{"id":10978,"date":"2026-09-30T05:33:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T05:33:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/scales\/echelle-des-syndromes-positif-et-negatif-panss\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T05:33:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T05:33:56","slug":"echelle-des-syndromes-positif-et-negatif-panss","status":"publish","type":"psych_scale","link":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/?psych_scale=echelle-des-syndromes-positif-et-negatif-panss","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9chelle des syndromes positif et n\u00e9gatif (PANSS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 \/ Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;<strong>\u00c9chelle des syndromes positif et n\u00e9gatif<\/strong> (<em>Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale<\/em>, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positive_and_Negative_Syndrome_Scale\">PANSS<\/a>) constitue l&rsquo;instrument psychom\u00e9trique et clinique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale pour l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9e, multidimensionnelle et quantitative de la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes chez les patients atteints de <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophrenia\">schizophr\u00e9nie<\/a> et d&rsquo;autres troubles du spectre psychotique. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e initialement par Stanley R. Kay, Lewis A. Opler et Abraham Fiszbein \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1980, la PANSS a \u00e9t\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9e sur la base du postulat psychopathologique selon lequel la schizophr\u00e9nie s&rsquo;articule autour de deux composantes s\u00e9miologiques majeures et distinctes : le syndrome positif, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes productifs et exub\u00e9rants (tels que les d\u00e9lires et les hallucinations), et le syndrome n\u00e9gatif, d\u00e9fini par des caract\u00e9ristiques d\u00e9ficitaires durables (telles que le retrait affectif et l&rsquo;\u00e9moussement \u00e9motionnel), auxquels s&rsquo;ajoute une dimension de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale refl\u00e9tant la d\u00e9tresse globale et les perturbations comportementales associ\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle comprend exactement 30 items cot\u00e9s selon une \u00e9chelle ordinale de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 en 7 points allant de 1 (\u00ab Absent \u00bb) \u00e0 7 (\u00ab Extr\u00eame \u00bb). Ces items sont r\u00e9partis en trois sous-\u00e9chelles cliniques : la sous-\u00e9chelle positive (7 items, score de 7 \u00e0 49), la sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative (7 items, score de 7 \u00e0 49) et la sous-\u00e9chelle de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (16 items, score de 16 \u00e0 112). Le score total varie ainsi de 30 \u00e0 210 points, un indice composite positif-n\u00e9gatif pouvant \u00e9galement \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 par soustraction diff\u00e9rentielle. Sur le plan des qualit\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques, les \u00e9tudes contemporaines indiquent une coh\u00e9rence interne satisfaisante \u00e0 excellente (alpha de Cronbach de 0,73 pour la sous-\u00e9chelle positive, 0,83 pour la sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative et 0,79 pour la psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale). La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest r\u00e9v\u00e8le des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson respectifs de 0,80, 0,68 et 0,60, tandis que la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 inter-juges affiche des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) \u00e9lev\u00e9s pour les dimensions positives (0,72) et n\u00e9gatives (0,80), et mod\u00e9r\u00e9s pour la psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (0,56). Largement valid\u00e9e dans plus de 40 langues, la PANSS s&rsquo;impose comme le crit\u00e8re d&rsquo;\u00e9valuation principal (<em>gold standard<\/em>) dans les essais cliniques randomis\u00e9s pharmacologiques et psychosociaux \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Mots-cl\u00e9s \/ Keywords<\/h2>\n<p>\u00c9chelle des syndromes positif et n\u00e9gatif, PANSS, schizophr\u00e9nie, psychom\u00e9trie clinique, syndrome positif, syndrome n\u00e9gatif, psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, antipsychotiques, fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 inter-juges, validit\u00e9 factorielle, \u00e9valuation psychiatrique, essais cliniques.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Auteurs \/ Authors<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle PANSS a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue et formalis\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs et psychiatres cliniciens de l&rsquo;Albert Einstein College of Medicine et du Bronx Psychiatric Center \u00e0 New York :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Stanley R. Kay, Ph.D.<\/strong> (1942\u20131990) : Psychologue clinicien et chercheur en chef au D\u00e9partement de psychiatrie du Bronx Psychiatric Center et professeur agr\u00e9g\u00e9 de psychiatrie \u00e0 l&rsquo;Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, \u00c9tats-Unis. Auteur principal des \u00e9tudes s\u00e9minales sur la conceptualisation dimensionnelle de la schizophr\u00e9nie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lewis A. Opler, M.D., Ph.D.<\/strong> (1948\u20132018) : Psychiatre, pharmacologue et professeur de psychiatrie clinique au Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, \u00c9tats-Unis. Pionnier de l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation standardis\u00e9e des th\u00e9rapeutiques psychotropes et co-fondateur du PANSS Institute.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abraham Fiszbein, M.D.