, coercition, l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et expertise) en une structure sophistiqu\u00e9e de <strong>onze bases de pouvoir distinctes<\/strong>. Cette d\u00e9composition permet de discriminer le pouvoir de r\u00e9compense impersonnel et personnel, la coercition impersonnelle et personnelle, ainsi que quatre formes nuanc\u00e9es de pouvoir l\u00e9gitime (position, r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9, \u00e9quit\u00e9 et d\u00e9pendance), tout en int\u00e9grant pleinement le pouvoir d&rsquo;information et le pouvoir d&rsquo;expertise.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;instrument se d\u00e9cline en versions compl\u00e9mentaires permettant d&rsquo;analyser la dyade agent-cible, notamment la version destin\u00e9e aux sup\u00e9rieurs hi\u00e9rarchiques ou figures d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 (par exemple, superviseurs ou conseillers) et la version destin\u00e9e aux subordonn\u00e9s ou clients (IPI-E). Compos\u00e9 de 44 items \u00e9valu\u00e9s sur une \u00e9chelle de Likert en 7 points quantifiant la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;assentiment ou de conformit\u00e9, l&rsquo;IPI pr\u00e9sente des qualit\u00e9s psychom\u00e9triques rigoureusement valid\u00e9es. Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires corroborent l&rsquo;architecture \u00e0 onze facteurs de premier ordre, lesquels peuvent \u00eatre regroup\u00e9s conceptuellement en formes d&rsquo;influence \u00ab dures \u00bb (<em>harsh<\/em>) et \u00ab douces \u00bb (<em>soft<\/em>). Les coefficients de coh\u00e9rence interne (alpha de Cronbach) s&rsquo;\u00e9chelonnent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement entre 0,70 et 0,91 selon les sous-\u00e9chelles, conf\u00e9rant \u00e0 cet inventaire une fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 robuste et une validit\u00e9 de construit d\u00e9montr\u00e9e dans des contextes organisationnels, cliniques et m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gaux.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Pouvoir interpersonnel, influence sociale, bases du pouvoir social, Bertram Raven, psychom\u00e9trie organisationnelle, autorit\u00e9 l\u00e9gitime, coercition, r\u00e9compense, alliance th\u00e9rapeutique, relation superviseur-subordonn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel est le fruit d&rsquo;une collaboration scientifique majeure entre trois figures dominantes de la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_psychology\">psychologie sociale<\/a> et de la psychologie du travail et des organisations :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bertram H. Raven, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Los Angeles (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucla.edu\">UCLA<\/a>), \u00c9tats-Unis. Pionnier mondialement reconnu pour ses travaux fondateurs sur les bases du pouvoir social aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de John R. P. French Jr. en 1959, il a consacr\u00e9 plus de quatre d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 la conceptualisation des processus d&rsquo;influence interpersonnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Joseph Schwarzwald, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur au D\u00e9partement de psychologie de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Bar-Ilan, Ramat Gan, Isra\u00ebl. Sp\u00e9cialiste de la psychologie sociale appliqu\u00e9e, des relations intergroupes et des dynamiques d&rsquo;influence dans les organisations formelles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Meni Koslowsky, Ph.D.<\/strong> : Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de psychologie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Bar-Ilan et enseignant-chercheur \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Ariel, Isra\u00ebl. Expert en m\u00e9thodologie psychom\u00e9trique, en comportement organisationnel et en mod\u00e9lisation des contraintes interpersonnelles au travail.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de l&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel est d&rsquo;op\u00e9rationnaliser et de quantifier avec pr\u00e9cision les m\u00e9canismes par lesquels un agent d&rsquo;influence induit un changement cognitif, affectif ou comportemental chez une cible. Alors que les \u00e9chelles traditionnelles se bornaient \u00e0 mesurer les cinq cat\u00e9gories macroscopiques de French et Raven (1959), elles \u00e9chouaient fr\u00e9quemment \u00e0 capter les subtilit\u00e9s relationnelles et les modulations qualitatives des motivations sous-jacentes \u00e0 la soumission ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion. L&rsquo;IPI r\u00e9pond \u00e0 ce besoin th\u00e9orique et m\u00e9thodologique en distinguant l&rsquo;impact direct des ressources formelles (mat\u00e9rielles, statutaires) de l&rsquo;impact des ressources informelles ou relationnelles (approbation, affection, dette morale).