<\/strong> : Psychiatre clinicien, chercheur associ\u00e9 au Bronx Psychiatric Center et membre \u00e9minent de l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/\">American Psychiatric Association<\/a> (APA), ayant contribu\u00e9 aux directives de pratique clinique pour le traitement de la schizophr\u00e9nie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Objectif \/ Purpose<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;objectif fondamental de la PANSS est de fournir un cadre d&rsquo;observation standardis\u00e9, exhaustif et rigoureusement quantifi\u00e9 pour mesurer l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 de la symptomatologie schizophr\u00e9nique et appr\u00e9cier ses fluctuations dynamiques sous l&rsquo;influence des interventions th\u00e9rapeutiques. Avant l&rsquo;av\u00e8nement de cette \u00e9chelle, l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de la schizophr\u00e9nie \u00e9tait fr\u00e9quemment entach\u00e9e d&rsquo;une focalisation exclusive sur les sympt\u00f4mes florides et productifs (tels que les d\u00e9lires et les hallucinations de premier rang de Schneider), rel\u00e9guant au second plan les sympt\u00f4mes n\u00e9gatifs d\u00e9ficitaires, pourtant d\u00e9terminants dans le pronostic fonctionnel et psychosocial \u00e0 long terme des patients.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la pratique clinique hospitali\u00e8re et ambulatoire, la PANSS r\u00e9pond \u00e0 trois imp\u00e9ratifs temporels et d\u00e9cisionnels majeurs (Opler et al., 2006) :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Lors de l&rsquo;admission initiale ou de la d\u00e9compensation aigu\u00eb :<\/strong> elle permet d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir un profil psychopathologique de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (<em>baseline<\/em>), d&rsquo;objectiver la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 globale de l&rsquo;\u00e9pisode et d&rsquo;identifier la pr\u00e9dominance relative des dimensions positives, n\u00e9gatives ou affectives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c0 l&rsquo;instauration d&rsquo;un nouveau traitement pharmacologique :<\/strong> elle offre aux cliniciens un instrument de titration et de ciblage pr\u00e9cis, permettant de juger si les mol\u00e9cules prescrites (antipsychotiques de premi\u00e8re ou de deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration) exercent une action th\u00e9rapeutique cibl\u00e9e sur les sympt\u00f4mes cibles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Au fil des semaines et des mois de suivi longitudinal :<\/strong> elle sert de barom\u00e8tre th\u00e9rapeutique objectif pour \u00e9valuer la r\u00e9ponse clinique, d\u00e9finie classiquement dans la litt\u00e9rature par une r\u00e9duction de 20 %, 30 % ou 50 % du score total, ainsi que pour quantifier la r\u00e9mission symptomatique selon les crit\u00e8res standardis\u00e9s internationaux (Andreasen et al., 2005).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>En recherche translationnelle et en psychopharmacologie clinique, la PANSS s&rsquo;est \u00e9rig\u00e9e en crit\u00e8re de jugement principal incontournable exig\u00e9 par les agences r\u00e9glementaires internationales, telles que la <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/\">Food and Drug Administration<\/a> (FDA) aux \u00c9tats-Unis et l&rsquo;<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/\">Agence europ\u00e9enne des m\u00e9dicaments<\/a> (EMA), pour l&rsquo;autorisation de mise sur le march\u00e9 (AMM) de toute nouvelle mol\u00e9cule antipsychotique. Sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rencier finement les profils r\u00e9pondeurs des non-r\u00e9pondeurs en fait un instrument de choix pour les analyses d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 comparative et les protocoles de rem\u00e9diation cognitive et psychosociale.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Construit psychologique \/ Construct<\/h2>\n<p>Le construit psychologique appr\u00e9hend\u00e9 par la PANSS repose sur une conceptualisation tripartie de la psychopathologie de la schizophr\u00e9nie. Contrairement aux approches dichotomiques simplistes, l&rsquo;architecture conceptuelle de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle postule l&rsquo;existence de dimensions cliniques coexistantes mais fonctionnellement ind\u00e9pendantes :<\/p>\n<h3>1. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle positive (Positive Scale &#8211; 7 items, P1 \u00e0 P7)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension \u00e9value les caract\u00e9ristiques dites productives, surajout\u00e9es au fonctionnement psychique habituel. Elle refl\u00e8te une distorsion ou une exag\u00e9ration des fonctions normales de la pens\u00e9e, de la perception et du comportement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>P1. D\u00e9lires (Delusions) :<\/em> croyances in\u00e9branlables, d\u00e9nu\u00e9es de fondement objectif, invraisemblables et idiosyncrasiques.<\/li>\n<li><em>P2. D\u00e9sorganisation conceptuelle (Conceptual disorganization) :<\/em> rupture du fil conducteur de la pens\u00e9e, tangentialit\u00e9, coq-\u00e0-l&rsquo;\u00e2ne, rel\u00e2chement des associations associatives et barrage de la pens\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li><em>P3. Comportement hallucinatoire (Hallucinatory behavior) :<\/em> perceptions sans objet externe perceptibles dans les sph\u00e8res auditive, visuelle, olfactive ou c\u00e9nesth\u00e9sique\/somatique.<\/li>\n<li><em>P4. Excitation (Excitement) :<\/em> hyperactivit\u00e9 motrice, acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 \u00e9motionnelle, labilit\u00e9 thymique et hypervigilance.<\/li>\n<li><em>P5. M\u00e9galomanie (Grandiosity) :<\/em> surestimation d\u00e9lirante de soi, convictions irr\u00e9alistes de sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9, pouvoirs ou richesses surnaturels.<\/li>\n<li><em>P6. M\u00e9fiance \/ Pers\u00e9cution (Suspiciousness\/persecution) :<\/em> id\u00e9es de pers\u00e9cution, attitude d\u00e9fensive, sentiment envahissant d&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;environnement.<\/li>\n<li><em>P7. Hostilit\u00e9 (Hostility) :<\/em> expressions verbales ou posturales de col\u00e8re, agressivit\u00e9, ressentiment ou sarcasme destructeur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative (Negative Scale &#8211; 7 items, N1 \u00e0 N7)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette dimension mesure les traits d\u00e9ficitaires, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par l&rsquo;amputation, l&rsquo;att\u00e9nuation ou la perte des fonctions \u00e9motionnelles, relationnelles et cognitives pr\u00e9existantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>N1. \u00c9moussement de l&rsquo;affect (Blunted affect) :<\/em> restriction de l&rsquo;expressivit\u00e9 faciale, diminution des modulations prosodiques et pauvret\u00e9 de la gestuelle communicative.<\/li>\n<li><em>N2. Retrait \u00e9motionnel (Emotional withdrawal) :<\/em> d\u00e9sengagement affectif, manque d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat et absence d&rsquo;implication \u00e9motionnelle dans les \u00e9v\u00e9nements de l&rsquo;existence.<\/li>\n<li><em>N3. Mauvais contact (Poor rapport) :<\/em> absence d&#8217;empathie interpersonnelle, distance relationnelle, froideur et incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une alliance communicative.<\/li>\n<li><em>N4. Retrait social passif\/apathique (Passive\/apathetic social withdrawal) :<\/em> r\u00e9duction marqu\u00e9e des interactions sociales spontan\u00e9es en raison d&rsquo;une aboulie, d&rsquo;une apathie ou d&rsquo;une anergie profonde.<\/li>\n<li><em>N5. Difficult\u00e9 d&rsquo;abstraction (Difficulty in abstract thinking) :<\/em> alt\u00e9ration de la pens\u00e9e cat\u00e9gorielle et symbolique, pens\u00e9e concr\u00e8te, incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 manier les m\u00e9taphores et les proverbes.<\/li>\n<li><em>N6. Manque de spontan\u00e9it\u00e9 et de fluidit\u00e9 dans la conversation (Lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation) :<\/em> appauvrissement du discours (alogie), latence de r\u00e9ponse, discours monosyllabique.<\/li>\n<li><em>N7. Pens\u00e9e st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9e (Stereotyped thinking) :<\/em> rigidit\u00e9 conceptuelle, pers\u00e9v\u00e9rations id\u00e9iques, r\u00e9p\u00e9tition m\u00e9canique de contenus st\u00e9riles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. L&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (General Psychopathology Scale &#8211; 16 items, G1 \u00e0 G16)<\/h3>\n<p>Cette sous-\u00e9chelle plus vaste int\u00e8gre les manifestations non sp\u00e9cifiques de la souffrance psychique qui compliquent et accompagnent fr\u00e9quemment les syndromes positifs et n\u00e9gatifs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>G1 \u00e0 G4 :<\/em> Pr\u00e9occupations somatiques, Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 subjective, Sentiments de culpabilit\u00e9 et Tension motrice manifeste.<\/li>\n<li><em>G5 \u00e0 G8 :<\/em> Mani\u00e9risme et postures bizarres, D\u00e9pression (abattement, tristesse, sentiment d&rsquo;inutilit\u00e9), Ralentissement psychomoteur et Refus de coop\u00e9rer (n\u00e9gativisme, oppositionnel).<\/li>\n<li><em>G9 \u00e0 G12 :<\/em> Contenu inhabituel de la pens\u00e9e, D\u00e9sorientation temporo-spatiale, Troubles de l&rsquo;attention (distractibilit\u00e9) et D\u00e9ficit du jugement et de la prise de conscience de la maladie (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anosognosia\">anosognosie<\/a> \/ absence d&rsquo;<em>insight<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>G13 \u00e0 G16 :<\/em> Alt\u00e9ration de la volont\u00e9 (aboulie d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution), Mauvais contr\u00f4le des impulsions (impulsivit\u00e9 motrice ou verbale d\u00e9r\u00e9gul\u00e9e), Pr\u00e9occupation int\u00e9rieure (repli autistique) et \u00c9vitement social actif (retrait motiv\u00e9 par la peur ou l&rsquo;hostilit\u00e9 parano\u00efde).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>6. Cadre th\u00e9orique \/ Theoretical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>Le fondement th\u00e9orique de la PANSS s&rsquo;ancre directement dans l&rsquo;\u00e9volution historique de la nosographie psychiatrique moderne, et plus particuli\u00e8rement dans le mod\u00e8le dichotomique formul\u00e9 par <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timothy_Crow\">Timothy J. Crow<\/a> au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980 (Crow, 1980). Crow a propos\u00e9 de conceptualiser la schizophr\u00e9nie en deux syndromes physiopathologiques distincts :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La schizophr\u00e9nie de type I :<\/strong> domin\u00e9e par des sympt\u00f4mes positifs, d&rsquo;installation souvent aigu\u00eb, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une r\u00e9activit\u00e9 favorable aux neuroleptiques bloquant les r\u00e9cepteurs dopaminergiques D2, sans anomalie structurelle c\u00e9r\u00e9brale majeure identifiable \u00e0 l&rsquo;imagerie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La schizophr\u00e9nie de type II :<\/strong> domin\u00e9e par des sympt\u00f4mes n\u00e9gatifs et d\u00e9ficitaires chroniques, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une mauvaise r\u00e9ponse aux th\u00e9rapeutiques antidopaminergiques conventionnelles, une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration cognitive progressive et la pr\u00e9sence fr\u00e9quente d&rsquo;alt\u00e9rations neuroanatomiques (telles que l&rsquo;\u00e9largissement des ventricules c\u00e9r\u00e9braux et une atrophie corticale fronto-temporale).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Parall\u00e8lement, les travaux de Nancy Andreasen avec la cr\u00e9ation de la SAPS (<em>Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms<\/em>) et de la SANS (<em>Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms<\/em>) avaient \u00e9tabli la faisabilit\u00e9 clinique de coter ces deux polarit\u00e9s s\u00e9miologiques. Toutefois, Kay, Opler et Fiszbein (1987) ont soulign\u00e9 les limites m\u00e9thodologiques majeures de ces approches initiales : la SAPS et la SANS \u00e9taient de longues \u00e9chelles administr\u00e9es s\u00e9par\u00e9ment, reposant sur des crit\u00e8res parfois h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes et omettant le substrat psychopathologique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral qui module l&rsquo;expression symptomatique globale.