<\/p>\n<p>Dans le <strong>contexte organisationnel<\/strong>, l&rsquo;inventaire permet de cartographier le style manag\u00e9rial des dirigeants et d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer la perception qu&rsquo;ont les employ\u00e9s des strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;influence mobilis\u00e9es par leur hi\u00e9rarchie. L&rsquo;IPI sert \u00e0 diagnostiquer les dysfonctionnements manag\u00e9riaux : un recours pr\u00e9dominant \u00e0 la coercition impersonnelle ou personnelle tend \u00e0 engendrer de la r\u00e9actance psychologique, du d\u00e9sengagement au travail et une augmentation du turnover, tandis que l&rsquo;usage pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel du pouvoir d&rsquo;information, d&rsquo;expertise ou de l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9pendance favorise l&rsquo;appropriation intrins\u00e8que des objectifs professionnels.<\/p>\n<p>Dans le <strong>champ clinique, du conseil (counseling) et m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gal<\/strong>, l&rsquo;IPI a \u00e9t\u00e9 adapt\u00e9 pour analyser les dynamiques d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 et d&rsquo;alliance au sein de la relation d&rsquo;aide, notamment dans les contextes o\u00f9 les clients sont sous injonction th\u00e9rapeutique l\u00e9gale (<em>court-ordered counseling<\/em>). L&rsquo;outil met en lumi\u00e8re les tensions entre l&rsquo;obligation institutionnelle (l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 formelle, coercition par signalement judiciaire) et les leviers d&rsquo;influence th\u00e9rapeutique collaborative (information, empathie, r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9). L&rsquo;inventaire offre ainsi aux praticiens un support r\u00e9flexif indispensable pour examiner comment leurs interventions influencent l&rsquo;autonomie et l&rsquo;observance th\u00e9rapeutique du patient.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;IPI \u00e9value <strong>onze dimensions fondamentales du pouvoir interpersonnel<\/strong>, issues du raffinement du mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;interaction du pouvoir (Raven, 1992, 1993 ; Raven et al., 1998) :<\/p>\n<h3>1. Pouvoir de r\u00e9compense impersonnel (Impersonal Reward)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension renvoie \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue de l&rsquo;agent d&rsquo;octroyer des gratifications tangibles, formelles et mat\u00e9rielles r\u00e9gies par l&rsquo;institution (par exemple, une augmentation salariale, une promotion, des cong\u00e9s am\u00e9nag\u00e9s ou une lib\u00e9ration anticip\u00e9e d&rsquo;un programme judiciaire).<\/p>\n<h3>2. Pouvoir de coercition impersonnel (Impersonal Coercion)<\/h3>\n<p>Il correspond \u00e0 la perception que l&rsquo;agent d\u00e9tient l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 formelle d&rsquo;infliger des p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s concr\u00e8tes, institutionnelles ou mat\u00e9rielles en cas de non-conformit\u00e9 (telles que des sanctions disciplinaires, l&rsquo;attribution de t\u00e2ches d\u00e9gradantes ou le blocage d&rsquo;un am\u00e9nagement de peine).<\/p>\n<h3>3. Pouvoir de r\u00e9compense personnel (Personal Reward)<\/h3>\n<p>Contrairement aux b\u00e9n\u00e9fices mat\u00e9riels, cette dimension repose sur l&rsquo;approbation sociale, l&rsquo;estime, l&rsquo;acceptation affective et la valorisation interpersonnelle conf\u00e9r\u00e9es par l&rsquo;agent d&rsquo;influence \u00e0 la cible lorsque celle-ci se conforme aux attentes.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Pouvoir de coercition personnel (Personal Coercion)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette base implique la menace implicite ou explicite de d\u00e9sapprobation interpersonnelle, de rejet \u00e9motionnel, de froideur relationnelle ou de mise \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cart affective si la cible refuse d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de position (Legitimate Position)<\/h3>\n<p>Fond\u00e9 sur les normes socioculturelles et la hi\u00e9rarchie formelle, il traduit le sentiment de la cible que l&rsquo;agent poss\u00e8de le droit statutaire l\u00e9gitime de dicter son comportement et qu&rsquo;elle a l&rsquo;obligation corr\u00e9lative d&rsquo;ob\u00e9ir (par exemple, \u00ab Il est mon sup\u00e9rieur \u00bb, \u00ab Je suis le conseiller \u00bb).<\/p>\n<h3>6. Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 (Legitimate Reciprocity)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension op\u00e9rationnalise la norme universelle de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 (Gouldner, 1960). La cible se sent oblig\u00e9e de se conformer \u00e0 la demande parce que l&rsquo;agent a fait preuve de bienveillance ou lui a accord\u00e9 des faveurs ant\u00e9rieures, instaurant une dette morale.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 ou d&rsquo;\u00e9galit\u00e9 (Legitimate Equity)<\/h3>\n<p>Il repose sur le sentiment qu&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer permet de compenser des erreurs, des difficult\u00e9s ou des pr\u00e9judices pass\u00e9s que la cible a inflig\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;agent ou au groupe de travail, dans une optique de r\u00e9tablissement de la justice distributive ou proc\u00e9durale.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de d\u00e9pendance (Legitimate Dependence)<\/h3>\n<p>Inspir\u00e9 de la norme de responsabilit\u00e9 sociale (Berkowitz &amp; Daniels, 1963), ce pouvoir op\u00e8re lorsque la cible per\u00e7oit que l&rsquo;agent d\u00e9pend crucialement de son aide et de sa coop\u00e9ration pour accomplir sa propre mission, incitant \u00e0 l&rsquo;altruisme organisationnel.<\/p>\n<h3>9. Pouvoir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (Referent Power)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette base d\u00e9coule de l&rsquo;attrait psychologique, de l&rsquo;admiration, de l&rsquo;identification narcissique et du d\u00e9sir de la cible d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir une congruence cognitive ou comportementale avec la figure d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 qu&rsquo;elle prend comme mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<h3>10. Pouvoir d&rsquo;expertise (Expert Power)<\/h3>\n<p>Il repose sur la croyance de la cible selon laquelle l&rsquo;agent poss\u00e8de des comp\u00e9tences sup\u00e9rieures, un savoir technique ou une ma\u00eetrise approfondie de la situation, justifiant la confiance aveugle accord\u00e9e \u00e0 ses pr\u00e9conisations.<\/p>\n<h3>11. Pouvoir d&rsquo;information (Informational Power)<\/h3>\n<p>Distinct de l&rsquo;expertise (qui d\u00e9pend de la personne de l&rsquo;expert), le pouvoir d&rsquo;information r\u00e9side dans la rationalit\u00e9 logique du message lui-m\u00eame. L&rsquo;agent fournit des explications causales claires et persuasives qui am\u00e8nent la cible \u00e0 int\u00e9grer cognitivement la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 objective du changement.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel s&rsquo;ancre dans le <strong>mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;interaction du pouvoir<\/strong> (<em>Power\/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence<\/em>) formalis\u00e9 par Bertram Raven (1992, 1993, 2008), repr\u00e9sentant l&rsquo;aboutissement de cinquante ann\u00e9es de recherches th\u00e9oriques inaugur\u00e9es par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_and_Raven%27s_bases_of_power\">l&rsquo;article s\u00e9minal de French et Raven (1959)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la perspective originale de 1959, le pouvoir social \u00e9tait conceptualis\u00e9 comme le potentiel d&rsquo;influence qu&rsquo;un agent <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"O\">$O$<\/span> exerce sur une personne <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"P\">$P$<\/span> au sein d&rsquo;un espace psychologique lewinien. Les bases identifi\u00e9es comprenaient le pouvoir de r\u00e9compense, le pouvoir coercitif, le pouvoir l\u00e9gitime, le pouvoir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et le pouvoir d&rsquo;expertise. D\u00e8s le milieu des ann\u00e9es 1960, Raven (1965) y a adjoint le pouvoir d&rsquo;information, soulignant une distinction capitale entre l&rsquo;influence d\u00e9pendante de la source (o\u00f9 la conformit\u00e9 cesse si la surveillance ou le lien avec l&rsquo;agent est interrompu) et l&rsquo;influence ind\u00e9pendante (changement cognitif p\u00e9renne r\u00e9sultant de l&rsquo;assimilation d&rsquo;un raisonnement logique).<\/p>\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le d&rsquo;interaction du pouvoir de 1992 restructure en profondeur ce cadre d&rsquo;analyse selon un processus temporel s\u00e9quentiel int\u00e9grant :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La motivation \u00e0 influencer<\/strong> : Le besoin d&rsquo;atteindre un objectif instrumental, de maintenir un statut ou d&rsquo;affirmer son identit\u00e9 personnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation des bases de pouvoir disponibles<\/strong> : L&rsquo;agent proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une analyse co\u00fbts\/b\u00e9n\u00e9fices cognitifs. L&rsquo;usage de la coercition exige une surveillance continue et d\u00e9t\u00e9riore le climat relationnel, tandis que le recours \u00e0 l&rsquo;information requiert un investissement didactique substantiel mais produit une internalisation stable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La mise en \u0153uvre des tactiques de pouvoir<\/strong> : L&rsquo;agent choisit de moduler les bases \u00ab douces \u00bb (<em>soft<\/em> : information, expertise, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9pendance, r\u00e9compense personnelle) ou \u00ab dures \u00bb (<em>harsh<\/em> : coercition impersonnelle, coercition personnelle, l\u00e9gitime position).