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;apport th\u00e9orique singulier des cr\u00e9ateurs de la PANSS a \u00e9t\u00e9 de d\u00e9montrer que les dimensions positive et n\u00e9gative ne constituent pas des cat\u00e9gories mutuellement exclusives ou des sous-types nosologiques \u00e9tanches, mais plut\u00f4t des <em>dimensions s\u00e9miologiques orthogonales ou semi-ind\u00e9pendantes<\/em> pouvant coexister \u00e0 des degr\u00e9s d&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 variables chez un m\u00eame individu au cours du temps. En introduisant l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale comme troisi\u00e8me composante r\u00e9gulatrice, les auteurs ont fourni un cadre th\u00e9orique plus \u00e9cologique, int\u00e9grant l&rsquo;anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, la d\u00e9pression, le d\u00e9ficit de l&rsquo;insight et la d\u00e9sorganisation cognitive comme des variables interactives essentielles pour saisir l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 clinique de la psychose.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Validit\u00e9 \/ Validity<\/h2>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiques de la PANSS en mati\u00e8re de validit\u00e9 ont fait l&rsquo;objet de centaines de publications empiriques depuis plus de trois d\u00e9cennies :<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 de construit et validit\u00e9 concomitante<\/h3>\n<p>Dans leurs \u00e9tudes initiales et lors des r\u00e9plications ult\u00e9rieures (notamment Cuesta &amp; Peralta, 1995 ; Kay et al., 1987), les scores de la sous-\u00e9chelle positive et de la sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une excellente validit\u00e9 de crit\u00e8re concomitante lorsqu&rsquo;ils sont confront\u00e9s aux instruments pr\u00e9existants de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. La corr\u00e9lation entre la sous-\u00e9chelle positive de la PANSS et le score global de la SAPS oscille habituellement entre r = 0,77 et r = 0,92. De m\u00eame, la sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative de la PANSS pr\u00e9sente des corr\u00e9lations tr\u00e8s robustes avec la SANS d&rsquo;Andreasen, comprises entre r = 0,81 et r = 0,89, confirmant que l&rsquo;instrument capture fid\u00e8lement les dimensions cliniques cibl\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 discriminante<\/h3>\n<p>Les corr\u00e9lations entre la sous-\u00e9chelle positive et la sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative de la PANSS sont syst\u00e9matiquement faibles \u00e0 n\u00e9gligeables (variant classiquement entre r = -0,14 et r = 0,18 selon les cohortes de patients stabilis\u00e9s ou aigus), ce qui corrobore l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance statistique et conceptuelle relative des deux dimensions fondamentales de Crow. Les sympt\u00f4mes n\u00e9gatifs d\u00e9montrent en outre une corr\u00e9lation discriminante sp\u00e9cifique avec les indices de d\u00e9clin fonctionnel et cognitif (\u00e9valu\u00e9s par des batteries neuropsychologiques comme le MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery), tandis que les scores positifs corr\u00e8lent sp\u00e9cifiquement avec les indicateurs d&rsquo;agitation, d&rsquo;urgence d&rsquo;hospitalisation et de d\u00e9tresse d\u00e9lirante aigu\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h3>Validit\u00e9 transculturelle<\/h3>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce aux directives strictes de traduction et d&rsquo;adaptation interculturelle orchestr\u00e9es par Multi-Health Systems (MHS), des analyses fond\u00e9es sur la th\u00e9orie de r\u00e9ponse aux items (TRI) et les mod\u00e8les de Rasch (Khan et al., 2013) ont \u00e9valu\u00e9 le fonctionnement diff\u00e9rentiel des items (DIF) \u00e0 travers six grands groupes g\u00e9o-culturels (Am\u00e9rique du Nord, Am\u00e9rique latine, Europe occidentale, Europe orientale, Asie de l&rsquo;Est et Moyen-Orient). Ces travaux ont \u00e9tabli l&rsquo;invariance de mesure de la grande majorit\u00e9 des items, attestant de la validit\u00e9 transculturelle solide de la PANSS dans les protocoles multicentriques mondiaux.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \/ Reliability<\/h2>\n<p>La fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de la PANSS a \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e sous l&rsquo;angle de la coh\u00e9rence interne, de la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle (test-retest) et de la concordance inter-\u00e9valuateurs :<\/p>\n<h3>Coh\u00e9rence interne<\/h3>\n<p>Les analyses psychom\u00e9triques contemporaines men\u00e9es sur de larges \u00e9chantillons de patients hospitalis\u00e9s ou ambulatoires confirment des niveaux de coh\u00e9rence interne tr\u00e8s satisfaisants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle positive :<\/strong> coefficient alpha de Cronbach (\u03b1) = 0,73 (niveau acceptable \u00e0 bon).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative :<\/strong> coefficient alpha de Cronbach (\u03b1) = 0,83 (excellent niveau d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 interne).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale :<\/strong> coefficient alpha de Cronbach (\u03b1) = 0,79 (bon niveau de consistance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 test-retest<\/h3>\n<p>Chez des patients chroniques en \u00e9tat clinique stationnaire r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9s \u00e0 intervalles r\u00e9guliers (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de 3 \u00e0 7 jours), la stabilit\u00e9 temporelle mesur\u00e9e par le coefficient de corr\u00e9lation de Pearson r\u00e9v\u00e8le une remarquable constance :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle positive : r = 0,80<\/li>\n<li>Sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative : r = 0,68<\/li>\n<li>Psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale : r = 0,60<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 inter-juges<\/h3>\n<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la PANSS repose sur l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation clinique \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;un entretien semi-structur\u00e9, la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 inter-juges est un param\u00e8tre critique. L&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;\u00e9valuateurs pr\u00e9alablement form\u00e9s et certifi\u00e9s (par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire d&rsquo;enregistrements vid\u00e9o standardis\u00e9s) g\u00e9n\u00e8re des coefficients de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse (CCI) \u00e9lev\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle positive :<\/strong> CCI = 0,72 (bonne fiabilit\u00e9 inter-examinateurs).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative :<\/strong> CCI = 0,80 (tr\u00e8s bonne fiabilit\u00e9 inter-examinateurs).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sous-\u00e9chelle de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale :<\/strong> CCI = 0,56 (fiabilit\u00e9 mod\u00e9r\u00e9e, traduisant l&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes non sp\u00e9cifiques et leur vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la subjectivit\u00e9 clinique).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Analyse factorielle \/ Factor Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>Bien que la structure tripartite th\u00e9orique originale (Positive, N\u00e9gative, Psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale) demeure le cadre de cotation canonique et universellement utilis\u00e9 pour sommer les scores, les analyses factorielles exploratoires (AFE) et confirmatoires (AFC) publi\u00e9es au cours des trois derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la structure interne de l&rsquo;instrument est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 plus complexe et multidimensionnelle.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e8s les travaux critiques de Cuesta et Peralta (1995), il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la sous-\u00e9chelle positive d&rsquo;origine souffrait d&rsquo;un manque d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 unifactorielle, agr\u00e9geant \u00e0 la fois des \u00e9l\u00e9ments purement psychotiques (P1 D\u00e9lires, P3 Hallucinations) et des \u00e9l\u00e9ments d&rsquo;excitation comportementale ou de d\u00e9sorganisation cognitive. Par la suite, de multiples analyses factorielles men\u00e9es sur des dizaines de milliers de patients (notamment les mod\u00e8les de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de Marder et al., 1997 et le mod\u00e8le consensuel de Wallwork et al., 2012) ont converg\u00e9 vers une <strong>structure stable en cinq facteurs orthogonaux ou corr\u00e9l\u00e9s<\/strong> :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Facteur Positif (Positive factor) :<\/strong> satur\u00e9 principalement par P1 (D\u00e9lires), P3 (Comportement hallucinatoire), P6 (M\u00e9fiance\/pers\u00e9cution) et G9 (Contenu inhabituel de la pens\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur N\u00e9gatif (Negative factor) :<\/strong> satur\u00e9 par N1 (\u00c9moussement de l&rsquo;affect), N2 (Retrait \u00e9motionnel), N3 (Mauvais contact), N4 (Retrait social passif), N6 (Manque de spontan\u00e9it\u00e9) et G7 (Ralentissement moteur).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur D\u00e9sorganisation \/ Cognitif (Disorganized\/Cognitive factor) :<\/strong> comprenant P2 (D\u00e9sorganisation conceptuelle), N5 (Difficult\u00e9 d&rsquo;abstraction), G11 (Mauvaise attention), G10 (D\u00e9sorientation) et parfois G15 (Pr\u00e9occupation).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur Affectif \/ D\u00e9pression-Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (Depressed\/Anxiety factor) :<\/strong> regroupant G2 (Anxi\u00e9t\u00e9), G3 (Sentiments de culpabilit\u00e9) et G6 (D\u00e9pression).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facteur Excitation \/ Hostilit\u00e9 (Excitement\/Hostility factor) :<\/strong> satur\u00e9 par P4 (Excitation), P7 (Hostilit\u00e9), G8 (Refus de coop\u00e9rer) et G14 (Mauvais contr\u00f4le des impulsions).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le penta-factoriel est aujourd&rsquo;hui pr\u00e9conis\u00e9 dans les \u00e9tudes fines de pharmacog\u00e9nomique et d&rsquo;imagerie fonctionnelle, car il permet de dissocier les effets m\u00e9dicamenteux sur la d\u00e9sorganisation cognitive et les affects d\u00e9pressifs des v\u00e9ritables r\u00e9ductions des sympt\u00f4mes positifs et n\u00e9gatifs purs.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Instrument de mesure \/ Instrument<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;administration et la cotation de la PANSS ob\u00e9issent \u00e0 des normes m\u00e9thodologiques strictes destin\u00e9es \u00e0 maximiser la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de mesure :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type d&rsquo;instrument :<\/strong> \u00c9chelle d&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9ro-\u00e9valuation clinique semi-structur\u00e9e (entretien standardis\u00e9 men\u00e9 par un professionnel de sant\u00e9 mentale qualifi\u00e9, compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par des informations collat\u00e9rales).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nombre d&rsquo;items :<\/strong> 30 items r\u00e9partis en trois sous-\u00e9chelles : 7 items positifs (P1\u2013P7), 7 items n\u00e9gatifs (N1\u2013N7) et 16 items de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (G1\u2013G16).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Format et \u00e9chelle de r\u00e9ponse :<\/strong> Chaque item est cot\u00e9 sur une \u00e9chelle ordinale \u00e0 7 niveaux de s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u00e9finie par des ancres descriptives op\u00e9rationnalis\u00e9es dans le manuel officiel :\n<ul>\n<li>1 = Absent (Absent)<\/li>\n<li>2 = Minime (Minimal)<\/li>\n<li>3 = L\u00e9ger (Mild)<\/li>\n<li>4 = Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 (Moderate)<\/li>\n<li>5 = Mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment s\u00e9v\u00e8re (Moderate severe)<\/li>\n<li>6 = S\u00e9v\u00e8re (Severe)<\/li>\n<li>7 = Extr\u00eame (Extreme)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sources d&rsquo;information :<\/strong> La cotation repose sur un entretien direct d&rsquo;environ 30 \u00e0 45 minutes avec le patient (utilisant pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement le guide d&rsquo;entretien structur\u00e9 PANSS-SCI, <em>Structured Clinical Interview for the PANSS<\/em>) combin\u00e9 aux observations comportementales rapport\u00e9es par l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe soignante hospitali\u00e8re ou les aidants proches (souvent collig\u00e9es via l&rsquo;IQ-PANSS, <em>Informant Questionnaire<\/em>) pour la p\u00e9riode pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la semaine \u00e9coul\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cotation et scores d\u00e9riv\u00e9s :<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Score positif :<\/em> somme des items P1 \u00e0 P7 (intervalle : 7 \u00e0 49).