<\/li>\n<li><strong>L&rsquo;\u00e9valuation par la cible et la r\u00e9troaction<\/strong> : La cible attribue des motivations internes ou externes \u00e0 l&rsquo;agent, ce qui d\u00e9termine son niveau d&rsquo;acceptation volontaire, de r\u00e9actance (Brehm, 1966) ou de conformisme superficiel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cette th\u00e9orisation novatrice postule que le pouvoir n&rsquo;est pas un attribut statique poss\u00e9d\u00e9 par un individu, mais une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 dynamique co-construite au sein d&rsquo;un \u00e9change social interactif.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 psychom\u00e9trique de l&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de multiples investigations empiriques conduites dans divers contextes culturels, professionnels et cliniques (Raven et al., 1998 ; Schwarzwald et al., 2001 ; Koslowsky et al., 2001 ; Anderson, 2008).<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 de construit de l&rsquo;IPI s&rsquo;appuie sur la d\u00e9monstration empirique de la distinction effective entre les formes personnelles et impersonnelles des r\u00e9compenses et punitions, ainsi qu&rsquo;entre les quatre variantes de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9. Les matrices de corr\u00e9lations inter-facteurs montrent que, bien que mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment associ\u00e9es au sein de m\u00e9ta-dimensions d&rsquo;influence, les onze \u00e9chelles capturent des construits th\u00e9oriquement distincts sans redondance colin\u00e9aire excessive.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 convergente et discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes de validit\u00e9 convergente attestent de relations hautement pr\u00e9visibles avec d&rsquo;autres \u00e9chelles de climat organisationnel et d&rsquo;influence :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les sous-\u00e9chelles de <em>pouvoir doux<\/em> (information, expertise, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, r\u00e9compense personnelle) corr\u00e8lent positivement avec la <strong>satisfaction au travail<\/strong>, le <strong>leadership transformationnel<\/strong> (mesur\u00e9 par le MLQ) et l&rsquo;<strong>engagement organisationnel affectif<\/strong> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r\">$r$<\/span> compris entre 0,38 et 0,62, $p < 0,001$).<\/li>\n<li>Les sous-\u00e9chelles de <em>pouvoir dur<\/em> (coercition impersonnelle, coercition personnelle) pr\u00e9sentent des corr\u00e9lations n\u00e9gatives robustes avec la confiance organisationnelle et des corr\u00e9lations positives significatives avec l&rsquo;\u00e9puisement \u00e9motionnel (burnout) et les comportements de retrait au travail (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r\">$r$<\/span> oscillant entre 0,31 et 0,49).<\/li>\n<li>En situation clinique et de conseil (Anderson, 2008), la validit\u00e9 convergente est \u00e9tay\u00e9e par la corr\u00e9lation positive entre le pouvoir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et d&rsquo;expertise du conseiller et les scores de l&rsquo;<em>inventaire d&rsquo;alliance de travail<\/em> (WAI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive<\/h3>\n<p>La validit\u00e9 pr\u00e9dictive de l&rsquo;IPI est mise en \u00e9vidence par sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 pronostiquer l&rsquo;observance comportementale effective. Dans des \u00e9tudes longitudinales men\u00e9es en milieu hospitalier et militaire (Schwarzwald et al., 2001), le choix des bases de pouvoir pr\u00e9dit de fa\u00e7on diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e l&rsquo;adh\u00e9sion des subordonn\u00e9s : les strat\u00e9gies fond\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;information et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de position pr\u00e9disent une observance imm\u00e9diate, tandis que les bases informatives et r\u00e9f\u00e9rentielles pr\u00e9disent le maintien du comportement en l&rsquo;absence de toute surveillance.