<\/li>\n<li><em>Score n\u00e9gatif :<\/em> somme des items N1 \u00e0 N7 (intervalle : 7 \u00e0 49).<\/li>\n<li><em>Score de psychopathologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale :<\/em> somme des items G1 \u00e0 G16 (intervalle : 16 \u00e0 112).<\/li>\n<li><em>Score total de la PANSS :<\/em> somme de l&rsquo;ensemble des 30 items (intervalle th\u00e9orique : 30 \u00e0 210 points).<\/li>\n<li><em>Indice composite (Composite Scale) :<\/em> obtenu en soustrayant le score de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle n\u00e9gative de celui de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle positive (Score Positif \u2013 Score N\u00e9gatif), variant de -42 \u00e0 +42. Un score positif indique la pr\u00e9dominance du syndrome productif, tandis qu&rsquo;un score n\u00e9gatif signe la pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rance du d\u00e9ficit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>11. Permissions, Tarifs et Ann\u00e9e du test \/ Permissions &amp; Fee and Test Year<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ann\u00e9e de publication initiale :<\/strong> 1987 (publication princeps dans <em>Schizophrenia Bulletin<\/em>) ; manuel standardis\u00e9 officiel publi\u00e9 en 2006.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tenteur des droits et copyright :<\/strong> Les droits d&rsquo;auteur exclusifs et la marque commerciale internationale de la PANSS sont d\u00e9tenus par la maison d&rsquo;\u00e9dition psychom\u00e9trique <strong>Multi-Health Systems Inc. (MHS)<\/strong>, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mhs.com\/\">www.mhs.com<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditions d&rsquo;utilisation et licences :<\/strong> L&rsquo;utilisation de la PANSS dans le cadre de la recherche acad\u00e9mique non financ\u00e9e, de la pratique clinique individuelle ou des essais cliniques industriels requiert l&rsquo;acquisition pr\u00e9alable de formulaires de cotation officiels ou d&rsquo;une licence d&rsquo;utilisation payante aupr\u00e8s de MHS ou de ses distributeurs agr\u00e9\u00e9s (comme Pearson Clinical ou Hogrefe selon les pays). Toute reproduction, num\u00e9risation non autoris\u00e9e ou traduction sauvage est formellement prohib\u00e9e sous peine de poursuites pour contrefa\u00e7on.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exigences de formation :<\/strong> L&rsquo;administration dans les protocoles de recherche et les essais cliniques exige g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement que les investigateurs suivent une formation certifiante initiale et obtiennent un coefficient de corr\u00e9lation intraclasse \u00e9lev\u00e9 (&gt; 0,80) par rapport \u00e0 des cotations \u00e9talons (\u00ab Gold Standard \u00bb) afin de limiter la variabilit\u00e9 inter-juges et l&rsquo;effet placebo dans les \u00e9tudes multicentriques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>12. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences \/ References<\/h2>\n<p>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques suivantes constituent les fondements historiques et psychom\u00e9triques majeurs de l&rsquo;instrument :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Andreasen, N. C., Pressler, M., Nopoulos, P., Miller, D., &amp; Ho, B. C. (2005). Remission in schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. <em>American Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>, 162(3), 441-449. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. (2011). <em>A systematic review of combination and high dose atypical antipsychotic therapy in patients with schizophrenia<\/em>. Ottawa: CADTH.<\/li>\n<li>Crow, T. J. (1980). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process? <em>British Medical Journal<\/em>, 280(6207), 66-68. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6207.66\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6207.66<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cuesta, M. J., &amp; Peralta, V. (1995). Psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia. <em>Schizophrenia Bulletin<\/em>, 21(3), 473-482. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/21.3.473\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/21.3.473<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., &amp; Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. <em>Schizophrenia Bulletin<\/em>, 13(2), 261-276. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., &amp; Fiszbein, A. (2006). <em>Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) manual<\/em>. Multi-Health Systems, Inc.<\/li>\n<li>Khan, A., Yavorsky, C., Liechti, S., Opler, M., Rothman, B., Diclemente, G., Lucic, L., Jovic, S., Inada, T., &amp; Yang, L. (2013). A rasch model to test the cross-cultural validity in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) across six geo-cultural groups. <em>Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience<\/em>, 10(5-6 Suppl A), 32S-40S.<\/li>\n<li>Kumari, S., Malik, M., Florival, C., Manalai, P., &amp; Sonje, S. (2017). An assessment of five (PANSS, SAPS, SANS, NSA-16, CGI-SCH) commonly used symptoms rating scales in schizophrenia and comparison to newer scales (CAINS, BNSS). <em>Journal of Addiction Research &amp; Therapy<\/em>, 8(3), 324. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-6105.1000324\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-6105.1000324<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Marder, S. R., Davis, J. M., &amp; Chouinard, G. (1997). The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: Combined results of the North American trials. <em>The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry<\/em>, 58(12), 538-546. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v58n1205\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v58n1205<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Maust, D., Cristancho, M., Gray, L., Rushing, S., Tjoa, C., &amp; Thase, M. (2012). Psychiatric rating scales. Dans <em>Tasman&rsquo;s Psychiatry<\/em> (4e \u00e9d.). John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/li>\n<li>Opler, L. A., Opler, M. G., &amp; Malaspina, D. (2006). Reducing guesswork in schizophrenia treatment: PANSS can target and gauge therapy, predict outcomes in clinical practice. <em>Current Psychiatry<\/em>, 5(11), 76-84.<\/li>\n<li>Taylor, G. W., McCarley, R. W., &amp; Salisbury, D. F. (2013). Early auditory gamma band response abnormalities in first hospitalized schizophrenia. <em>Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology<\/em>, 62, 131-145. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-7020-5307-8.00009-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-7020-5307-8.00009-4<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wallwork, R. S., Fortgang, R., Hashimoto, R., Weinberger, D. R., &amp; Dickinson, D. (2012). Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. <em>Schizophrenia Research<\/em>, 137(1-3), 246-250. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2012.01.031\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2012.01.031<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Questions et items du questionnaire (Scale Items)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-items-container\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:12px; margin:28px 0; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-notice\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; background:#f8fafc; border-bottom:1px solid #e2e8f0; padding:14px 20px; font-size:13.5px; color:#475569; font-weight:500;\">\n    Voici les items originaux de l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle tels que publi\u00e9s dans les \u00e9tudes psychom\u00e9triques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, sans modification ni traduction, afin de pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 et la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;instrument :\n  <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-english-box\" style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; padding:20px 24px; font-family:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size:14.5px; color:#1e293b; line-height:1.7;\">\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-instructions\" style=\"background:#f1f5f9; border-left:4px solid #64748b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:16px; font-size:13.5px; color:#334155;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#0f172a;\">Instructions \/ Directions:<\/strong> Rate the patient on each of the 30 symptom constructs based on a 45-minute clinical interview (such as the Structured Clinical Interview for PANSS) combined with clinical reports from hospital staff or family regarding behavior during the preceding week.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-response-format\" style=\"background:#eff6ff; border-left:4px solid #3b82f6; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#1e40af;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#1e3a8a;\">Response Scale:<\/strong> 7-point rating scale: 1 = Absent, 2 = Minimal, 3 = Mild, 4 = Moderate, 5 = Moderate severe, 6 = Severe, 7 = Extreme\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-reverse-scoring\" style=\"background:#fffbeb; border-left:4px solid #f59e0b; border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:14px; font-size:13.5px; color:#92400e;\">\n      <strong style=\"color:#78350f;\">Scoring \/ Reverse Items:<\/strong> Scores are summed across three subscales: Positive Scale (7 items, range 7-49), Negative Scale (7 items, range 7-49), and General Psychopathology Scale (16 items, range 16-112). A Composite Index can be obtained by subtracting the Negative score from the Positive score (-42 to +42). Total score ranges from 30 to 210.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P1. Delusions: Beliefs which are unfounded, unrealistic, and idiosyncratic.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P2. Conceptual disorganization: Disorganized process of thinking characterized by disruption of goal-directed sequencing, e.g., circumstantiality, tangentiality, loose associations, non sequiturs, gross illogicality, or thought blocking.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P3. Hallucinatory behavior: Verbal report or behavior indicating perceptions which are not engendered by external stimuli; may occur in the auditory, visual, olfactory, or somatic realms.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P4. Excitement: Hyperactivity as reflected in accelerated motor behavior, heightened responsivity to stimuli, hypervigilance, or excessive mood lability.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P5. Grandiosity: Exaggerated self-opinion and unrealistic convictions of superiority, including delusions of extraordinary mental and physical abilities, wealth, knowledge, fame, power, or moral righteousness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P6. Suspiciousness\/persecution: Unrealistic or exaggerated ideas of persecution, as reflected in guardedness, a distrustful attitude, suspicious hypervigilance, or frank delusions that others mean harm.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">P7. Hostility: Verbal and nonverbal expressions of anger and resentment, including sarcasm, passive-aggressive behavior, verbal abuse, and assaultiveness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N1. Blunted affect: Diminished emotional responsiveness as characterized by a reduction of facial expression, modulation of feelings, and communicative gestures.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N2. Emotional withdrawal: Lack of interest in, involvement with, and affective commitment to life&#039;s events.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N3. Poor rapport: Lack of interpersonal empathy, lack of openness in conversation, and lack of a sense of closeness, interest, or involvement with the interviewer.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N4. Passive\/apathetic social withdrawal: Diminished interest and initiative in social interactions due to passivity, apathy, anergy, or avolition.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N5. Difficulty in abstract thinking: Impairment in the use of the abstract-symbolic mode of thinking, as evidenced by difficulty in classification, forming generalizations, and proceeding beyond concrete or egocentric thinking.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N6. Lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation: Reduction in the normal flow of communication associated with apathy, avolition, defensiveness, or cognitive deficit.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">N7. Stereotyped thinking: Decreased fluidity, spontaneity, and flexibility of thinking, as evidenced by rigid, repetitious, or barren thought content.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G1. Somatic concern: Physical complaints or beliefs about bodily illness or malfunctions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G2. Anxiety: Subjective experience of nervousness, worry, apprehension, or restlessness, ranging from excessive concern about the present or future to feelings of panic.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G3. Guilt feelings: Sense of remorse or self-blame for real or imagined misdeeds in the past.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G4. Tension: Overt physical and motor manifestations of fear, anxiety, and agitation, such as stiffness, tremor, profuse sweating, and restlessness.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G5. Mannerisms and posturing: Unnatural movements or posture as characterized by an awkward, stilted, disorganized, or bizarre appearance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G6. Depression: Feelings of sadness, discouragement, helplessness, and pessimism.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G7. Motor retardation: Reduction in motor activity or movement, as reflected by slowing or lethargy of movements, speech, and body tone.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G8. Uncooperativeness: Active refusal to comply with the will of significant others, including the interviewer, hospital staff, or family, which may be associated with distrust, defensiveness, stubbornness, negativism, rejection of authority, hostility, or belligerence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G9. Unusual thought content: Thinking characterized by strange, fantastic, or bizarre ideas, ranging from those which are remote or atypical to those which are distorted, illogical, and patently absurd.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G10. Disorientation: Lack of awareness of one&#039;s relationship to the surroundings, including persons, place, and time, which may be due to confusion or cognitive impairment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G11. Poor attention: Failure in focused alertness manifested by poor concentration, distractibility from internal and external stimuli, and difficulty in harnessing, sustaining, or shifting focus to new stimuli.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G12. Lack of judgment and insight: Impaired awareness or understanding of one&#039;s own psychiatric condition and life situation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G13. Disturbance of volition: Disturbance in the willful initiation, sustenance, and control of one&#039;s thoughts, behavior, movements, and speech.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G14. Poor impulse control: Disordered regulation and control of action on inner urges, resulting in sudden, unmodulated, arbitrary, or misdirected discharge of tension and emotions without regard to consequences.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G15. Preoccupation: Absorption with internally generated thoughts and feelings and with autistic experiences to the detriment of orientation and adaptation to reality.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpt-scale-item-row\" style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius:8px; padding:12px 16px; margin-bottom:10px; display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:12px; box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);\">\n  <span style=\"display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; min-width:28px; height:28px; background:#2563eb; color:#ffffff; font-weight:700; font-size:12.5px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"flex:1; color:#0f172a; font-size:14.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1.6;\">G16. Active social avoidance: Diminished social involvement associated with unwarranted fear, hostility, or distrust.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9chelle des syndromes positif et n\u00e9gatif (PANSS) est l&rsquo;instrument de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale pour \u00e9valuer la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes dans la schizophr\u00e9nie. Analyse psychom\u00e9trique compl\u00e8te, cotation, validit\u00e9 et items officiels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[388,476,2],"tags":[1380,14320,14316,14319,572,14318,14317],"class_list":["post-10978","psych_scale","type-psych_scale","status-publish","hentry","category-echelles-cliniques","category-psychiatrie","category-psychometrie","tag-antipsychotiques","tag-evaluation-psychiatrique","tag-panss","tag-psychopathologie-generale","tag-schizophrenie","tag-syndrome-negatif","tag-syndrome-positif"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/10978","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/psych_scale"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10978"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/psych_scale\/10978\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10978"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10978"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/french.arabpsychology.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10978"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}