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tay\u00e9e par des estimations rigoureuses de la coh\u00e9rence interne et de la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne (Alpha de Cronbach)<\/h3>\n<p>Dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tude princeps de Raven, Schwarzwald et Koslowsky (1998), ainsi que dans les r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures (Koslowsky et al., 2001 ; Anderson, 2008), les coefficients alpha de Cronbach calcul\u00e9s pour les onze sous-\u00e9chelles satisfont largement aux standards psychom\u00e9triques \u00e9tablis pour les outils de recherche et de diagnostic :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir d&rsquo;information<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,84 - 0,89\">$\\alpha = 0,84 &#8211; 0,89$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir d&rsquo;expertise<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,82 - 0,88\">$\\alpha = 0,82 &#8211; 0,88$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,80 - 0,87\">$\\alpha = 0,80 &#8211; 0,87$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de position<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,78 - 0,84\">$\\alpha = 0,78 &#8211; 0,84$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,74 - 0,81\">$\\alpha = 0,74 &#8211; 0,81$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,72 - 0,79\">$\\alpha = 0,72 &#8211; 0,79$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir l\u00e9gitime de d\u00e9pendance<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,70 - 0,77\">$\\alpha = 0,70 &#8211; 0,77$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir de r\u00e9compense personnel<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,79 - 0,85\">$\\alpha = 0,79 &#8211; 0,85$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir de r\u00e9compense impersonnel<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,81 - 0,86\">$\\alpha = 0,81 &#8211; 0,86$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir de coercition personnel<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,76 - 0,83\">$\\alpha = 0,76 &#8211; 0,83$<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pouvoir de coercition impersonnel<\/strong> : <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\alpha = 0,78 - 0,85\">$\\alpha = 0,78 &#8211; 0,85$<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>Les investigations portant sur la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle sur un intervalle de six semaines r\u00e9v\u00e8lent des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation test-retest compris entre <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,71\">$r = 0,71$<\/span> et <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"r = 0,85\">$r = 0,85$<\/span>, indiquant que la perception des bases de pouvoir d&rsquo;une figure d&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente une remarquable consistance \u00e0 moyen terme dans des environnements relationnels stables.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>La structure dimensionnelle de l&rsquo;IPI a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;examens statistiques approfondis, combinant analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et mod\u00e9lisations par \u00e9quations structurelles via analyses factorielles confirmatoires (AFC).<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Exploratoires (AFE)<\/h3>\n<p>Lors de la phase de conception initiale, l&rsquo;extraction en composantes principales avec rotation oblique (Promax ou Oblimin) men\u00e9e sur les 44 items a corrobor\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de onze facteurs distincts poss\u00e9dant des valeurs propres sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 1 (crit\u00e8re de Kaiser). Les saturations factorielles des items sur leurs dimensions cibles respectives s&rsquo;av\u00e8rent substantielles, oscillant majoritairement entre 0,55 et 0,84, sans contamination transversale (cross-loadings) exc\u00e9dant 0,25.<\/p>\n<h3>Analyses Factorielles Confirmatoires (AFC)<\/h3>\n<p>Les AFC men\u00e9es par Raven et al. (1998) ont test\u00e9 la sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 onze facteurs par rapport \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le concurrent unidimensionnel ou au mod\u00e8le classique \u00e0 cinq facteurs de French et Raven :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mod\u00e8le \u00e0 11 facteurs<\/strong> : Les indices d&rsquo;ajustement attestent d&rsquo;une bonne ad\u00e9quation aux donn\u00e9es empiriques : $chi^2\/dl < 2,3$, <em>Comparative Fit Index<\/em> (CFI) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"= 0,93\">$= 0,93$<\/span>, <em>Tucker-Lewis Index<\/em> (TLI) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"= 0,91\">$= 0,91$<\/span>, et <em>Root Mean Square Error of Approximation<\/em> (RMSEA) <span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"= 0,048\">$= 0,048$<\/span> (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"IC_{90%} [0,042 - 0,054]\">$IC_{90%} [0,042 &#8211; 0,054]$<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comparaison de mod\u00e8les<\/strong> : Le mod\u00e8le \u00e0 11 facteurs offre un ajustement significativement sup\u00e9rieur au mod\u00e8le classique \u00e0 cinq facteurs (<span class=\"arabpsy-math-inline\" data-latex=\"\\Delta \\chi^2\">$\\Delta \\chi^2$<\/span> hautement significatif, $p < 0,001$), validant le fractionnement psychom\u00e9trique de la r\u00e9compense, de la coercition et de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Structure d&rsquo;ordre sup\u00e9rieur (Second-Order Model)<\/h3>\n<p>Au niveau de second ordre, les analyses factorielles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les onze bases s&rsquo;organisent de fa\u00e7on parcimonieuse en deux super-facteurs stables :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le Pouvoir Doux (Soft Power)<\/strong> : Regroupant l&rsquo;information, l&rsquo;expertise, la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, la l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9pendance et la r\u00e9compense personnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le Pouvoir Dur (Harsh Power)<\/strong> : Regroupant la coercition impersonnelle, la coercition personnelle et la l\u00e9gitime position. Les dimensions d&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 et de r\u00e9compense impersonnelle occupent une position m\u00e9diane selon le contexte hi\u00e9rarchique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation :<\/strong> Questionnaire psychom\u00e9trique auto-rapport\u00e9 mesurant les bases du pouvoir social et les tactiques d&rsquo;influence interpersonnelle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Formats disponibles :<\/strong> Version Superviseur\/Conseiller (perception de l&rsquo;agent sur l&rsquo;impact de ses demandes) et Version Employ\u00e9\/Client (perception de la cible quant aux motifs d&rsquo;assentiment).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre total d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 44 items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle ordinale en 7 points quantifiant l&rsquo;impact de la base de pouvoir sur la propension \u00e0 se conformer \u00e0 la demande :<br \/>\n    1 = <em>Much less likely to comply<\/em> (Beaucoup moins susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    2 = <em>A bit less likely to comply<\/em> (Un peu moins susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    3 = <em>A bit more likely to comply<\/em> (Un peu plus susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    4 = <em>Would not affect their tendency to comply<\/em> (N&rsquo;affecterait pas la propension \u00e0 obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    5 = <em>Less likely to comply<\/em> (Moins susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    6 = <em>More likely to comply<\/em> (Plus susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)<br \/>\n    7 = <em>Much more likely to comply<\/em> (Beaucoup plus susceptible d&rsquo;obtemp\u00e9rer)\n  <\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation :<\/strong> Chaque sous-\u00e9chelle est compos\u00e9e de 4 items sp\u00e9cifiques. Le score moyen ou cumul\u00e9 de chaque dimension (allant de 4 \u00e0 28 points) est calcul\u00e9 pour \u00e9tablir le profil d&rsquo;influence de l&rsquo;agent ou la sensibilit\u00e9 de la cible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &#038; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication princeps :<\/strong> 1998 (avec ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents th\u00e9oriques directs en 1992 et 1993).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle et droits :<\/strong> Bertram H. Raven, Joseph Schwarzwald et Meni Koslowsky. Publi\u00e9 initialement dans le <em>Journal of Applied Social Psychology<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et tarifs :<\/strong> L&rsquo;instrument est dans le domaine acad\u00e9mique public pour des finalit\u00e9s de recherche scientifique et d&rsquo;enseignement non commercial. Son utilisation dans un cadre de recherche ne requiert pas le paiement de redevances, sous r\u00e9serve de citer scrupuleusement la publication princeps de 1998.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utilisation commerciale ou clinique institutionnelle :<\/strong> Toute exploitation dans des programmes d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation commerciale ou des logiciels propri\u00e9taires n\u00e9cessite l&rsquo;autorisation formelle expresse des titulaires des droits ou de leurs ayants droit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les sources acad\u00e9miques suivantes constituent le corpus de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel et son cadre d&rsquo;analyse :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anderson, R. S. (2008). <em>Counselor gender self-confidence and social influence in counseling: Counselor perceptions of the therapeutic alliance<\/em> (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University). OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=ohiou1206129994\">http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=ohiou1206129994<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Berkowitz, L., &amp; Daniels, L. R. (1963). Responsibility and dependency. <em>The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology<\/em>, 66(5), 429\u2013436. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040250\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040250<\/a><\/li>\n<li>French, J. R. P., &amp; Raven, B. H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), <em>Studies in social power<\/em> (pp. 150\u2013167). University of Michigan Press.<\/li>\n<li>Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. <em>American Sociological Review<\/em>, 25(2), 161\u2013178. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2092623\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2092623<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Koslowsky, M., Schwarzwald, J., &amp; Ashuri, S. (2001). On the relationship between subordinates&rsquo; compliance to various power bases, satisfaction with supervisor, and affect. <em>Journal of Social Behavior and Personality<\/em>, 16(2), 261\u2013276.<\/li>\n<li>Raven, B. H. (1965). Social influence and power. In I. D. Steiner &amp; M. Fishbein (Eds.), <em>Current studies in social psychology<\/em> (pp. 371\u2013382). Holt, Rinehart, &amp; Winston.<\/li>\n<li>Raven, B. H. (1992). A power\/interaction model of interpersonal influence: French and Raven thirty years later. <em>Journal of Social Behavior and Personality<\/em>, 7(2), 217\u2013244.<\/li>\n<li>Raven, B. H. (1993). The bases of power: Origins and recent developments. <em>Journal of Social Issues<\/em>, 49(4), 227\u2013251. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01191.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01191.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Raven, B. H. (2008). The bases of power and the power\/interaction model of interpersonal influence. <em>Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy<\/em>, 8(1), 1\u201322. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2008.00159.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2008.00159.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Raven, B. H., Schwarzwald, J., &amp; Koslowsky, M. (1998). Conceptualizing and measuring a power\/interaction model of interpersonal influence. <em>Journal of Applied Social Psychology<\/em>, 28(4), 307\u2013332. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Schwarzwald, J., Koslowsky, M., &amp; Ochana-Levin, T. (2001). Usage of and compliance with power bases: An investigation of subordinates&rsquo; and supervisors&rsquo; perspectives. <em>Journal of Applied Social Psychology<\/em>, 31(10), 2099\u20132115. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00165.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00165.x<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">A good evaluation from me could lead to an earlier release from court-ordered counseling or other benefits.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">After all\u201a I am the counselor\u201a and the client should feel some obligation to go along.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she probably feels I know the best way to handle the situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Once I point it out\u201a he\/she can see why the change is necessary.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she admires or respects me and does not wish to disagree.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can give the client more difficult assignments.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have done some nice things for him\/her in the past and so he\/she does this in return.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she likes me and my approval is important to him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is clear that I really depend on the client to do this for me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she does not want me to dislike him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">By doing so\u201a he\/she can make up for some difficulties he\/she may have caused in the past.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">For past considerations he\/she has received\u201a he\/she feels obliged to comply.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can make things unpleasant for clients.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It makes the client feel better to know I like him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she sees me as someone he\/she can identify with.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she knows that unless he\/she does so\u201a my job will be more difficult.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have carefully explained the basis for this request.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It would be disturbing for the client to know that I disapprove of him\/her.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she feels I probably know more about this particular situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It is my job to tell him\/her how to handle this situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">Complying helps make up for things he\/she has not done so well previously.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can help the client receive special benefits.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I may be cold and distant if he\/she does not do as requested.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I gave the client good reasons for changing how he\/she handled the situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she understood that I really needed his\/her cooperation on this.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she trusts me to give him\/her the best direction.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">We are both working towards the same goal and should see eye to eye on things.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have the right to request that he\/she handle the situation in a particular way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I make the client feel more valued when he\/she does as requested.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she has made some mistakes and therefore feels that he\/she owes this to me.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can make it more difficult for him\/her to get an earlier release from court ordered counseling or obtain other benefits.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can help him\/her get reduced counseling fees.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have previously done some good things that he\/she has requested.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">It makes the client feel personally accepted when he\/she does as asked.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">As a client\u201a he\/she has an obligation to do as I say.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she looks up to me and generally models his\/her behavior accordingly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she has not always done what I have asked so this time feels he\/she should.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she feels that I probably have more knowledge about this than he\/she does.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I can make it more difficult for him\/her to get reduced counseling fees.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she realizes that a counselor needs assistance and cooperation from clients.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she expects some favorable consideration from me for going along on this.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she now understands why the recommended change is for the better.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">I have let the client have his\/her way earlier so he\/she feels obliged to comply now.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">He\/she would be upset knowing that he\/she was on the bad side of me.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;Inventaire du pouvoir interpersonnel (IPI), d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Raven, Schwarzwald et Koslowsky (1998), \u00e9value onze bases du pouvoir social et des strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;influence interpersonnelle dans les organisations et la relation d&rsquo;aide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[1727,154,2],"tags":[15079,15078,4773,2627,2066,15076,15077,15081,15080,15082],"class_list":["post-11252","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-psychologie-du-travail-et-des-organisations","category-psychologie-sociale","category-psychometrie","tag-bases-du-pouvoir","tag-bertram-raven","tag-coercition","tag-expertise","tag-influence-sociale","tag-ipi","tag-pouvoir-interpersonnel","tag-pouvoir-legitime","tag-recompense","tag-relation-superviseur-employe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11252"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/11252\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}